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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009
Mr. Tukumi-Syunsuke, the author of the article of which a translation is here offered, is a member of the Sisoo-no-Kagaku Kenkyuukai, or Institute for the Science of Thought, founded in Tookyoo in 1946. The article appeared in the first number of its journal. ‘Study group’ would be a more exact rendering of kenkyuukai than ‘Institute’, but the English title is that used by the members of the group themselves. A survey of the Institute's work has been published by a colleague of mine.
1Dore, R.P., ‘The Tokyo Institute for the Science of Thought’, FEQ, III, 1, 1953, 23–36.Google Scholar
*dai…–1925: prefix expressing :—admiration or respect/generality or approximation/intensity. 1943: [prefix] great/important—intense. 1949 : prefix expressing:—praise or respect/ great intensity/generality or approximation.
Dai-Nippon—1925: not given. 1943: laudatory name for Japan. 1949: originally, the national title of our country—Dai-Nihon—Nippon-koku—Dai-Nippon-teikoku.
Dai-Nippon-teikoku—1925 : not given. 1943: national title of our imperial country. 1949: not given, although included as an equivalent under ‘Dai-Nippon’.
denwkurasii—1925: = minpon-syugi/ = minsyu-syugi. 1943: = minsyu-syugi/ = minsyuseizi/ = minsyu-seitai. 1949: = minsyu-syugi—minpon-syugi/ = minsyu-seitai.
hakkoo-itiu—1925 : not given. 1943 : regarding the whole world as one household. 1949 : not given.
hakkoo-itiu no risoo ni hakaru (not included as a phrase in any of the three dictionaries; the sense of‘… no risoo ni hakaru ’is ‘strive for the ideal of…’).
heiwa—1925 : being governed peacefully—absence of disturbance—being calm/being obedient and calm—being gentle. 1943 : being governed calmly/being gentle. 1949 : becoming mild and peaceful—being calm without any vicissitudes/the becoming calm of a society after the end of a war.
hookoku—1925 : doing one's best in national affairs—repaying one's debt to one's country—not grudging one's life in the cause of the State. 1943: repaying one's debt to one's country. 1949: repaying one's debt to one's country—doing one's best to help the cause of the State.
hoosan (not in any of the three dictionaries; the roots ‘hoo’ and ‘san’ mean, approximately, ‘serving ‘and ‘aiding ‘respectively).
kannagara—1925 : a condition of providing divine virtue unchanged—a condition of being the divine will without any addition of human power. 1943: [old] the unchanged divine will, or the fact of having that characteristic. 1949: in the pure divine way/a condition of being the divine will without any addition of human power—keeping the divine will—being unchanged from the Age of the Gods—following the divine will.
kokkyoo—1925: (= State religion [these English words are given, presumably with the implication that the Japanese word is a translation of them]) a religion recognized by the State, regarded kokutai ni sou (not included as a phrase in any of the three dictionaries; the sense of ‘…ni sou ‘is something like ‘act up to…’, the kokutai in this case being the unique Japanese kokutai looked on as unchanged since it was divinely established—the first of the senses given in the 1925 and 1949 dictionaries, the second in the 1943 one).
kokutai-gozi (not given in any of the three dictionaries; gozi is ‘maintaining’, ‘safeguarding’— same sense of kokutai as in ‘kokutai ni sou ’).
kokutai-meityoo (not given in any of the three dictionaries; meityoo is ‘manifestation’, ‘making evident’—same sense of kokutai as in ‘kokutai ni sou ’).
kokutai-yoogo—1925: aiming to protect the kokutai as the basis of the State's existence and to ward off harm from it. 1943 and 1949: not given.
koo…—1925: [prefix] an honorific prefixed to things of the Throne or the Court. 1943 and 1949 : not given.
koodoo—1925: not given. 1943: that morality which labours to manifest our kokutai. 1949: originally, the way of government exercised by the Japanese emperor(s).
koodoo ni sitagau (not included as a phrase in any of the three dictionaries; the sense of ‘…ni sitagau’ is ‘follow…’).
koohuu—1925: not given. 1943: the imperial moral influence of the Japanese emperor/ the form or appearance of an imperial country. 1949: the moral influence of the Japanese emperor/the form or appearance of an imperial country.
kookoku—1925: country ruled by the Japanese emperor, i.e. respectful appellation of our Japan— sumeramikuni. 1943: country which the Japanese emperor deigns to rule—Nipponteikoku— sumeramikuni. 1949 : formerly, appellation of the land of Japan—sumeramikuni. min… (not given in any of the three dictionaries; a prefix meaning ‘of the people’, ‘people's’).
*minpon-syugi—1925 : (belief in) the doctrine that government be carried on entirely on the basis of the profit and happiness of the people/political machinery by which the right to speak on a footing of equality is held by the people of the nation generally, who may be regarded as the political motive force. 1943 : minsyu-syugi amended to fit our national conditions. 1949 : (Yosino-Sakuzoo's1 rendering) minsyu-syugi.
minsyu—1925: not given. 1943: a chief of the people/fact of a country's sovereignty being in the people. 1949 : a chief of the people/fact of a country's sovereignty being in the people/abbreviation of minsyu-syugi.
*minsyu-seido—1925 : system by which the sovereignty of a country is in the people. 1943 and 1949: not given.
*minsyu-seitai—1925 and 1943: not given. 1949: form of government striving for minsyusyugi— political set-up in which a consultative body is formed from all of the people who have some stipulated qualification or from those elected by them, and this consultative body
1University lecturer and publicist, 1877–1933, who coined the term for the system of government which he advocated for Japan.
nippontehi (not given in any of the three dictionaries; teki is an adjective- and adverb-forming suffix, and nipponteki, used to say that something is characteristically Japanese, usually by implication stigmatizes something else as ‘un-Japanese’, with overtones as in ‘un-British’, ‘un-American’).
oo-mikokoro—1925: not given. 1943: the imperial will of the Japanese emperor. 1949: not given.
oo-mikokoro ni kiitu (not included as a phrase in any of the three dictionaries; the sense of’… ni kiitu’ is ‘re-unification to…’, i.e. something like that of ‘rallying round…’).
sindoo—1925: not given. 1943: the way (of conduct) to be observed by servants and subjects (of the emperor). 1949 : the way (of conduct) to be observed by subjects (of the emperor).
sindoo o mamoru (not included as a phrase in any of the three dictionaries; ‘…o mamoru’ = ‘observe…’).
sonnoo—1925: revering the sovereign and expelling him who rules by force. 1943: revering the emperor and expelling him who rules by force/revering the Court and making clear the kokutai. 1949 : revering the Japanese emperor.
*sumeramikuni—1925: the land of Japan ruled by the Japanese emperor. 1943: [old] the land of Japan administered by the Japanese emperor—kookoku. 1949: imperial country ruled over by the Japanese emperor—kookoku.
tyookoku—1925: not given. 1943 : beginning the opening-up of a country. 1949: the first establishment of a country—opening up a country and making it prosperous.
tyookoku no seisin, tyookoku-seisin (neither the phrase nor the equivalent compound word is included in any of the three dictionaries; seisin = ‘spirit’, and ‘…no seisin’ or ‘…-seism ’ means ‘the spirit of (or which obtained at, or like that of)…’, it being implied, of course, that Japan, established by the Sun Goddess, is the country in question).
yokusan—1925: not given. 1943: helping by an addition of strength. 1949 : helping by an addition of strength—support—giving support—aid.
yokusan suru (not given in any of the three dictionaries, formations with suru being normally unrecorded in dictionaries; suru allows the preceding word to function as a verb, and the 1949 dictionary entry can be taken as implying for yokusan suru : ‘help by adding strength—support—give support—aid’).
ziyuu—1925: according with desires or wishes/ unhampered activity—condition of non-retardment/absence of restraining circumstances—-non-restricted action/wilfulness— elfish caprice. 1943 : according, with desires or wishes/fact of not being restrained, or nonrestrained action/unhampered activity/selfish caprice/flegal] ability to take such action as is desired within legal limits/[ethics] having no outside restraint put on one in making up one's mind. 1949 : doing as one wishes—acting according to one's desires/[philosophy] ability to act autonomously on the basis of one's own will without prescription, restriction, coercion, or superintendence from outside/[legal] action as desired within legal limits—having full rights and duties—autonomous activity.