Article contents
“Ambassadors of Commerce“: The Commercial Traveler in British Culture, 1800–1939
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 December 2011
Abstract
This paper presents a reading of British literary representations of commercial travelers between 1800 and 1939. Three forms of representation are used: nonfiction representations by others, travelers' self-representations, and fictional representations. We find remarkable continuity in representations of commercial travelers across this long time period, particularly in terms of a sustained tension between the image of the disreputable “drummer” and the more respectable “model” salesman. These readings and findings are used to address two debates: one concerned with the timing of any transition to “modern” selling and salesmanship in Britain; and the second having to do with the processes whereby British society accommodated itself to modernity, commercialization, and the birth of a consumer society.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Business History Review , Volume 82 , Issue 4: A Special Issue on Salesmanship , Winter 2008 , pp. 789 - 814
- Copyright
- Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 2008
References
1 Strasser, Susan, “The Smile that Pays: The Culture of Travelling Salesmen,” in The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination and American Culture, ed. Gilbert, James B. et al. (London, 1992)Google Scholar; Spears, Timothy, One Hundred Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, 1995)Google Scholar; Friedman, Walter, Birth of a Salesman: The Transformation of Selling in America (Cambridge, Mass., 2004).Google Scholar
2 Zunz, Olivier, Making America Corporate, 1870–1920 (Chicago, 1990).Google Scholar
3 Harrison, Brian, Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815–1872 (London, 1971), 50–52.Google Scholar
4 Huggins, Mike, “Sinful Pleasures? Leisure, Respectability and the Male Middle Classes in Victorian England,” Journal of Social History 33, no. 3 (2000): 585–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5 Church, Roy, “Salesmen and the Transformation of Selling in Britain and the U.S. in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” Economic History Review 61, no. 3 (2008): 695–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6 Corley, T. A. B., “Consumer Marketing in Britain, 1914–1960,” Business History 29, no. 4 (1987): 65–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 Church, “Salesmen and the Transformation of Selling,” Table 1.
8 Avari, B. J., British Commercial Travellers and Their Organisations, 1850–1914 (Master's thesis, University of Manchester, 1987), 23–24, 34.Google Scholar
9 Hannah, Leslie, “Logistics, Market Size, and Giant Plants in the Early Twentieth Century: A Global View,” Journal of Economic History 68, no. 1 (2008): 46–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 Richards, Thomas, The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle, 1850–1914 (Stanford, 1990).Google Scholar
11 Hosgood, Christopher P., “The ‘Knights of the Road’: Commercial Travellers and the Culture of the Commercial Room in Late-Victorian and Edwardian England,” Victorian Studies 37, no. 4 (1994): 519–29.Google Scholar
12 Tosh, John, A Man's Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven, 1999), 4.Google Scholar
13 Mort, Frank, Cultures of Consumption: Masculinities and Social Space in Late Twentieth-Century Britain (London, 1996).Google Scholar
14 Finn, Margot, The Character of Credit: Personal Debt in English Culture, 1740–1914 (Cambridge, U.K., 2003), 283–84.Google Scholar
15 McKendrick, Neil, “Josiah Wedgwood: An Eighteenth Century Entrepreneur in Salesmanship and Marketing,” Economic History Review 12, no. 3 (1960): 425CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jones, S. R. H., “The Country Trade and the Marketing and Distribution of Birmingham Hardware, 1750–1810,” Business History 26, no. 1 (1984): 24–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16 Chapman, Stanley, Merchant Enterprise in Britain: From the Industrial Revolution to World War I (1992)Google Scholar; Westerfield, R. B., Middlemen in English Business (New York, 1978).Google Scholar
17 Westerfield, Middlemen, 314–17.
18 Review in The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature, 1817, 600–611.
19 Ibid.
20 Cobbett, William, Rural Rides, ed. Woodcock, George (London, 1967; 1st ed. 1830), 479–80.Google Scholar
21 The Northern Liberator, 31 Aug. 1839, 5.
22 The Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser, 2 Apr. 1842, 2.
23 “Sketches of Professional Character, no. XXIV; ‘The Commercial Traveller,’” Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 4 Apr. 1830, 1.
24 Glasgow Herald, 22 July 1850.
25 Borrow, George, Wild Wales (London, 1862), 202.Google Scholar
26 Borrow, George, “The Stage-Coachmen of England: A Bully Served Out,” in Romany Rye, vol. 1 (London, 1857), 150.Google Scholar
27 Borrow, Wild Wales, 205–6. Although published in 1862, Borrow notes that this reminiscence dates from a “long past period of my life.”
28 “Commercial Travellers,” Hunt's Merchant's Magazine 1 (1839): 29–33. We are indebted to Howell Harris for bringing this source to our attention.
29 Charles Dickens, speech at the Anniversary Dinner commemorating the foundation of the Commercial Travellers' Schools, London Tavern, 30 Dec. 1854, published in Fielding, K. J., ed., The Speeches of Charles Dickens (Oxford, 1960), 172–73.Google Scholar
30 HONEY, to Commercial Travellers, Honey Gathered in Commercial Rooms; by a “Working Bee” (London, 1856).Google Scholar
31 Samuel Morley Esq., “The Drinking Usages of the Commercial Room,” paper read at the Temperance Congress Exeter Hall, 6 Aug. 1862, published by the Temperance League in 1862 as a pamphlet, p. 2.
32 Robinson, T., Teetotaller, Tales from Everyday Life [N0.4] The Commercial Traveller (London, 1869).Google Scholar
33 Hosgood, “The ‘Knights of the Road’” Huggins, “‘Sinful Pleasures?’”
34 The Captain, Jan. 1899 or 1900, 506.
35 “Commercial Travelers Past and Present,” Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, 9 Oct. 1889.
36 Letter to Glasgow Herald, 13 Jan. 1900.
37 Crick, Throne, Sketches from the Diary of a Commercial Traveller (London, 1847), 42–47.Google Scholar
38 Ibid., 142–44.
39 Walker, Albert, “The Road”: Leaves from the Sketch-book of a Commercial Traveller, by the Whistling Commercial (London, 1877), 57–62.Google Scholar
40 Traveller, , The Commercial Traveller in Light and Shade (London, 1856).Google Scholar
41 Anon., Advice to a Young Commercial Traveller, How to Conduct Himself so as to Secure the Esteem of his Employers, Etc. (Glasgow, 1857), 16–21.
42 Viz. (pseud.), An Old Commercial, Reminiscences on the Road of Travelers and Traveling, Half a Century Ago (London, 1884).
43 Allen, A. P., Ambassadors of Commerce (London, 1885), 163, 211–12.Google Scholar
44 Grieve, E. B., How to Become a Commercial Traveller (London, 1903).Google Scholar
45 Beable, W. H., On the Road: A Book of Experience and Advice for Commercial Travellers (1925), 23–29.Google Scholar
46 The Salesman, Mar. 1936, 20–21.
47 Crick, Sketches, 4.
48 Anon., Advice to a Young Commercial Traveller, 28–29.
49 Allen, Ambassadors of Commerce.
50 Crick, 3; Anon., Advice to a Young Commercial Traveller, 64–66, Walker, “The Road,” 57–62.
51 Allen, Ambassadors of Commerce, 118.
52 The Confectioners' Union 1 (Aug. 1925): 2117.
53 Anon., A Reply to S. Morley, Concerning the “Drinking Usages in the Commercial Room” by a Commercial Traveller (London, 1863), 8.
54 Anon., The Practical Guide to Commercial Travelling by a Town Traveller (London, 1879), 8–9.
55 Allen, Ambassadors of Commerce, 118–21, 202–10.
56 Anon., The Random Recollections of a Commercial Traveller, etc. (London, 1909).
57 The Draper's Record, 15 May 1923, 395.
58 Anon., Letters from Scotland by an English Commercial Traveller (London, 1817), 57.
59 Confectioners' Union, 15 Jan. 1927, 183.
60 Confectioners' Union, 24 June 1933, 998.
61 Anon., Advice to a Young Commercial Traveller, 8–10.
62 Brown, Joseph, My Experiences as a Commercial Traveller: With Sketches of Men I Have Known (London, 1885).Google Scholar
63 Crick, Skethes, 5–6.
64 Allen, Ambassadors of Commerce, 154–55.
65 Brown, My Experiences as a Commercial Traveller, 37.
66 Carey, John, The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939 (London, 2002).Google Scholar
67 French, Michael, “Commercials, Careers, and Culture: Travelling Salesmen in Britain, 1890S-1930S,” Economic History Review 58, no. 2 (2005): 366–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68 Ibid., 352–77.
69 Beable, On the Road, 122.
70 Confectionary News, 19 Apr. 1939, 23.
71 Symons, Richard, A Commercial Traveller's Reminiscences (London, 1884).Google Scholar
72 Humphreys, Thomas and Co., Choice Morsels Current among Commercial Travellers (1890, a Christmas supplement to On the Road).
73 Anon., The Commercial Traveller in Light and Shade, 41–79.
74 Confectioners' Union, 13 Dec. 1930, 2475–79; Confectioners’ Union, 18 Sept. 1920, 2229–33.
75 Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses; Wild, Jonathan, The Rise of the Office Clerk in Literary Culture, 1880–1939 (New York, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76 Brontë, Charlotte, Stancliffe's Hotel (London, 2003).Google Scholar
77 Ibid., 17.
78 Hempel, C. W., The Commercial Tourist or Gentleman Traveller, a Satirical Poem, 2nd ed. (London, 1822).Google Scholar
79 For a similar tale, see Anon., “The Diary of a Commercial Traveller,” reprinted in Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Commercial Advertiser, 17 and 24 Aug. 1826.
80 The Bristol Mercury, 9 July 1836.
81 Finn, Character of Credit, 18–22.
82 Blackwoo's Edinburgh Magazine 51 (1842): 193–212, 356–69, 487–505, 661–75; 52 (1842): 354–67.
83 Christmas edition of All Year Round (1863).
84 Dickens, Charles, The Pickwick Papers (Oxford, 1986; 1st ed. 1837), 197–213.Google Scholar
85 Wilson, John Crawford, Jonathan Oldaker; or, Leaves from the Diary of a Commercial Traveller (London, 1859).Google Scholar
86 Mr. Brown's First Journey; or, Reminiscences of a Commercial Traveller (4th ed., 1884).
87 Gissing, George, The Town Traveller (London, 1898).Google Scholar
88 Munro, Neil, Neil Munro's Jimmy Swan (Glasgow, 1931).Google Scholar
89 Bracebridge Hemyng, On the Road: Tales Told by a Commercial Traveller (1868).
90 Friedman, Birth of a Salesman.
91 Sayers, Dorothy L., The Complete Stories (New York, 2002), 590.Google Scholar
92 Popp, Andrew, “’Though It Is But a Promise…’ Business Probity in Arnold Bennett's Anna of the Five Towns” Business History 48 no. 3 (2006): 332–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93 Bennett, Arnold, The Old Wives' Tale (London, 1990; 1st ed. 1908), 106.Google Scholar
94 Ibid., 113.
95 Huggins, “Sinful Pleasures?” 591–92.
96 Wells, H. G., Tono Bungay (London, 1909), 149, 153.Google Scholar
97 Wild, Rise of the Office Clerk; Carey, Intellectuals and the Masses, ch. 3.
98 Waugh, , Brideshead Revisited (London, 1945).Google Scholar
99 Oppenheim, Edward Phillips, The Fortunate Wayfarer (London, 1928), 50.Google Scholar
100 Priestley, J. B., English Journey (London, 1933).Google Scholar
101 Wild cites Angel Pavement as a new sympathetic treatment of clerks. See Wild, Rise of the Office Clerk, 153–55.
102 For Of Love and Hunger, McClaren-Ross drew on his own experience as a vacuum-cleaner salesman for Hoover and Electrolux during the 1930s.
103 Petter, Martin, “‘Temporary Gentlemen’ in the Aftermath of the Great War: Rank, Status and the Ex-Officer Problem,” Historical Journal 37, no. 1 (1994): 127–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
104 Orwell, George, The Road to Wigan Pier (London, 2001; 1st ed. 1937), 8.Google Scholar
105 Ibid., 13.
106 Orwell, George, Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1954), in The Complete Novels (London, 2000), 590.Google Scholar
107 Ibid., 623.
108 Orwell, Coming Up for Air (1950), in The Complete Novels (London, 2000), 435. Echoing earlier themes, Bowling is also very careful about categorizing his physical appearance and dress: “The clothes I was wearing were practically the uniform of the tribe. Greyherringbone suit, a bit worse for wear, blue overcoat costing fifty shillings, bowler hat and no gloves.” Ibid., 436.
109 Orwell, Coming Up for Air, 505.
110 Ibid.
111 Ibid.
112 Fink, Janet and Holden, Katherine, “Pictures from the Margins of Marriage: Representations of Spinsters and Single Mothers in the mid-Victorian Novel, Interwar Hollywood Melodrama, and British Film of the 1950s and 1960s,” Gender and History 11, no. 2 (1999): 233–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Liladhar, Janine and Kerslake, Evelyn, “No More Library Classes for Catherine: Marital Status, Career Progression, and Library Employment in 1950s England,” Women's Studies International Forum 22, no. 2 (1999): 215–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113 Spears, 100 Years on the Road, 221.
114 Ibid., 221, 227.
- 13
- Cited by