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III The Letters of Richard Scudamore to Sir Philip Hoby, September 1549–March 1555

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2009

Susan Brigden
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Extract

Blair Worden first showed me these letters, and then became the most patient and perspicacious of editors. I am very grateful to him. Dr William Tighe might have edited these letters himself, for he discovered them too, but he ceded the edition to me. I am greatly indebted to him not only for this generosity, but also for his kindness in sending me information about Richard Scudamore.

Type
Research Article
Information
Camden Fourth Series , Volume 39: Camden Miscellany XXX , July 1990 , pp. 67 - 148
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1990

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References

page 74 note 1. L&P xiv(2). 781, pp. 312, 313.Google Scholar

page 74 note 2. For his career, see House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 74 note 3. Extensive correspondence to Scudamore is found in the files of Chancery Masters’ exhibits, Duchess of Norfolk deeds: PRO, C 115/M 15–19. I am very grateful to Dr Tighe for providing these references. See also BL, Add. MS 11042.

page 74 note 4. PRO, SP 1/85, fo. 45r (L&P vii. 951).Google Scholar

page 74 note 5. PRO, C115/M18/7475.

page 74 note 6. ibid. SP 1/85, fo. 45r (L&P vii. 951Google Scholar). The editors date this letter 1534, but other evidence places the episode in July 1535.

page 74 note 7. BL, Add. MS 11042, fo. 55r. This letter was written on 9 July from Furnivall's Inn. The reference in it to the plague dates it to 1535. William Skidmore was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in January 1538: Records of the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn, 2 vols. (1896), i. p. 50.Google Scholar

page 74 note 8. L&P xvi. 380, 745, 1489Google Scholar; pp. 181, 360, 701; xvii. 880, p. 476; xviii(1). 436, p. 264; xviii(2). 231, p. 126. His name appears among a list of ‘yeomen, grooms and pages’ in the Household drawn up in February 1547 for Henry VIII's funeral: PRO, LC 2/2, fo. 68r (as Dr Tighe kindly told me).

page 74 note 9. PRO, E 101/426/5, fos. 13v, 105r; E 101/427/6, fos. 15v, 72v (Treasurer of the Chamber's accounts, April–October 1548, October 1548–October 1549). Again, this information is owed to Dr Tighe.

page 75 note 10. See below, letters 19 and 21.

page 75 note 11. CSP, Domestic, 1601–1603, p. 425.Google Scholar

page 75 note 12. Visitation of Worcester, p. 16Google Scholar. Maud Hoby married Thomas Biggs, Scudamore's mother's brother.

page 75 note 13. See, for example, BL, Add. MS 11041, fo. 57r (31 October 1539).

page 75 note 14. APC i, p. 97Google Scholar; L&P xviii (2). 241(6).

page 75 note 15. House of Commons, 1500–1558 (Cawarden).

page 75 note 16. Documents relating to the Revels at Court in the time of King Edward VI and Queen Mary, ed. Feuillerat, A. (Louvain, 1914)Google Scholar; House of Commons, 1509–1558 (Cawarden, Hoby).

page 75 note 17. See below, letters 1 and 20.

page 76 note 18. See below, letters 16, 17, 28, 34.

page 76 note 19. PRO, PCC, Prob. 11/53, fos. 314r–315r

page 76 note 20. ibid. Prob. 11/69, fo. 520r.

page 76 note 21. Visitation of Worcester, pp. 77–80.Google Scholar

page 76 note 22. For Hoby's life, see DNB; House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 76 note 23. BL, Harl. MS 523, fo. 110’. Harleian MS 523 is a contemporary volume of letters written and received by Hoby during Edward VI's reign.

page 76 note 24. Ticozzi, S., Vite dei Pittori Vecelli di Cadore (Milan, 1817), pp. 310–11Google Scholar; APC i, pp. 551–2.Google Scholar

page 76 note 25. For the mission, see L&P viii. 744Google Scholar; x. 208; xii(1) 254.

page 76 note 26. PRO, SP 1/103, fo. 162r; SP 1/101, fo. 232r–v (L&P x. 719, 224Google Scholar). The suitor was William Swerder: Elton, G.R., Reform and Renewal: Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 22–3.Google Scholar

page 76 note 27. BL, Add. MS 5498, fo. 1r. This volume contains papers, in a contemporary hand, relating to Hoby.

page 77 note 28. ibid. fos. 1r–2v (L&R xiii(i). 380); L&P xiii(1). 507–8, 656Google Scholar; Rowlands, J., Holbein: the Paintings of Hans Holbein the Younger (Oxford, 1985), pp. 116–17Google Scholar. Hoby himself was drawn by Holbein: Parker, K.T., The Drawings of Hans Holbein in the collection of his Majesty the King at Windsor Castle (1945), no 50.Google Scholar

page 77 note 29. L&P xiii(2). 270, 585.Google Scholar

page 77 note 30. L&P xiii(2). 585Google Scholar; BL, Harl. MS 282, fo. 213r (L&P xiii(2). 621); L&P xiii(2). 622, 914, 923–4, 941, 974, 1054, 1120, 1127.Google Scholar

page 77 note 31. Nott, G.F., The Works of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and of Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder, 2 vols. (1815), ii. pp. 277–308Google Scholar, especially p. 301; L&P xiii(2). 270Google Scholar; xvi. 641.

page 77 note 32. BL, Add. MS 5498, fo. 14r–v (L&P xiii(2). 974(2)).

page 78 note 33. L&P xiv(1). 93.Google Scholar

page 78 note 34. ibid. xiii(2). 1280 (fos. 40v, 48r).

page 78 note 35. ibid, xiv(2). 541, 572 (3 vii), 591, 781 (fo. 102v).

page 78 note 36. Hoby was examined by Convocation, which annulled the marriage: L&P xv. 860.Google Scholar

page 78 note 37. See Robertson, M.L., ‘Thomas Cromwell's servants: the Ministerial Household in Early Tudor Government and Society’ (University of California at Los Angeles, Ph.D. thesis, 1975), pp. 438ffGoogle Scholar; Brigden, S., London and the Reformation (Oxford, 1989)Google Scholar, ch. viii. Hoby witnessed Philip van Velde's evangelical will: PRO, PCC, Prob. 11/36, fo. 7r.

page 78 note 38. L&P xiii(1). 424, 586Google Scholar; see below, letter 7.

page 78 note 39. Foxe, , Acts and Monuments, v, p. 486Google Scholar; APC i, pp. 97, 101Google Scholar; L&P xviii(2). 241(6).

page 78 note 40. See below, letters 11, 25, 26, 28.

page 78 note 41. House of Commons, 1509–1558 (Hoby).

page 79 note 42. L&P xix(1). 273, 275.Google Scholar

page 79 note 43. ibid, xix(1). 583; xx(1). 59, 106, 345; xxi(1). 834; xxi(a). 399.

page 79 note 44. ibid, xix(1), 933, 947; xix(2). 334.

page 79 note 45. APC i, pp. 159, 167Google Scholar; L&P xx(1). 737, 1167, 1221, 1286Google Scholar; xx(2). 118, 187, 347, 359, 400, 432, 572.

page 79 note 46. ibid, xxi(1). 1384 (i, iii, 2).

page 79 note 47. CSPS p. ix, p. 254.Google Scholar

page 79 note 48. L&P xxi(2). 634(1); APC ii, p. 18.Google Scholar

page 79 note 49. CPR, Edward VI, 1547–1548, p. 101.Google Scholar

page 79 note 50. CSPS p. ix, p. 254.Google Scholar

page 79 note 51. CSPF pp. 20, 24–5.Google Scholar

page 80 note 52. BL, Harl. 523, fos. 19r–20v; Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, ii(1), pp. 138–9.Google Scholar

page 80 note 53. BL, Harl. MS 523, fo. 107v.

page 80 note 54. See L&P xiv(1). 651(21), 1321; xv. 436(48); xvi. 947(13), p. 721; xvii. 548, 556(30); xix(i). 610(90), p. 507; xx(i). 846(79), 1335(26); xxi(1). 1166(73), 1537(29); xxi(2). 332(7), p. 435; Heal, F.M., Of Prelates and Princes: A Study of the Economic and Social Position of the Tudor Episcopate (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 128–9, 142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 80 note 55. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 82Google Scholar; BL, Add. MS 5498, fos. 39r–57r.

page 80 note 56. BL, Harl. MS 523, fos. 50r, 52r, 53v. The last is printed in Russell, F.W., Kett's Rebellion in Norfolk (1859), pp. 215–17.Google Scholar

page 80 note 57. CSPSp. ix, pp. 454–5.Google Scholar

page 80 note 58. ibid. ix, p. 254.

page 80 note 59. ibid, x, p. 329.

page 81 note 60. See below, letters 1–3.

page 81 note 61. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 18Google Scholar; ‘Eye-witness's account’, p. 607.Google Scholar

page 81 note 62. CSPSp. ix, pp. 445–6, 448, 450.Google Scholar

page 81 note 63. BL, Harl. MS 523, fo. 107v.

page 81 note 64. CSPSp. ix, p. 460.Google Scholar

page 81 note 65. Troubles connected with the Prayer Book, p. 76.Google Scholar

page 81 note 66. ibid. pp. 80–1; APC ii, pp. 330–2.Google Scholar

page 81 note 67. ‘Eye-witness's account’, p. 607.Google Scholar

page 82 note 68. Tytler, , England in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary, i, pp. 220–2, 223–7.Google Scholar

page 82 note 69. ‘Eye-witness's account’, pp. 607–8.Google Scholar

page 82 note 70. Tytler, , England in the Reigns of Edward VI and Mary, i, p. 231.Google Scholar

page 82 note 71. ‘Eye-witness's account’, p. 608.Google Scholar

page 82 note 72. CLRO, Journal 16, fos. 37r–v; Tytler, , England in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary, i, pp. 231–5.Google Scholar

page 82 note 73. ‘Eye-witness's account’, p. 608.Google Scholar

page 82 note 74. BL, Harl. MS. 353, fo. 77’; Tytler, , England in the reigns of Edivard VI and Mary, i, pp. 238–40.Google Scholar

page 82 note 75. ‘Eye-witness's account’, pp. 608–9Google Scholar; APC ii, pp. 342–3.Google Scholar

page 82 note 76. See below, letter 26.

page 82 note 77. APC ii, pp. 346–7Google Scholar; CSPF p. 47Google Scholar; Troubles connected with the Prayer Book, pp. 113–18.Google Scholar

page 82 note 78. CSPSp. ix, p. 470.Google Scholar

page 83 note 79. BL, Harl. MS 523, fos. 113v, 116r; CSPSp. ix, pp. 478–9.Google Scholar

page 83 note 80. Troubles connected with the Prayer Book, p. 117.Google Scholar

page 83 note 81. For the best account of the political tergiversations, see Hoak, , King's Council, pp. 55–61, 242–58.Google Scholar

page 83 note 82. See below, letter 4.

page 83 note 83. See below, letter 8.

page 83 note 84. See below, letters 12–13, 25–26.

page 84 note 85. See below, letter 10.

page 84 note 86. BL, Harl. MS 523, fo. 56r.

page 84 note 87. See below, letter 11.

page 84 note 88. BL, Cotton MS Caligula E iv, fo. 207r.

page 84 note 89. See below, letter 12.

page 84 note 90. APC iii, p. 45Google Scholar; CSPSp. x, p. 167Google Scholar; see below, letters 25, 28–33.

page 84 note 91. Travels and Life, pp. 61–4.Google Scholar

page 84 note 92. Hoak, , King's Council, pp. 70, 111.Google Scholar

page 84 note 93. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 63Google Scholar; Travels and Life, pp. 66–70Google Scholar; CSPF p. 109.Google Scholar

page 84 note 94. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 109, 111, 113Google Scholar; CSPSp. x, pp. 476–81.Google Scholar

page 84 note 95. CSPF pp. 260, 261, 266, 268, 272, 277, 279Google Scholar; CSPSp. xi, pp. 21, 23, 32, 43, 66, 67, 81–2.Google Scholar

page 85 note 96. CSP, Domestic, 1601–1603; Addenda, 1547–65, p. 425.Google Scholar

page 85 note 97. BL, Harl. MS 523, fo. 43v; MS Cotton Galba B xii, fo. 253’; CSPSp. xi, p. 155.

page 85 note 98. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 82Google Scholar; CSPSp. xi, p. 182.Google Scholar

page 85 note 99. ibid. xi, pp. 240, 257, 258.

page 85 note 100. ibid. xi, pp. 395–6, 416, 425, 427.

page 85 note 101. Travels and Life, p. 97Google Scholar; CSPSp. xii, pp. 269–70.Google Scholar

page 85 note 102. Travels and Life, p. 103Google Scholar. On 29 May Mary wrote to Charles V asking his favour for Hoby: CSPSp. xii, p. 265.Google Scholar

page 85 note 103. CSPSp. xii, pp. 214, 231, 239, 259.Google Scholar

page 85 note 104. ibid. xii, p. 267.

page 85 note 105. Travels and Life, pp. 103–21.Google Scholar

page 85 note 106. ibid. pp. 116–17.

page 86 note 107. ibid. pp. 121–6.

page 86 note 108. CSPVen. vi(1). 288.Google Scholar

page 86 note 109. CSPSp. xii. pp. 266–7, 281Google ScholarCSPVen. vi(1), 284–5.Google Scholar

page 86 note 110. ibid. 341.

page 86 note 111. Travels and Life, pp. 126–7.Google Scholar

page 86 note 112. PRO, PCC, Prob. 11/40, fos. 267v–70r.

page 86 note 113. Printed in Travels and Life, p. xv.Google Scholar

page 87 note 1. An Italian mercenary captain: L & P xx(i). 751(2).

page 87 note 2. Esquire of the Stable.

page 87 note 3. The Norfolk rebels had been routed at Dussindale on 27 August: Wriothesley, Chronicle, ii, p. 21.Google Scholar

page 87 note 4. Bonner had been ordered by the Council to preach: Foxe, Acts and Monuments, v, pp. 745–6Google Scholar. For an account of his sermon, see BL, M 485/52, vol. 198, fos. 34r–46r.

page 87 note 5. A captain of Spanish mercenary troops in Scotland. This defeat threatened the defence of Haddington, a vital garrison: CSPSp. ix, pp. 453–4.Google Scholar

page 88 note 6. Sir Thomas Chamberlain, ambassador to the regent of the Netherlands.

page 88 note 7. The Rhinegrave of the Palatinate, who had served the French king in Scotland, visited England, where he was ‘well speeded’. CSPSp, ix, p. 455Google Scholar; APC ii, p. 325.Google Scholar

page 88 note 8. Hoby's London house, formerly the home of the attainted Countess of Salisbury: L& xvi. 47(31); xvii. 881(18).

page 88 note 9. Odet de Selve, resident French ambassador.

page 88 note 10. Dr Nicholas Wotton, Dean of Canterbury and York, Privy Councillor, and resident English ambassador at the French Court.

page 88 note 11. Thomas Audley and Sir Marmaduke Constable: APC ii, pp. 323, 351.Google Scholar

page 88 note 12. Robert Kett, the leader of the Norfolk rebels, and his brother, William.

page 88 note 13. Sir Andrew Flammock of Warwickshire made his will on 6 September: ‘An eyewitness's account’, p. 603 n. 1.

page 88 note 14. Francisco Tomazo, an Italian courier, had returned to England on 6 September: CSPF p. 46.Google Scholar

page 89 note 15. Henri II of France had gone in person in Augustto commandhis army marshalled at Montreuil.

page 89 note 16. Julian, Negro, and Gamboa were captains of Spanish mercenaries serving in Scotland: CSP, Scotland, p. 90. 140, 148.Google Scholar

page 89 note 17. Sir William Paget, Comptroller of the Household.

page 89 note 18. Wyrardisbury or Wraysbury manor in Buckinghamshire was the Hoby's home, let to them by Lady Hoby's father, Sir William Stonor: VCH, Buckinghamshire, iii, pp.322, 323: 325.Google Scholar

page 89 note 19. William, Lord Grey of Wilton, who had been sent against the rebels of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, and then against the Western rebels in July 1549: Troubles connected with the Prayer Book, pp. 25–9, 33.Google Scholar

page 89 note 20. The Council had ordered Lord Russell on 21 August to send the rebel leaders for trial: Troubles connected with the Prayer Book, pp. 63–4, 126Google Scholar. For Sir Thomas Arundel, an adherent of Warwick, see House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 90 note 21. German mercenaries: CSPF p. 32.Google Scholar

page 90 note 22. A reward of £125 had been paid to him in 1547: Trevelyan Papers, p. 197.Google Scholar

page 90 note 23. Howard's brother-in-law was Sir Thomas Arundel. For Howard, see House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 90 note 24. Sir Anthony Denny, Chief Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, died the following day.

page 90 note 25. A leader of the Western rebellion.

page 90 note 26. William Grey of Reading.

page 90 note 27. William Rugge or Reppes was both opposed to the Prayer Book and deeply in debt. Ostensibly on the latter grounds he was compelled to resign his bishopric on 26 December, 1549. His family came from Norfolk, and his brother was mayor of Norwich: Heal, Of Prelates and Princes, pp.134, 139, 170–1Google Scholar; Visitation of Norfolk, p. 229Google Scholar; CPR, 548–9 pp. 67, 385Google Scholar; 1549–50, p. 163.Google Scholar

page 90 note 28. Charles de Guevara was a Spanish mercenary captain: CSPF pp. 32, 34, 37, 38.Google Scholar

page 90 note 29. Ely Place had been ceded to Warwick by the Bishop of Ely.

page 91 note 30. Gentlemen Pensioners.

page 91 note 31. George Brooke, ninth Lord Cobham.

page 91 note 32. Francis Hastings, second Earl of Huntingdon, Lieutenant General at Boulogne.

page 91 note 33. Nicolas Perronet de Granvelle, Chancellor and chief adviser of Emperor Charles V.

page 92 note 34. Sir William Herbert, Master of the Horse.

page 92 note 35. William Honings, Clerk of the Privy Council.

page 92 note 36. William Paulet, Lord St John.

page 92 note 37. Lady Hoby's daughter by her second husband, Walter Welshe: Visitation of Worcester, p. 140.Google Scholar

page 93 note 38. Sir William Barentyne of Oxfordshire died that day. His son Francis was a Gentleman Pensioner: House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 93 note 39. Groom of the Privy Chamber: APC ii, p. 389.Google Scholar

page 93 note 40. Sir John Perrot had been knighted on 17 November, perhaps as reward for support of Warwick against Somerset. He was also Sir Thomas Cheyne's son-in-law: DNB; House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 93 note 41. Sir Thomas Cheyne, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, had been sent with Hoby by the Council on 22 October to tell the Emperor of the proceedings against the Protector, and to renew the request for the loan of troops in aid of Boulogne: CSPF p. 47Google Scholar; CSPSp. ix, pp. 478–9.Google Scholar

page 93 note 42. Thomas Wriothesley, first Earl of Southampton, had just lost a bitter struggle for primacy in Court and Council, or so it seemed. By 26 November all the councilors were attending upon Warwick at Ely Place, where all business was being carried out, and on that day Warwick appointed a reformer to the Council: CSPSp, ix, pp. 476–7Google Scholar; Hoak, , King's Council, p. 253.Google Scholar

page 94 note 43. Conrad Pfening, a famous German mercenary captain, who had on occasion raised foreign troops for England.

page 94 note 44. William Cecil was one of Somerset's personal secretaries and Master of Requests in his household. He had been with Somerset at Windsor, and first placed in the custody of Richard, Lord Rich: APC ii, pp. 327, 343, 372.

page 94 note 45. Richard Whalley was another of Somerset's adherents who fell in the October coup: House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 94 note 46. Richard Fulmerston, controller of Somerset's household and Marshal of the King's Bench, fell with Somerset in October: House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 94 note 47. Richard Keilway was Surveyor General of the Court of Wards and another adherent of Somerset's who had fallen with him. On 26 November he entered into a bond to present himself weekly to the Council: APC ii, p. 362.Google Scholar

page 94 note 48. Humphrey Bonville of Ivybridge and John Prideaux of Tavistock: Rose-Troup, F., The Western Rebellion of 1549 (1913), pp. 498, 500.Google Scholar

page 94 note 49. Lord Deputy of Calais.

page 94 note 50. Robert Broke, Recorder of the City of London. He was a neighbour of Hoby's in Carter Lane. House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 94 note 51. 3 & 4 Edward VI c. 23; SR iv, pp. 122–5Google Scholar. Hoby was himself M.P. for Cardiff boroughs.

page 95 note 52. The exchange rate in November 1549 was 20s 1d flemish; the rate in May had been 20s. 6d.: J.D. Gould, The Great Debasement: Currency and the Economy in Mid-Tudor England (Oxford, 1970), table ix.

page 95 note 53. 29 November.

page 95 note 54. 2 December.

page 95 note 55. The Earls of Southampton and Arundel were conspiring against Warwick to win control of the Council and Court. Wriothesley had ceased to attend Council meetings after 22 October: Hoak, King's Council, pp. 59–60, 246–51.Google Scholar

page 96 note 56. Warwick owed Hoby favour after his part in the October coup.

page 96 note 57. Sir John Williams, treasurer of the Court of Augmentations.

page 96 note 58. John Dudley, son of the Earl of Warwick.

page 96 note 59. Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond.

page 96 note 60. Sir Thomas Cawarden, Hoby's Protestant friend, was Sheriff of Surrey.

page 96 note 61. Henry Grey, third Marquess of Dorset, and Thomas Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, rose to prominence at the height of the struggle between Warwick and Wriothesley for control of the Council. Protestants were admitted to counter the admission of Catholics. BL, Add. MS 48126, fos. 15v–16r; Hoak, , King's Council, pp. 54–7, 245–6, 248–9.Google Scholar

page 97 note 62. Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, had been attainted for treason on 27 January, 1547. His daughter was the widow of Henry VIII's son, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond.

page 97 note 63. Catholic councillors were attempting to win control in Council and, allegedly, to make Princess Mary Regent of England: BL, Add, MS 48126, fo. 15v; Hoak, , King's Council, pp. 246–9.Google Scholar

page 97 note 64. Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire, had been imprisoned in the Tower in November 1538 and attainted in 1539 for treason. He was released upon Mary's accession.

page 97 note 65. Nicholas Arnold of Gloucestershire, a Gentleman Pensioner. He was another of Hoby's Protestant friends, and Scudamore's cousin. House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 97 note 66. Richard Arnold of Gloucestershire. Scudamore would be the principal beneficiary and executor of his will. House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 97 note 67. 3 & 4 Edward VI, cc. 23, 18; SR iv, pp. 122–4, 118–19.Google Scholar

page 98 note 68. Paget, who had been with Somerset at Windsor, was influential in attaining his peaceful submission. This was his reward. Tytler, , England under the reigns of Edward VI and Mary, i, pp. 223–7, 239–43.Google Scholar

page 98 note 69. Wingfield had been aligned with the London Lords against the Protector, and had been sent to arrest him. DNB.

page 98 note 70. Darcy replaced Wingfield in these important Household posts: Hoak, , Kings Council, pp. 82–3.Google Scholar

page 98 note 71. False rumours.

page 98 note 72. Sir Edward North, Chancellor of the Court of Augmentations.

page 98 note 73. Hoby had been made chief steward of the manor of Stanwell in Middlesex in 1545: VCH, Middlesex, iii, pp. 37, 46–7.Google Scholar

page 98 note 74. Sir Thomas Wroth was appointed one of the four Principal Gentlemen upon the reorganisation of the Privy Chamber at Somerset's fall. He was another of Hoby's Protestant friends. APC ii, pp. 344–5Google Scholar; Travels and Life, pp, 116, 117, 120.Google Scholar

page 98 note 75. Cecil was released from the Tower on 25 January upon a recognisance of 1,000 marks. John Cornelius was a gunfounder in the Tower. APC ii, p. 372Google Scholar; House of Commons, 1509–1558 (John Cornelius).

page 98 note 76. William Pynnock of Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, was bound in recognisance for £100 on 18 December' APCii, p. 367.

page 99 note 77. Sir Frances Fleming was Lieutenant of the Ordnance.

page 99 note 78. Sir Thomas Cheyne returned from his mission to the Emperor while Hoby remained.

page 99 note 79. Sir Richard Blount of Mapledurham, Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber.

page 100 note 80. Sir Walter Stonor of Stonor, Oxfordshire, Lady Hoby's father. He had been knighted on Flodden Field in 1513, and was Lieutenant of the Tower. He died in August 1550. APC ii, pp. 43, 154Google Scholar. Stonor, R.J., Stonor (Newport, 1951).Google Scholar

page 100 note 81. Lady Hoby was as committed an evangelical as her husband. She had been pardoned with him in 1543 for associating with a sacramentarian heretic. L&P xviii(2). 241(6).

page 101 note 82. Thomas Bigges was married to Magdalen, Hoby's sister, and was Richard Scudamore's uncle. Visitation of Worcester, p, 16.Google Scholar

page 101 note 83. Thomas Stacy, a City mercer, lent Hoby money. Register of Freemen, p. 109.Google Scholar

page 102 note 84. Van der Delft reported that she was ‘received with great pomp and triumph, and is continually with the king’. CSPSp, ix, p. 489.Google Scholar

page 102 note 85. Herbert was rewarded for his support for Warwick during the coup of October 1549.

page 102 note 86. 3 & 4 Edward VI c. 5; SR iv, pp. 104–8.Google Scholar

page 103 note 87. Hoby's half sister Elizabeth was married to Parker; John Walwin and Edward Blount were of Worcestershire families. Travels and Life, facing p. xvi; Visitation of Worcester, pp, 17, 141.Google Scholar

page 103 note 88. Parliament was not prorogued until 1 February 1550. There were 379 seats in the Lower House. House of Commons, 1509–1558, appendices I, III.

page 104 note 89. Henry Holbeach, Nicholas Ridley and Robert Ferrar, all committed Protestants.

page 104 note 90. Wriothesley had plotted in the last part of December not only against Somerset's authority but also against his life: BL, Add. MS 48126, fo. 16r; Hoak, , King's Council, pp. 254–6.Google Scholar

page 104 note 91. 3 & 4 Edward VI c. 15; SR iv, pp. 114–15.Google Scholar

page 104 note 92. 3 & 4 Edward VI c. 11; SR iv, pp. 111–12.Google Scholar

page 105 note 93. The cessation of Boulogne was politically embarrassing for Warwick, but without Imperial aid and money it could no longer be defended. Jordan, Edward VI: Threshold of Power, pp. 118–20.Google Scholar

page 105 note 94. Stephen Vaughan, Under-treasurer of the Tower mint, was early an evangelical. Richardson, W.C., Stephen Vaughan: Financial Agent of Henry VIII (Baton Rouge, 1953).Google Scholar

page 106 note 95. This bill did not pass.

page 106 note 96. 3 & 4 Edward VI c. 13. William Sharrington, Vice-treasurer of the Bristol mint, had been condemned in 1549 for coining testons below the legal weight. He had kept the surplus bullion for himself and used it for political purposes. Hoby had owed £1,000 to Sharrington, which upon Sharrington's attainder became due to the King. Edward pardoned Hoby the debt on 8 December 1549; another favour. CPR, 1549–1551, P. 114Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI; The Young King, pp. 373, 383–4.Google Scholar

page 106 note 97. Sir Maurice Berkeley, Gentleman of the Chamber.

page 107 note 98. Warwick, having survived Wriothesley's assassination plot, now moved against his enemies. Wriothesley withdrew from Court before the order could reach him. CSPSp, x, p. 8Google Scholar; Hoak, , King's Council, p. 59.Google Scholar

page 107 note 99. Arundel, Lord Chamberlain, was deprived of the office which gave him constant access to the King. St John revealed Arundel's conspiracy with Wriothesley, and Paget sought revenge for the Earl's opposition to him after the fall of Somerset. CSPSp. x, p. 8Google Scholar; BL, Add. MS 48126, fo. 15v.

page 107 note 100. Sir Thomas Arundel of Lanherne, receiver of the Duchy of Cornwall, had been a prime mover in the conspiracy to bring down the Protector. In the aftermath he had sought service with Princess Mary, and to make her Regent. CSPSp, ix, pp. 459, 467–70Google Scholar; Hoak, , King's Council, pp. 245–6, 248.Google Scholar

page 107 note 101. Sir Edward Rogers was appointed one of the four Principal Gentlemen of the privy Chamber in the reorganisation after the fall of Somerset. He was soon reinstated after this disgrace: House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 108 note 102. The Earl of Arundel and Sir Thomas Arundel were certainly Catholic, and hoped for the restoration of the old religion. Rogers was Protestant. Wriothesley, whatever his belief, found it politic to lead a Catholic faction.

page 108 note 103. Sir Andrew Dudley, Warwick's brother, had been promoted to become one of the four Principal Gentlemen and Keeper of the Palace of Westminster. His purpose was to guard the king, as here, perhaps, proved necessary. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 19Google Scholar; CSPSp, x. p. 14.Google Scholar

page 108 note 104. Sir John Yorke was Under-treasurer of the Southwark mint and Sheriff of London. Warwick had stayed at his house during the October coup as York acted as intermediary between the City and the London Lords. APC ii, pp. 331–2Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, p. 13.Google Scholar

page 108 note 105. 13 January.

page 109 note 106. Sir Thomas Darcy.

page 109 note 107. Paulet had been sent with Arundel and Southampton to the Tower in December to examine Somerset, and there he learnt of their plot. He warned Warwick. BL, Add. MS 48126, fo. 15v.

page 109 note 108. Van der Delft reported likewise the freedom enjoyed by the prisoners and the rumours that the Duke and his adherents would be released. CSPSp, x, p. 7.Google Scholar

page 109 note 109. For Bonner's trial, see Brigden, , London and the Reformation, pp. 449–51.Google Scholar

page 109 note 110. Sir Ralph Hopton.

page 110 note 111. Clerks of the Privy Council.

page 110 note 112. These were secret negotiations for peace with France and the cessation of Boulogne.

page 110 note 113. Monsieur Monfauconet, Charles V's maitre d'hotel. CSPF p. 30.Google Scholar

page 110 note 114. John Cheke, tutor to Edward VI, with whom Hoby travelled in exile in Mary's reign. Travels and Life, pp, 116, 117, 120.Google Scholar

page 110 note 115. Sir John Mason, Petre, Russell and Dr Wootton were sent to France to negotiate peace. CSPSp, x, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

page 111 note 116. 3 & 4 Edward VI cc. 24, 31.

page 112 note 117. John Baker, Speaker of the House of Commons, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Under-treasurer, and Chancellor of first fruits and tenths.

page 112 note 118. Keeper of the King's mastiffs.

page 112 note 119. distracted, unbalanced.

page 112 note 120. Villa Cerga, an Italian mercenary captain, ‘whom they esteem little’. CSP Scotland, p. 90.Google Scholar

page 112 note 121. The story of the murder is told by other chroniclers: Two London Chronicles, p. 20Google Scholar; Wriotheslcy, , Chronicle, ii, pp. 31–2.Google Scholar

page 114 note 122. Arundel, Holmes, Wynslade and Bery were all executed at Tyburn on 27 January. Wriothesley, Chronicle, ii, p. 32.Google Scholar

page 114 note 123. Richard, Baron Rich.

page 114 note 124. Sir Henry Capel had lands at Rayne and Stebbing, Essex: House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 114 note 125. Bell, a Suffolk man, was executed on 10 February for stirring insurrection in Suffolk and Essex. Two London Chronicles, p. 21.Google Scholar

page 114 note 126. Arundel had been committed to the Tower ‘for conspiracies in the western parts’. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 19.Google Scholar

page 114 note 127. Richard Whalley, William Cecil, Edward Wolf, and Richard Palady, who had been imprisoned with Somerset at his fall, were released upon taking up substantial bonds: APC ii, pp. 322, 372.Google Scholar

page 114 note 128. Master of woods in the Court of Augmentations. Wriothesley made him executor of his will, a mark of their close association. Trevelyan Papers, p. 214.Google Scholar

page 114 note 129. Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of Durham.

page 115 note 130. John Cosworth was one of a syndicate of London mercers who speculated heavily in monastic estates. He was receiver of the Duchy of Cornwall. House of Commons, 1558–1603.

page 116 note 131. William Honnings, clerk of the Privy Council, was accused of stealing the copy of the judges' opinions upon Gardiner's offences, and thereby suspected of complicity with Wriothesley and the conservative faction. BL, Cotton MS Caligula E iv, fo. 207r; APC iii, p. 7Google Scholar; Hoak, , King's Council, pp. 162–3, 271, 334.Google Scholar

page 116 note 132. Sir Anthony Wingfield.

page 116 note 133. St John had been created Earl of Wiltshire on 19 January. This appointment was further reward for his support of Warwick.

page 117 note 134. On 30 January Arundel was moved from confinement in his house to the Tower. CSPSp, x, p. 21.Google Scholar

page 117 note 135. 2 February.

page 117 note 136. In 1543 Hoby had been granted the wardship of Henry Mile, who would inherit lands in the Welsh marches. L&P xviii(2). 449(7).

page 118 note 137. Paris Garden was an old manor in Southwark, and Cuthbert Vaughan, Scudamore's cousin, was its keeper.

page 118 note 138. The Lieutenant of the Tower was ordered to bring Somerset ‘without much guard or business’ to Sheriff York's house. APC iii, p. 384Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, p. 28.Google Scholar

page 119 note 139. Thomas Weldon, first master of the Household. With Sir Philip and Lady Hoby he had been accused in 1543 of maintaining a sacramentarian, and now he married Lady Hoby's daughter. L&P xviii(2). 241 (6); House of Commons, 1509–1558.Google Scholar

page 119 note 140. Richard Catlyn was Marshal of Lincoln's Inn, and much in demand as feoffee in landed settlements. House of Commons, 1509–1558.Google Scholar

page 119 note 141. APC ii, pp. 384–5Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, p. 28.Google Scholar

page 120 note 142. A Gentleman Pensioner, and adherent of Somerset's arrested with him in October 1549. He was an old friend of Hoby's. L&P xviii(2). 190Google Scholar; BL, Cotton MS Titus B ii, fo. 67r.

page 120 note 143. Perhaps a reference to the Earls of Arundel and Southampton.

page 120 note 144. Sir William Herbert was keeper of Baynard's Castle in London.

page 120 note 145. Anthony Anthony was clerk of the ordnance. A close observer of political events, he was the author of the chronicle of them. Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 861.

page 121 note 146. William Huet and Sir William Locke were wealthy citizens of London, sheriffs for 1553 and 1548 respectively.

page 121 note 147. Warwick had been ill and away from Court, often staying at York's house. CSPSp, x, pp. 13, 21, 28, 43.Google Scholar

page 121 note 148. Sir Robert Bowes, warden of the Western march, and Palmer, in command of the forces against the French at Haddington, had been routed and captured in July 1548. CSP Scotland, p. 148Google Scholar; Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 9–10Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI: Young King, pp. 285–6.Google Scholar

page 121 note 149. Broughty Crag commanded the mouth of the Tay. When it surrendered the garrison, their wives and children were slaughtered. A mythological portrait of Luttrell, its commander, survives. APC ii, p. 407Google Scholar; Wriothesley, Chronicle, ii. p. 31Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI: Threshold of Power, pp. 147–8Google Scholar; Strong, R., The English Icon: Elizabeth and Jacobean Portraiture (1969), pp. 9, 86, 342.Google Scholar

page 122 note 150. For the notorious Bryan: humanist, soldier, diplomat, poet, and libertine, Henry VIII's ‘vicarius Inferni’, see Starkey, D., The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics (1985), pp. 69–70, 112–13Google Scholar. Scudamore had long known Bryan, who had been Master of the Toils: L&P xvi, 745, p. 360Google Scholar; xviii(i), pp. 264–5.

page 122 note 151. Sir Edward Bellingham, Lord Deputy of Ireland, was replaced by Sir Anthony St Leger, who returned for a second tour of duty. St Leger had written an epitaph of Hoby's friend Wyatt. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 9, 40, 42Google Scholar; L&P xvi, 641.Google Scholar

page 122 note 152. Sir Michael Stanhope, chief Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and half-brother of the Duchess of Somerset, Sir Thomas Smith, secretary of State, Sir John Thynne, steward of Somerset's household, Thomas Fisher, Somerset's private secretary, and William Grey were all imprisoned at the Protector's fall and charged with complicity in his ‘ill government’. Their release was secured upon their acknowledgement that they owed huge sums to the Crown and upon taking up substantial bonds. BL, Cotton MS Titus B ii, fo. 67r; APC ii, pp. 309, 343–4, 398, 401Google Scholar; iii, p. 57; CSPSp, x, p. 44.Google Scholar

page 122 note 153. Edward reported that the fine was £12,000, of which £8,000 was remitted; van der Delft that the fine was £7,000. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 19, 51Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, p. 44.Google Scholar

page 122 note 154. Bonner was formally deprived by the Lord Chancellor and Council sitting in Star Chamber on 7 February. His resistance continued from prison. Wriothesley, Chronicle, ii, pp. 33–4Google Scholar; Brigden, , London and the Reformation, pp. 447–55.Google Scholar

page 123 note 155. Edmund Harvel was succeeded as ambassador to Venice by Peter Vannes, a native of Lucca, and Latin secretary to Henry VIII and Edward VI. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 24, 31.Google Scholar

page 123 note 156. Julius III had been elected on 8 February.

page 123 note 157. William Sheldon was receiver of the Court of Augmentations for the counties of Herefordshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire.

page 123 note 158. The manor of Rowell, Gloucestershire, formerly belonging to Winchcombe Abbey. CPR, 1547–8, p. 225.Google Scholar

page 124 note 159. Marquess of Northampton.

page 124 note 160. Nicholas Ridley was translated from Rochester to London, and Thomas Thirlby from Westminster to Norwich, upon the resignation of Reppes.

page 124 note 161. John Hooper, John Ponet, William Bill and Hugh Larimer, leading reformers. Van der Delft reported to the Emperor that the king chose his own Court preachers. CSPSp. x, p. 63.Google Scholar

page 124 note 162. William Thomas, author of The Pilgrim and The historic of Italie (dedicated to Warwick, 20 September, 1549), had arrived home from Italy, whence he had fled to escape gambling debts. He had old association with the Scudamores. L&P xv. 688;House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 125 note 163. Warwick was desperately seeking peace with France. Four commissioners to conduct the negotiations were appointed in January: Russell, Paget, Petre and Sir John Mason. The discussions were at a critical point as Scudamore wrote. CSPSp, ix, p. 469Google Scholar; x, pp. 12–13, 62; Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 20Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI: Threshold of Power, pp. 118–21.Google Scholar

page 125 note 164. Sir John Mason was secretary to the French tongue, and master of the posts. House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 125 note 165. Frances Chaloner and Ralph Calfilde were bound upon £40 and 100 marks respectively. APC ii, p. 425Google Scholar; iii. pp. 40, 45.

page 126 note 166. 1545.

page 126 note 167. The manor of Grafton Flyford, Worcestershire, had been granted for life to Walter Welshe, of Abberley and Elmley Castle, Lady Hoby's second husband. The manor was held by her for her lifetime. L&P v. 559(3); VCH, Worcester, iv, p. 87.Google Scholar

page 126 note 168. Broadway, Gloucestershire, formerly belonging to Evesham abbey; CPR, 1549–1551, pp. 311–12.Google Scholar

page 126 note 169. A London mercer who had been apprenticed to Thomas Stacy. Register of Freemen, p. 109.Google Scholar

page 127 note 170. Hoby had been granted the manor of Norton cum Lenchwick in Worcestershire, formerly belonging to Evesham abbey. CPR, 1549–1551, pp. 311–12Google Scholar; 1550–3, p. 19.

page 127 note 171. In March 1550 the City companies, which had lost rents from the chantry lands which they administered at the Dissolution of the chantries, purchased all the quitrents from the Crown at 20 years' purchase at a cost of £20,000. Wriothesley, Chronicle, ii. pp. 35–6Google Scholar; Brigden, , London and the Reformation, pp. 389–90.Google Scholar

page 127 note 172. Another zealous Protestant, and a favourite of the king.

page 127 note 173. A poet, a chronicler, and a deviser of Court pastimes, he could have been an effective critic. Although he had survived Somerset's fall, he had earlier been described as a ‘gentleman of my Lord Protector's’. House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 128 note 174. The peace with France was proclaimed in London on 28 March, and in Court on 3Oth. There was great acclamation, despite the ignominious cessation of Boulogne, according to Wriothesley; but ‘with no great rejoicing’, according to van der Delft. TRP i, 354Google Scholar; Wriothesley, Chronicle, ii, pp. 34–5Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, pp. 54–5.Google Scholar

page 128 note 175. Edward Dymmock was one of the Council at Boulogne. CSPF p. 294.Google Scholar

page 128 note 176. The heirs of England's premier nobles were sent to France on 6 April as hostages for keeping the peace. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 22–3Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, p. 62.Google Scholar

page 128 note 177. Francisco Tomazo, the courier.

page 129 note 178. The Mercers' Company were bound to pay £3,935.3s.4d. for the recovery of their rents from chantry lands. Mercers' Company, Register of Writings, ii, fo. 114v.

page 129 note 179. The Court moved from Westminster to Greenwich on 5 April. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 23.Google Scholar

page 129 note 180. Edward had reported on 31 March that Somerset ‘came to Court’. On 8 April Somerset dined with the Council at Greenwich, and on 10th was restored to the board. On 21 February Arundel had been ordered to retire to his Sussex estates. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 23, 24Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, p. 62Google Scholar; APC ii, p. 398.Google Scholar

page 129 note 181. Mason was still at Court, but it was widely known that he would soon be appointed resident ambassador to France. CSPSp, x, p. 62.Google Scholar

page 130 note 182. The Marquis de Mayenne, Count d'Enghien and Montmorency, the French pledges for the peace treaty, were met by Lisle, Rutland, Grey of Wilton, Bray and the Gentlemen Pensioners. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 27–8.Google Scholar

page 130 note 183. On 8 April Warwick had been appointed Warden of the North, and Herbert President of Wales. Russell had been sent to the West to keep order. In the event, so great were fears of disorder in the South that summer that Warwick did not go North. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 24Google Scholar; APC iii, p. 6Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI: Threshold of Power, pp.49. 59–62.Google Scholar

page 130 note 184. Van der Delft, too, reported that at Court it was expected that the Duke would be restored to his former authority. CSPSp, x, pp. 62–3.Google Scholar

page 130 note 185. Protestants hoped that a reform in morals would follow reformation in religion. For the assault on the capital's immorality, see also Wriothesley, Chronicle, ii. p. 36Google Scholar; Two London Chronicles, p. 45.Google Scholar

page 131 note 186. Edward VI also reported this foiled insurrection, led by a priest. Chronicle, p. 28.Google Scholar

page 131 note 187. Joan Bocher died for denying the incarnation of Christ, all attempts to convert her having failed. Wriothesley, Chronicle, ii, pp. 37–8Google Scholar; Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 28.Google Scholar

page 131 note 188. Warwick was created not Duke of Gloucester but Duke of Northumberland on 11 October 1551, five days before Somerset's arrest. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 86–7.Google Scholar

page 131 note 189. Sudeley had been the home of the late Sir Thomas Seymour, Lord Admiral.

page 131 note 190. Thomas was appointed on 10 April. He became adviser and confidant of the king. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. xx–xxi, 25.Google Scholar

page 132 note 191. The French hostages were entertained at Court ‘with much music at dinner’, so Edward reported: Chronicle, p. 28.Google Scholar

page 132 note 192. As a reward for his captaincy of Boulogne. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 29Google Scholar; Hoak, , King's Council, pp. 61–2Google Scholar

page 133 note 193. Charles de Soliers, Seigneur de Morette, envoy extraordinary to England, and Thomas, Master of Erskine. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 29Google Scholar; CSPFp, 49Google Scholar

page 133 note 194. Gaspard de Coligny, Seigneur de Chatillon, Andre Guillart, Seigneur de Mortier, Guillaume Bochetel, Seigneur de Sassy, Francois de Coligny, Seigneur d'An-delot, and Jean Pot de Rhodes, Seigneur de Chemault. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 29, 31–2Google Scholar; Wriothesley, , Chronicle, ii, p. 39.Google Scholar

page 133 note 195. Pinnaces.

page 133 note 196. François de Lorraine, Marquis de Mayenne, had gone to comfort the Queen of Scotland at the death of their father, the Duke of Guise. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 29.Google Scholar

page 133 note 197. APC iii, p. 32.Google Scholar

page 133 note 198. For Ridley's visitation articles, see W.H. Frere and W.M. Kennedy (eds.), Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Period of the Reformation, 3 vols. (Alcuin Club, xiv, xv, xvi, 1910), ii, pp. 230–45Google Scholar; Wriothesley, , Chronicle, ii, pp. 38, 41.Google Scholar

page 134 note 199. 3 June.

page 134 note 200. Van der Delft had reported in early January plans for the marriage of Lisle to Anne, the daughter of Somerset. One story was that Warwick absented himself from the marriage, because he ‘suspected he should have been betrayed there’. CSPSp, x., pp. 8, 43Google Scholar; BL, Add. MS 48023, fo. 350r; Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 32–3.Google Scholar

page 134 note 201. Cobham was sworn on 23 May. APC iii, p. 36Google Scholar; Hoak, , King's Council, p. 62.Google Scholar

page 135 note 202. For the ‘gests’, the progress of the Court that summer, see Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 33.Google Scholar

page 135 note 203. Imperial aid had always seemed one of the best hopes for the restoration of Catholicism. Charles V, however, had refused to intervene, so far. CSPSp, ix, pp. 460–1Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI: Threshold of Power, pp. 134–8.Google Scholar

page 135 note 204. The exchange rate in May 1550 was 20s.½d. flemish. Sterling fell during June: it has been calculated to have been 19s.5½d. to the £ sterling. Gould, Great Debasement, table ix.

page 135 note 205. Northampton, Great Chamberlain.

page 135 note 206. 8 June.

page 135 note 207. François de Vendôme, Vidame of Chartres, who, remarkably, led Edward to play. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 22, 33–4Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, pp. 97, 109–10.Google Scholar

page 136 note 208. For the close supervision of the mint in this period of fiscal crisis, see Challis, C.E., The Tudor Coinage (Manchester, 1978), pp. 103–4.Google Scholar

page 136 note 209. Somerset's return to the Council brought at attempt at reconciliation with Gardiner. In return for his acceptance of the Prayer Book it was decided that he would be offered pardon. Somerset, Northampton, Wiltshire, Bedford and Petre visited Gardiner ‘to know’, as Edward put it, ‘to what he would stick’. APC iii, p.43Google Scholar; Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 34.Google Scholar

page 136 note 210. On the same day a Council order was made that Hoby be recalled, at his request, and Sir Richard Morison be sent at Michaelmas. APC iii, p. 45.Google Scholar

page 136 note 211. The alteration in plan may have been due to the Council's perennial fear of popular disorder in Kent, and the reality of disturbance there that summer. CSPSp. x, pp. 109, 116.Google Scholar

page 137 note 212. On 15 May orders were given for the horsemen of Boulogne and men of arms to be paid and be under Northampton's command, and for the guard of Boulogne to be under Clinton's command. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 30.Google Scholar

page 137 note 213. Cheyne was keeping order in Kent. CSPSp, x, p. 116.Google Scholar

page 137 note 214. Partridge was an adherent of Somerset's.

page 137 note 215. Sir Thomas Darcy, Lord Chamberlain.

page 137 note 216. Hoby, aware of Somerset's reviving ascendency at Court and in Council, sought, through the mediation of Partridge, to return to favour.

page 137 note 217. One of the charges against Somerset at his fall in 1549 had been that he tried to conduct foreign policy secretly, without consulting the Council. Foxe, , Acts and Monuments, vi, p. 290.Google Scholar

page 138 note 218. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 41, 42.Google Scholar

page 138 note 219. See above, pp. 81–2.

page 138 note 220. Gendeman of the Chamber; another reformer at Court.

page 138 note 221. Somerset with five other councillors went to elicit Gardiner's response to the Prayer Book, which was: ‘although I would not have made it so myself, yet I find such things in it as satisfy my conscience’. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 35–6Google Scholar; Foxe, , Acts and Monuments, vi, pp. 113–15Google Scholar; CSPSp, x, p. 109.Google Scholar

page 139 note 222. Sir Thomas Chamberlain was appointed English ambassador to Brussels. CSPSp, x, p. 117.Google Scholar

page 139 note 223. So it did. Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 36–7.Google Scholar

page 139 note 224. Gardiner's pardon and release were blocked by Warwick, who distrusted Gardiner's apparent conformity. Gardiner had expected to be freed upon the Protector's fall, but found instead a Council more reformed than before. Somerset, who seems to have assumed leadership of the conservatives upon the fall of Wriothesley, was now his principal ally. Stow, Annales, p. 600Google Scholar; Letters of Stephen Gardiner, ed. Muller, J.D. (Cambridge, 1933), pp. 440–1Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI: Threshold of Power, pp. 241–3.Google Scholar

page 139 note 225. The brother of Sir Thomas Gresham, the king's financial agent in Antwerp. On 20 June he was bound in a recognisance of 500 marks. APC iii, p. 51.Google Scholar

page 140 note 226. Sir Richard Morison was given instructions for his embassy to the Emperor on 18 August. CSPF p, 52Google Scholar; CSPSp, x. pp. 167, 169, 176–7, 187.Google Scholar

page 141 note 227. At the end of June formal articles of subscription had been drawn up, which rehearsed Gardiner's contumacy and his ‘notorious and apparent contempt’, and these articles this committee, which excluded Somerset, presented to him on 8 July. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 39Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI: Threshold of Power, p. 243.Google Scholar

page 141 note 228. On 10 July Pembroke and Petrc visited Gardiner to tell him that the King ‘marvelled that he would not put his hand to the confession’. Warwick now insisted upon the drafting of a new submission, more degrading than the last. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 39Google Scholar; Jordan, , Edward VI: Threshold of Power, pp. 243–4Google Scholar; Muller, J.D., Stephen Gardiner and the Tudor Reaction (Cambridge, 1926), pp. 195–203.Google Scholar

page 142 note 229. On 26 July Somerset had gone to keep order on Oxfordshire, Sussex, Wiltshire and Hampshire. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 41.Google Scholar

page 142 note 230. A plan had been conceived to carry Princess Mary away from England to the Regent in the Netherlands. In March Mary, desperate because she feared that the Council would prevent her from hearing Mass, had sought Imperial aid. A fleet, commanded by Corneille Scepperus (M. d'Eecke) waited off the Essex coast to rescue her. But the plan was thwarted because rumours leaked out. CSPSp, x. pp. 47–8, 94–7, 121–37, 146Google Scholar; Edward VI, Chronicle, pp. 40, 44Google Scholar;Jordan, , Edward VI: Threshold of Power, pp. 256–8.Google Scholar

page 143 note 231. Gates, Sheriff of Essex, was sent on 13 July to prevent Mary's escape. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 40.Google Scholar

page 143 note 232. Wriothesley died on 30 July after long illness and despair. Some suspected suicide. ‘He killed himself with sorrowc in so much as he said he wold not live in such misery if he might’. BL, Add. MS 48126, fo. 16v; CSPSp, x, pp. 44, 47Google Scholar; Wriothesley, , Chronicle, ii, p. 41.Google Scholar

page 143 note 233. Scudamore meant July.

page 143 note 234. Hoby was in Augsburg, anxiously awaiting Morison's arrival to take over the embassy. His brother, Thomas Hoby, had joined him from Italy on 5 August. Travels and Life, p. 62.Google Scholar

page 143 note 235. Court Master to the English merchants at Antwerp and financial agent to the Crown.

page 144 note 236. Gould, The Great Debasement, table ix.

page 144 note 237. Morison did not leave for Augsburg until about 18 September. CSPSp, x. pp. 167, 169, 173–4, 176.Google Scholar

page 144 note 238. Sir William Pickering preferred embassy abroad to service at Court. CSPSp, x, p. 218Google Scholar; House of Commons, 1509–1558.

page 145 note 239. By November Mason was begging for recall, wishing to die ‘amongst Christian men’. Letters of revocation came in February 1551. CSPF pp. 60, 76, 77, 150.Google Scholar

page 145 note 240. Brother of Sir John Gates, Principal Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and right-hand man to Warwick.

page 146 note 241. Sir Richard Morison. He arrived in Augsburg on 9 November, and Hoby left the same day. CSPSp, x, pp. 176, 187Google Scholar; Travels and Life, p. 63.Google Scholar

page 146 note 242. Strasburg.

page 146 note 243. John Washbourne of Worcestershire. Visitation of Worcester, p. 142.Google Scholar

page 146 note 244. Master of Edward VI's bears, bulls and dogs, and keeper of Paris garden. Chronicle of Queen Jane, pp. 49. 53. 59, 64, 75.Google Scholar

page 147 note 245. Cuthbert Tunstall had been under house arrest at Coldharbour in Thames Street since August 1550. His persistent opposition to Edwardian religious changes and his suspected allegiance to Somerset (who had just been arrested on 16 October) were more likely reasons for his fall than the supposed concealment of a letter. In September Hoby had been appointed to examine Tunstall and other conservative bishops. Edward VI, Chronicle, p. 82Google Scholar; APC iii. p, 381Google Scholar; Sturge, C., Cuthbert Tunstal (1938), pp. 284–97.Google Scholar

page 147 note 246. Hoby had been granted licence to travel to the Continent to visit the spas for his health. He had left, with his brother, on 5 June 1554 and was probably in Padua as Scudamore wrote. On the journey the Hobies were in contact with the leading Protestant exiles, in Padua, Frankfurt and Wescl, an association which threatened their estates and their families at home. CSPSp, xii, pp. 214, 231, 265, 267Google Scholar; Travels and Life, pp. 97, 103, 116–17, 123, 124.Google Scholar

page 148 note 247. Hoby and Paget had been closely associated before Hoby's departure, a friendship which Renard, the Imperial ambassador, feared threatened conspiracy. CSPSp, xii, pp. 231, 239, 259.Google Scholar

page 148 note 248. The queen who was, so she thought, expecting a child left for Windsor and her confinement on 20 March. CSPSp, xiii, p. 146.Google Scholar

page 148 note 249. Philip of Spain was planning to leave England for Flanders, and there were rumours of his departure. CSPSp, xiii, pp. 143, 150, 249.Google Scholar

page 148 note 250. Miles Coverdale, translator of the Bible and Edwardian Bishop of Exeter, was granted a passport for exile on 19 February. APC, v. p. 97.Google Scholar

page 148 note 251. John Rogers, the first of the Marian martyrs, died on 4 February. His fellow prisoners, including John Bradford, awaited their fate. CSPSp, xiii, p. 138.Google Scholar