Wriothesley's Chronicle

doi:10.1017/S2042170200006008

^{page 1 note a} Henry VIL's regnal years counted from 22nd Aug. 1485, the day of the battle of Boaworth. The years in the text, however, are computed from Lord Mayor's day.

^{page 1 note b} This disease, unknown to any other age or nation, appeared first in London about the middle of September, and by the end of October had decimated the population. Two mayors and six aldermen died of it within one week.—See “Hall's Chronicle.”

^{page 1 note c} This expression is copied from Arnold, signifying “tax and tenth.” In Jean Palsgrave's “L'Eclaircissement de la Langue Française” the word “taske” is rendered by the French “taux.”

^{page 1 note d} This paragraph is wrongly placed both in Arnold and our MS. after the next entry, but I have restored it to its proper date.

^{page 1 note e} A clerical error for Winchester.

^{page 1 note f} At Westminster on the 25th November, 1487.

^{page 1 note g} John Earl of Lincoln was son of John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, and of Elizabeth, eldest sister of Edward IV.

^{page 2 note a} This battle was fought at the village of Stoke, near Newark, 16th June, 1487, when Lambert Simnel was made prisoner.

^{page 2 note b} Eight thousand according to Stow.

^{page 2 note c} By the rebels, April 28th, 1489.

^{page 2 note d} This agrees with Arnold and BernardAndré, but Stow places it in 1505.

^{page 2 note e} Edward Franke in Arnold.

^{page 2 note f} June 28th, 1491.

^{page 2 note g} This expression shows that this portion of the Chronicle was written after the accession of Henry VIII.

^{page 2 note h} A clerical error for Gracechurch, in Arnold written Greschurch.

^{page 2 note i} 25,000 foot and 1,600 horse.

^{page 2 note k} By the terms of this treaty, known as the Peace of Estaples, the French King engaged to pay 745,000 crowns down and 52,000 crowns yearly under the name of pension.

^{page 2 note l} Elizabeth Woodville, widow of Edward IV.

^{page 2 note m} Towers.

^{page 3 note a} The Hanseatic or Easterling merchants had their repository, “Guyhalda Teutonicorum,” in the Still-yard in Thames Street, from which circumstance they received the sobriquet of Merchants of the Steelyard.

^{page 3 note b} Near Deal.

^{page 3 note c} Other authorities say Warbeck's followers, to the number of 169, were on this occasion made captives and gibbeted; but our author has copied Arnold, who has “viii skore.”

^{page 3 note d} Warbeck pretended to be Richard Duke of York, son of Edward IV.

^{page 3 note e} June 22nd.

^{page 3 note f} Lord Audley was beheaded at Tower Hill; Flammock, an attorney, and Mizhel Joseph, a blacksmith, were hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn; all the rest were pardoned by proclamation.

^{page 3 note g} In Whitsand Bay; and, having sent his wife, the Lady Catherine Gordon, for safety to Mount St. Michael, assumed the title of Richard IV.

^{page 3 note h} The Sanctuary of Beaulieu in the New Forest, written in Arnold “Bewdeley sent wary,” which has been erroneously transcribed in our MS. “St. Marie.”

^{page 3 note i} In Arnold this passage is, “and so remained following the Court.”

^{page 3 note k} ball.

^{page 4 note a} Our author follows Arnold, but others say that the infant Prince Edmond did not die till the fifth year of his age.

^{page 4 note b} Edward Earl of Warwick was the last remaining male of the house of Plantagenet. He bore the title of Earl of Warwick, though it does not appear that his father's attainder had been reversed.

^{page 4 note c} Warbeck was executed at Tyburn on the 23rd November, together with O'Water, Mayor of Cork, and the Earl of Warwick on the following day, or, according to some authorities, on the 28th.

^{page 4 note d} Stow has placed this paragraph under the year 1507, being the twenty-second year of Henry's reign.

^{page 4 note e} After his own title.

^{page 4 note f} Greenwich has much favoured by Henry VII. and here his son, afterwards Henry VIII. was born.

^{page 4 note g} At the age of fifteen, his bride being seventeen. The commission and marriage articles may be seen in MS. Harleian. Cod. 6,220, Art. 1.

^{page 5 note a} Katharine was fourth daughter of Ferdinand II. surnamed the Catholic, King of Aragon, by his wife Isabella, daughter of John II. King of Castile, which Isabella succeeding to the crown of Castile in 1474, the monarchy of Spain was formed.

^{page 5 note b} Prince Arthur died on the Saturday following Easter Sunday in 1502, being April 2nd, and was buried in Worcester cathedral on the 27th April.

^{page 5 note c} Elizabeth, the eldest child of Edward IV. by Elizabeth WoodYille his wife, was heiress of the house of York. She was born at Westminster on the 11th February, 1466, and died on her thirty-seventh birthday in the Tower of London, having been delivered of a daughter on the second of the same month, who died soon after its mother.

^{page 5 note d} This Society, anciently denominated “Taylors and Linen-Armorers,” was incorporated by letters patent of 5 Edward IV. 1466. But many of the members being great merchants, and Henry VII. a member thereof, he for their greater honour reincorporated the same in 1503, by the name of “The Master and Wardens of the Merchant Taylors of the Fraternity of St. John the Baptist in the City of London.”—Maitland's “History of London.”

^{page 6 note a} The two sheriffs chosen for the year 1505 were Richard Shore and Roger Grove.

^{page 6 note b} Berkwey in Arnold, probably Berkeley in Gloucestershire.

^{page 6 note c} Archduke Philip and his wife Juana, who, by the death of her mother Isabella, was now Queen of Castile.

^{page 6 note d} For a full account of the arrival of the Archduke Philip, and his entertainment whilst in England, see MS. Harleian. Cod. 540, fol. 60–66, and Cod. 543, fol. 140.

^{page 6 note c} The English monarch invested Philip with the order of the Garter at Windsor, and the latter made him and Prince Henry Knights of the Golden Fleece.

^{page 6 note d} At the new palace, on the 21st April, 1509.

^{page 6 note g} We should here read St. George's Eve, 22nd April, 1509, from which day Henry VIII. reckoned his regnal years. Stow, however, says that Henry was not proclaimed till the 24th.

^{page 6 note h} At Greenwich, on Trinity Sunday, June the 3rd.

^{page 6 note i} For the account of Henry's coronation with his queen, Katharine, see MS. Harloian. 169, Art. 7.

^{page 7 note a} In consequence of the erroneous idea that the Kings of England always ascended the throne immediately on the decease of the preceding sovereign, some authorities make the regnal years of Henry VIII. to commence on the 21st April, 1509, the day of his father's decease, but it is clearly established, as shown by Sir Harris Nicolas, that they ought to be computed from the day following, viz. April 22. The years in the text, however, are computed from Lord Mayor's day.

^{page 7 note b} On the 1st January, 1510.

^{page 7 note c} Or rather St. Mathias' eve, February 23. Hall, however, says that thia Prince died on “the 22 Feb. being the Even of Saint Mathy,” which would seem to show that St. Mathias' day was sometimes kept on the 23rd, instead of the 24th February, in which case our text is correct.

^{page 7 note d} In MS. incorrectly written Sir Thomas Empson, which mistake is also made by Arnold.

^{page 7 note e} In MS. this and the preceding entry have been accidentally transposed.

^{page 7 note f} October 18.

^{page 7 note g} This engagement, one of the most striking recorded in the annals of the English navy, was fought off Brest Harbour on the 10th August, 1512, in which the Eegent, a first-class English vessel, commanded by Sir Thomas Knyvett, Master of the Horse, and the French vessel Cordeliere, commanded by Primanget, called by the English chroniclers Sir Piers Morgan, were blown np with the loss of all their men. Hall's Chronicle, pp. 531–5. A letter of Wolsey, describing the loss of the Regent, may be seen in MS. Cotton. Vitel. B. ii. p. 180.

^{page 8 note a} This Parliament was convoked for the 4th Feb. 1511–2, but was subsequently prorogued to the 4th November, which would be in the fourth year of Henry's reign.

^{page 8 note b} Supplied from Stow and Arnold, but Hardyng's Chronicle says two dismes, or tenths.

^{page 8 note c} This term generally signifies a poll-tax, but it is here evidently used for an assessed or property tax.

^{page 8 note d} Supplied from Stow.

^{page 8 note e} We should here read May Even as in Arnold and Stow; Ascension Even in 1513 fell on May 4th, whereas the Duke was executed on the 30th April, 1513.

^{page 8 note f} Edmund de la Pole, son of John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, was nephew of Edward IV. and brother of the Earl of Lincoln who was slain at the battle of Stoke; his other brother, Richard de la Pole, called the White Rose, was afterwards slain before the city of Pavia, in 1525.

^{page 8 note e} The warrant for his execution had been signed by Henry VII. on his death-bed, but was delayed to be put in execution by Henry VIII. till this year.

^{page 8 note h} 14th of September.

^{page 8 note i} James IV. of Scotland was slain at the battle of Flodden Field, on the 9th September, 1513.

^{page 9 note a} Tournay, the capital of the Tournaisis, and one of the most ancient towns of Belgium, contained at this period about 80,000 inhabitants.

^{page 9 note b} Terouenne surrendered to Henry on the 23rd August, 1513.

^{page 9 note c} This paragraph has been misplaced in MS. before the preceding; the Parliament did not meet till the 3rd January, 1514.

^{page 9 note d} The Princess Mary was in her seventeenth year, and her husband Louis XII., to whom she was third wife, in his fifty-fourth year.

^{page 9 note e} At Abbeville, in Picardy. From which place Mary, three days after her marriage, wrote letters to her brother and Wolsey.

^{page 9 note f} The marriage ceremony had been previously celebrated at Greenwich by proxy, but was not consummated till October 9th. For fuller particulars, see Ellis's Original Letters, First and Second Series.

^{page 9 note g} Arnold's version is as follows: “This yere, in Octobre, one Richard Hoone, dwellyng in the parysh of Saynt Margaret in Brydge Stret, was appeached of heresy, and put into the Lollar's Tower, at Powles, and therin was founde hangyd in prison, whereupon grete exclamacyon was amonge people, how, by whom, or by what meane, he was hangyd; the dowt was denyd by the temporall lawe, and was sayd that one Kok Charls, a sumner, and the Bell Rynge of Powles, sholde, in a nyght, hang the sayd Hoone; howe be it, aftyr he was hanged, he was jugyd an heretyck by the spirituall lawe, and burnyd in Smythfeld.”

^{page 9 note h} Louis XII. died 1st January, 1515.

^{page 10 note a} The Duke of Valois, who succeeded under the title of Francis I., renewed the alliance with Henry.

^{page 10 note b} Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, Sir Richard Wingfield, and Dr. West, “with a goodly bande of yeomen, all in black ” (says Hall), had been sent in embassy to Paris to negociate a settlement of the ex-queen's dower.

^{page 10 note c} It had been arranged that the Duke should conduct the ex-queen back to England, and there have married her, but (says Stow) “for doubt of change he married her secretly at Paris, as was said;” it is now ascertained that such was the fact, and that the Duke was reproved for it by Wolsey, a draught of whose letter is still extant; as is also a letter of Mary to her brother, Henry VIII., taking the blame on herself.

^{page 10 note d} The French Chroniclers assert that Mary brought over with her into England jewels, plate, and tapestry belonging to Louis XII. to the value of 200,000 crowns, besides a great diamond called “le miroir de Naples.”

^{page 10 note 6} February 18th.

^{page 10 note f} Margaret, Queen dowager of Scotland, the King's eldest sister, being forced by a faction to fly to England, passed through London on her way to the court at Greenwich in May 1516.

^{page 10 note g} This season was likewise remarkable for a great drought, “for there fell no rain to be accounted of from the beginning of September till May in the following year, so that, in some places, men were fain to drive their cattle three or four miles to water.”—Stow, ed. Howes, p. 505.

^{page 11 note a} A fuller account of this uprising of the London Apprentices will be found in Hall and Stow.

^{page 11 note b} 278 prisoners were arraigned before the Commissioners at Guildhall, of whom 13 were capitally executed.—Hall.

^{page 11 note c} Blanche-Chapelton, i. e. Whitechapel.

^{page 11 note d} The Mamaluke Sultan of Egypt.

^{page 11 note e} In a battle fought near Aleppo by Selim.

^{page 11 note f} This event is more fully related by Arnold, who says, that, on the 16th May, 330 men and 11 women were bound in ropes, and led with cords from Guildhall to Westminster, the Sheriffs waiting on them, and every prisoner “a peyr of bedys in ther handys,” and in the King's Street in Westminster were stripped to their shirts and halters placed about their necks.

^{page 12 note a} This is the first instance in which our Chronicler gives a much fuller account of the proceedings than is to be found in Arnold's Chronicle, which ends in the year following.

^{page 12 note b} Cardinal Campeggio, called also Laurence Campeius.

^{page 12 note c} Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, had the title of Duke of Norfolk restored to him for the great victory gained by him at Flodden, 1513, Sept. 9.

^{page 12 note d} Whilst delaying at Calais for the return of the papal bull Wolsey had supplied him with red cloth to clothe his servants, who, at their first coming, were but meanly apparelled.—Hall, ed. 1809, p. 592.

^{page 12 note e} Sir Thomas More made a brief oration to him in the name of the City.—Hall's Chronicle, ed. 1809, p. 593.

^{page 12 note f} Richard Fitz-James.

^{page 13 note a} Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, was restored in 1486 by Henry VII. to his honours and estates. He commanded the select guard of Henry VIII. in the battle of the Spurs, 1513, but his observation, that the “Field of the Cloth of Gold” entailed ruin on the English nobles, so irritated the King that he determined on his ruin. It is also asserted that the King was jealous of his descent from Thomas of Woodstock and Edward III.

^{page 13 note b} This was the second visit of the Emperor Charles V. to England.

^{page 13 note c} This would be June 5, but Holinshed and Stow both say June 6, being Friday.

^{page 13 note d} Sir John Milborne.

^{page 13 note e} The Emperor was lodged at the Black Fryars, and all his nobles in the new builded house of Bridewell.—Stow, p. 516.

^{page 13 note f} This should probably be Windsor, as the Emperor's entertainment at Greenwich was previous to his reception in London.

^{page 13 note g} He embarked at Southampton in his great fleet, and in ten days arrived in Spain.

^{page 14 note a} The Isle of Rhodes, which was this year taken by the Turks.

^{page 14 note b} The account of this conspiracy is more circumstantially related in Hall's Chronicle, ed. 1809, p. 673.

^{page 14 note c} Francis I. was made prisoner on the 24th February.

^{page 14 note d} Charles Duke of Bourbon, Constable of France, being persecuted by Francis I. for refusing to marry Louisa of Savoy, the French King's mother, sought the protection of the Emperor Charles V. by whom he was appointed his lieutenant in Italy.

^{page 14 note e} After Wolsey had been invested by Pope Leo X. with the sole legatine power in England, he was wont to say mass on state occasions after the manner of the Pope himself.

^{page 15 note a} The victory gained by the Imperialists over the French before Pavia so changed the aspect of affairs on the continent that Henry at first entertained a project for invading France, and asserting his claim to that crown.

^{page 15 note b} Sir John Allen.

^{page 15 note c} By reason of the good weight and low valuation of the English coin, merchants daily carried over great store, because the same was much enhanced there; so that to meet with this inconvenience, as it was said, proclamation was made in the month of September, the sixth day, throughout England, that the angel should go for 7s. 4d., the royal for 11s., and the crown for 4s. 4d. And, on the 5th of November following, again by proclamation, the angel was enhanced to 7s. 6d., and so every ounce of gold should be 45s., and an ounce of silver at 3s. 9d. in value.—Stow, p. 526.

^{page 15 note d} Wolsey was ordered to quit his palace of York Place, and retire to his house at Esher.

^{page 15 note e} Wolsey's personal estate was valued at half a million of crowns; this immense sum he transferred by deed to the King, “his gracious master,” only praying to be allowed to retain his rank and property in the Church.

^{page 16 note a} He was convicted of transgressing the statute of præmunire by exercising the powers of legate.

^{page 16 note b} These words have evidently been accidently omitted in MS.

^{page 16 note c} October 29.

^{page 16 note d} November 29.

^{page 16 note e} The Cardinal had been arrested by the Earl of Northumberland on a charge of high treason at Cawood, near York, on the 4th of November.

^{page 16 note f} Wolsey is generally believed to have died of dysentery at Leicester Abbey, on the third day of his journey, about 8 o'clock in the morning of the 29th of November, being in the sixtieth year of his age. He was buried at midnight, without any solemnity, in Our Lady Chapol in the church of that monastery.

^{page 16 note g} Thomas Bilney, Bachelor of both Laws, was burnt on the 16th August, 1531.

^{page 17 note a} November 20.

^{page 17 note b} Bayfield.

^{page 17 note c} “Griffeth Eise beheaded for treason.”—Fabyan's Chronicle.

^{page 17 note d} Anne Boleyn was raised to the dignit y of Marchioness of Pembroke on Sunday, September 1st, 1532, at Windsor Castle, an honour which had never before been conferred on any unmarried female.

^{page 17 note e} She had been some months previously married to Henry VIII. in great privacy by Dr. Rowland Lee, afterwards Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, but whether the marriage took place, as Sanders says, November 14th, 1532, on their arrival at Dover from France, or was deferred, as Crammer supposed, to January 25th, 1533, still remains uncertain.

^{page 17 note f} The general opinion in England was distinctly adverse to the divorce. See Calendar of State Papers preserved in the Archives of Venice, vol. iv. 1532–3.

^{page 18 note a} Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, to which place Queen Katharine retired while the question of her divorce was under discussion. This castle had been erected by Lord Fanhope, and reverted with the manor to the Crown in the reign of Edward IV., by whom it was conferred on Lord Grey of Ruthin, Earl of Kent, from whose descendants it passed again to the Crown about 1530, and became a palace of Henry VIII.

^{page 18 note b} Princess Dowager of Wales, which designation was displeasing to the ex-queen, who refused to resign herself to the judgment passed. She went so far as to obliterate with her own pen the words “Princess Dowager” wherever they had been written by her Chamberlain, Mountjoy, in his report to the King.

^{page 18 note c} Anne Boleyn was descended through both parents from the royal stock of King Edward I.; paternally, from Elizabeth, daughter of that monarch, and, maternally, from Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, son of the same King.

^{page 18 note d} Sir Stephen Pecocke.

^{page 18 note e} A light and fast-sailing ship.

^{page 18 note f} May 30.

^{page 19 note a} The City on this occasion appears to have been decorated in a more sumptuous manner than at any time heretofore.—Maitland's “History of London,” p. 138.

^{page 19 note b} Cinque Ports.

^{page 19 note c} According to Stow, it was Master Baker, the Recorder of London, who presented to Anne Boleyn the City purse, containing one thousand marks of gold.

^{page 19 note d} Whitsunday. Compare this with the account of the receiving and coronation of Anne Boleyn in MS. Harleian. Cod. 41, arts. 2–5, and MS. Harleian. 543, fol. 119.

^{page 19 note e} Henry's first wife, Katharine of Aragon, was crowned with him, and a magnificent ceremony was ordained for her successful rival Anne Boleyn, but none of the other wives of Henry were honoured with a coronation.

^{page 20 note a} A caul was a kind of net in which women inclosed their hair.

^{page 20 note b} Grandmother of Anne Boleyn, being widow of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, whose daughter Elizabeth married Sir Thomas Boleyn, afterwards Earl of Wiltshire, the father of Anne.

^{page 20 note c} Thomas, Lord Burgh of Gainsborough.

^{page 20 note d} In Sir Henry Ellis's Collection of Original Letters occurs a very interesting letter written by Cranmer to the English ambassador at the Emperor's court, giving his own account of the pronouncing of sentence on Katharine and of the coronation of Anne Boleyn.

^{page 20 note e} Anne Boleyn's father had been created Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond on the 8th December, 1529.

^{page 20 note f} As deputy for his father, the Earl of Shrewsbury.

^{page 21 note a} Steps or stairs, Latin gressus.

^{page 21 note b} Striped cloth.

^{page 21 note c} Desks.

^{page 21 note d} Room.

^{page 21 note e} Suite.

^{page 21 note f} Occupied.

^{page 21 note g} Stow expressly states that Archbishop Cranmer sat on the right hand of the Queen at the table's end. Ed. 1631, p. 567.

^{page 21 note h} Sir Stephen Pecocke.

^{page 22 note a} Mary, sister to Henry VIII. and Queen Dowager of France, died at the manor of Westhorpe, in Suffolk, on the 23rd June, and was buried (July 22) at the monastery of St. Edmondsbury, where her corpse was found in a perfect state on September 6th, 1784, being 251 years after her interment.

^{page 22 note b} John Frith and Andrew Hewit, both Protestants; the former, a young man of learning and piety, was condemned for his book against the doctrine of Purgatory and his opinions on Transubstantiation.

^{page 22 note c} The Princess Elizabeth, afterwards Queen of England.

^{page 22 note d} Between three and four of the clock at afternoon.—Stow, p. 569.

^{page 23 note a} September 10.

^{page 23 note b} Compare this with the account of the manner of the christening “of the Lady Elizabeth” in MS. Harleian. Cod. 543, fol. 128–30.

^{page 23 note c} The Dowager Duchess of Norfolk carried the infant, in a mantle of purple velvet, with a long train furred with ermine.—Hall's “Chronicle,” ed. 1809, p. 806.

^{page 23 note d} Immediately after the christening the Archbishop confirmed the infant princess, the Marchioness of Exeter being godmother.

^{page 23 note e} The abettors of Elizabeth Barton, called the Holy Maid of Kent, were Richar d Master, priest, parson of Aldington, co. Kent, Edward Bockyng, D.D. monk of Canterbury, Richard Deryng, also monk of Canterbury, Edward Thwaites, gentleman, Thomas Laurence, registrar to the Archdeacon of Canterbury, Henry Gold, B.D. parson of Aldermary (Alderbury?), Hugh Riche, friar observant, Richarde Risby, and Thomas Gold, gentlemen.

^{page 23 note f} Court-at-Strcet, a hamlet in the parish of Lympne.

^{page 24 note a} A term applied to merchants trading to Germany and the Baltic, or natives of those parts, as lying to the east of England.

^{page 24 note b} In the priory of St. Sepulchre.

^{page 24 note c} The persons executed were Elizabeth Barton, Richard Master, parson of Aldington, Dr. Booking, Richard Dering, Henry Gold, a London minister, and Richard Risby.

^{page 24 note d} The Princess Mary, who was no longer admitted to Court.

^{page 24 note e} Dr. John Fisher, Chancellor of Cambridge University, and Master of Queen's College, was appointed to the see of Rochester 14th October, 1504; attainted in Parliament December, 1534; made Cardinal 1535; and beheaded 22nd June, 1535.

^{page 25 note a} More became Chancellor in 1529 on the fall of Wolsey, but in May 1532 was deprived of the seals.

^{page 25 note b} For refusing to take the new oath of allegiance. It would appear that they did not so much object to the part of the oath regulating the succession, as to the doctrinal points involved.

^{page 25 note c} William Dacre, third Lord Dacre, of the North.

^{page 25 note d} Being Lord High Steward.

^{page 25 note e} Sir Ralph Fenwick and Nicholas Musgrave, who brought in their false Scotes for witnesses.—Stow.

^{page 25 note f} In consequence of the presumption of Friars Peto and Elstow, who took upon themselves to reprove the King for his conduct in the matter of the divorce of Queen Katharine.

^{page 25 note g} Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of Kildare. After having thrice filled the office of Lord Deputy, he was accused of maladministration in 1533, and committed to the Tower of London, where he died of grief and confinement.

^{page 25 note h} Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, afterwards tenth Earl of Kildare.

^{page 26 note a} John Allen, LL.D Archbishop of Dublin.

^{page 26 note b} Thomas Cromwell, afterwards Earl of Essex, K.G. was made Master of the Rolls, 8th October, 1534.

^{page 26 note c} Statute 26 Henry VIII. cap. 3.

^{page 26 note d} See statutes 26 Henry VIII. cap. 1.

^{page 27 note a} It was with the full approval of his Council that Henry VIII. took the resolution of executing the laws without mercy against such as impugned his spiritual authority.

^{page 27 note b} Thomas Laurence, Prior of Hexham.—Stow.

^{page 27 note c} Augustine Webster, Prior of “Bevall.”—Stow.

^{page 27 note d} Richard Reginalds, doctor, a monk of Sion.—Stow.

^{page 27 note e} John Haile, Vicar of Isleworth.

^{page 27 note f} Their heads and quarters were set on the gates of the City all save one quarter, which was set on the Charterhouse at London.—Stow.

^{page 28 note a} On the 25th May, in St. Paul's church at London, 19 men and 6 women, born in Holland, were examined, of whom 14 were convicted as Anabaptists.—Stow.

^{page 28 note b} The treason against the King was for denying that Henry could be, in spiritual matters, the head of the Church.

^{page 28 note c} Sebastian Nidigate.—Stow.

^{page 28 note d} Thomas Exmew or de Exmouth.

^{page 28 note e} Humphry Middlemore, Vicar of Exmouth.

^{page 29 note a} This bishop was of very many men lamented, for he was reported to be a man of great learning, and a man of very good life, but therein wonderfully deceived, for he maintained the Pope to be supreme head of the Church, and very maliciously refused the King's title of supreme head. It was said that the Pope, for that he held so manfully with him, and stood so stifly in his cause, did elect him a Cardinal, and sent the Cardinal's hat as far as Calais, but the head it should have stande on was as high as London Bridge or ever the hat could come to Bishop Fisher, and then it was too late, and therefore he neither wore it nor enjoyed his office.—Hall's “Chronicle,” ed. 1809, p. 817.

^{page 29 note b} Bishop Fisher's body was taken up out of Barking churchyard, and re-buried with Sir Thomas More, both in the Tower.—Stow, p. 572.

^{page 29 note c} The interrogatories and answers of Sir Thomas More and Bishop Fisher will be found printed in the first volume of State Papers, pp. 431–6.

^{page 29 note d} For refusing to subscribe the new Oath of Supremacy as enacted by the last parliament. “This Act,” said Sir Thomas More, “is like a sword with two edges, for if a man answer one way it will destroy the soul, and if he answer another it will destroy the body.”

^{page 30 note a} For the measures taken to suppress the Pope's authority in England, see “Minutes for the Council,” printed in the first volume of State Papers, pp. 411–414.

^{page 30 note b} Edward Fox, Archdeacon of Leicester, and Provost of King's College.

^{page 30 note c} John Hilsey, Prior of the Dominican Friars in London, appointed Bishop of Eochester, October 4, 1535.

^{page 30 note d} These words are not in MS.

^{page 30 note e} Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, who succeeded to the title of Kildare on the death of Ms father in the Tower of London about 1534, headed the rebellion of the Fitzgeralds, but, being made pisoner, was sent into England and beheaded in 1537.

^{page 30 note f} Lord Leonard Grey, fourth son of Thomas Marquis of Dorset. For this service he was created Viscount Graney, and in the year following (1536) made Lord Justice and Lord Deputy of Ireland.

^{page 31 note a} Dr. Thomas Lee.

^{page 31 note b} A report of these visitations was compiled for the use of the King and Parliament, but has not been preserved.

^{page 31 note c} Thomas Cromwell was chosen to manage this inquiry under the name of Visitor-General, and he appointed as his substitutes or Commissioners, Bichard Leighton, Thomas Lee, and William Petre, Doctors of Law, and Dr. John London, Dean of Wallingford, &c. See Herbert, p. 186; Burnet, i. p. 183.

^{page 31 note d} As Supreme Head of the Church, Henry discharged from their vows such as were professed under four-and-twenty years of age, and allowed all the rest to quit their houses, and live as seculars if they so pleased.

^{page 31 note e} All religions men that departed, the abbot or prior to give them for their habit a priest's gown and forty shillings in money.—Stow.

^{page 31 note f} Miswritten in MS. “while the.”

^{page 31 note g} October 12.

^{page 31 note h} Mercer.

^{page 32 note a} 11th according to Stow, which is probably the correct date, being St. Martin's day.

^{page 32 note b} Stow and Hall, with other authorities, state that Queen Katharine died on the 8th January, but the correctness of our text as to the day is placed beyond a doubt by the original letter of Sir Edward Chamberleyn and Sir Edmund Bedyngfeld transmitting this intelligence to Cromwell, still extant in the Public Record Office, and which runs thus:

“Pleaseth yt yower honorable Maystershipp to be adyertysed, that this 7th day of January, abowt 10 of the clock before none, the Lady Dowager was aneled with the Holy Oyntment, Mayster Chamberlein and I called to the same; and before 2 of the clock at afternone she departed to God. Besechyng yow that the Kyng may be advprtysed of the same, and furder to know yower pleasour yn every thyng aperteynyng to that purpose; and, furder, in all other causes concemyng the hows, the servantes, and all other thynges, as shall stand wyth the Kynge's pleasour and yowers.”

^{page 33 note a} Queen Katharine died at Kimbolton Castle, about three miles from the village of Buckden, to which seat she retired after her divorce from Henry VIII. She was in the fiftieth year of her age, and thirty-third after her arrival in England. A full account of her illness and death will be found in Strype's “Memorials,” vol. i. p. 241.

^{page 33 note b} This would appear to be an error for 2 o'clock in the afternoon. See preceding page, note b.

^{page 33 note c} In the Abbey Church, which Henry VIII. afterwards converted into a Cathedral. The circular letter addressed by the King to many persons of quality, requiring their attendance in the conveyance of the corpse from Kimbolton to Peterborough, will be found in MS. Harleian. 540, fol. 52^b.

^{page 33 note d} As Candlemas Day is the 2nd of Febrnary, our Author must have calculated three full days, exclusive of the 29th January, 1536.

^{page 33 note e} Another account is that her miscarriage was occasioned by the shock which she received upon discovering that Henry VIII. had transferred his affections to Jane Seymour.

^{page 33 note f} Her miscarriage was thought to have made an ill impression on the King's mind, who from thence concluded that this marriage was displeasing to God.—Burnet, i. p. 196.

^{page 33 note g} Sir Thomas Audley, who had succeeded the learned Sir Thomas More as Chancellor in 1532.

^{page 34 note a} John Hilsey, Prior of the Dominican Friars in London, appointed 4th October, 1535, to this see, then vacant by the execution of Bishop Fisher.

^{page 34 note b} John Longland, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and late Canon of Windsor.

^{page 34 note c} Cuthbert Tunstall, translated from London 25th March, 1530.

^{page 35 note a} Nicholas Shaxton, elected 22nd February, 1535, in place of Cardinal Campeggio, who was deprived by Act of Parliament, in 1534, for non-residence.

^{page 35 note b} Hugh Latinier.

^{page 35 note c} John Salcot, alias Capon, Abbot of Hyde, consecrated 19th April, 1634.

^{page 35 note d} Stow adds: “From these joustes King Henry sodainely departed to Westminster, having only with him six persons, of which sodaine departure men marveiled.”

^{page 36 note a} “In the afternoon.”—Stow.

^{page 36 note b} Sir Thomas Audley.

^{page 36 note c} Sir Thomas Cromwell, afterwards Earl of Essex.

^{page 36 note d} “Towergate” in Stow.

^{page 36 note e} On her arrest she was informed of the accusation of adultery.

^{page 36 note f} Anne's prison-chamber was that in which she had slept the night before her coronation.

^{page 36 note g} They were tried by a Commission of Oyer and Terminer in Westminster Hall, after having been twice indicted. True bills were found by the two grand juries of the counties of Kent and Middlesex, the crimes they were charged with being said to be done in both counties.

^{page 36 note h} Sir Francis Weston and William Brereton, esq. of the King's Privy Chamber Henry Norris, Groom of the Stole, and one Mark Smeton, a musician.

^{page 37 note a} Sir William Fitzwilliam, knt. afterwards Earl of Southampton, held the office of Treasurer of the Household from 1526 to 1537.

^{page 37 note b} Sir Edward Poynings.

^{page 37 note c} Stow's account seems to have been taken from this, with considerable verbal differences and some omissions.

^{page 37 note d} There was no precedent for the trial of a Queen for treason, so Henry determined that she should be arraigned before a commission of Lords, as had been practised in the case of the Duke of Buckingham.

^{page 37 note e} Sir William Kingston.

^{page 37 note f} Sir Edmond Walsingham.

^{page 37 note g} Her indictment, which comprised six several charges, is preserved in the Public Record Office, with the subsequent proceedings thereon.

^{page 38 note a} Upon her examination she positively denied she had ever been false to the King; but, being told that Norris, Weston, Brereton, and Smeton had accused her, she said she ought not to conceal certain things which had passed between her and them.—See Burnet, torn. i. pp. 191, 280, &c.

^{page 38 note b} It is observable that, out of the fifty-three peers then in England, only twenty-six were present at the trial.

^{page 38 note c} This expression lends some countenance to the conjecture that, according to the method introduced by Cardinal Wolsey in the condemnation of the Duke of Buckingham, care was taken to select those who could be relied upon to gratify the King's will.

^{page 38 note d} The evidence produced at the Queen's trial is said to have been purposely destroyed.—See Burnet, torn. i. p. 197.

^{page 38 note e} This sentence, affirming the unanimity of the Court, is omitted, and the judgment delivered by Norfolk much abbreviated, in Stow.

^{page 38 note f} Had the sentence of divorce been passed before Anne's trial she could not have been convicted of adultery, since her marriage with the King must have been considered only as a concubinage.—See Rapin, i. p. 812.

^{page 38 note g} Lady Kingstone was wife of Sir William Kingstone, Captain of the Guard and Constable of the Tower.

^{page 38 note h} Other authorities state that Mrs. Cosen and Anne's aunt, Mrs. Boleyn, were the two ladies appointed to attend on her in the Tower.

^{page 39 note a} All the accomplices protested their innocence except Smeton, who confessed he had well deserved to die, which gave occasion to many reflections.—Burnet, vol. i. p. 201; vol. iii. p. 120.

^{page 39 note b} Sir John Allen.

^{page 39 note c} Henry Norria, William Brereton, Sir Francis Weston, and Mark Smeton.

^{page 39 note d} They were all beheaded except Smeton, who was hanged.—Burnet.

^{page 40 note a} This speech is not given by Stow or Hall.

^{page 40 note b} Sir Francis Weston.

^{page 40 note c} Henry Norris left a son Henry, who was restored in blood by Qneen Elizabeth, and created a peer in 1572, and from whom is descended the present Earl of Abingdon.

^{page 40 note d} William Brereton.

^{page 40 note e} This repeated misnomer of Smeton would seem to warrant the inference that he was known to the writer in conversation only by his Christian name.

^{page 40 note f} Compare the above with the abstract in Constantyne's memoir, “Archseologia,” xxiii. p. 65.

^{page 40 note g} Cranmer having sent copies of articles of objection to the validity of the marriage to the King in his palace, and to the Queen in the Tower, “that it might be for the salvation of their souls,” summoned each to appear in his Ecclesiastical Court at Lambeth to show cause why a sentence of divorce should not be passed. Dr. Sampson appeared for the King, and Drs. Wotton and Barbonr for the Queen, by the King's appointment.

^{page 41 note a} Archbishop Cranmer, who acted as the Queen's confessor whilst in the Tower, pronounced that her marriage was, and always had been, utterly null and void, in consequence of certain just and lawful impediments which, it was said, were unknown at the time of the union, but had lately been confessed to the Archbishop by the lady herself.

^{page 41 note b} The Earl of Northumberland denied any such pre-contract, but the Queen would appear to have confessed as much in hope of having her life spared, or at least by the assurance that the judgment condemning her to the stake should be changed into the milder punishment of death by the axe.—See Burnet.

^{page 41 note c} Previous to her marriage with the King.

^{page 41 note d} The process in the Ecclesiastical Court was submitted, after Anne's death, to the members of the Convocation and the two Houses of Parliament; and the Church, Commons, and Lords, ratified it.

^{page 41 note e} The beheading of Anne Boleyn was deferred from Wednesday, May 17th, when her pretended associates were executed, until Friday, May 19th, in order that her divorce might be procured for the illegitimatizing of her daughter Elizabeth.

^{page 41 note f} It is generally believed her fear of drawing the King's anger on her daughter Elizabeth prevented her from insisting upon her own innocence in public.—See Herbert, p. 194; Strype's “Memoirs,” i. p. 283.

^{page 42 note a} Her cheerful carriage on the day of execution is attested by the letter of Sir William Kingston, Constable of the Tower, to Cromwell, wherein lie says: “This morning she sent for me, that I might be with her at such time as she received the good Lord, to the intent I should hear her speak as touching her innoceney alway to be clear. And in the writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said, ‘Mr. Kingston, I hear I shall not die afore noon, and I am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this time and past my pain.’ I told her it should be no pain, it was so little. And then she said, ‘I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck,’ and put her hands about it, laughing heartily. I have seen many men and also women executed, and that they have been in great sorrow, and to my knowledge this lady has much joy and pleasure in death. Sir, her almoner is continually with her, and had been since two o'clock after midnight.”

^{page 42 note b} Up to this point this speech, is in Stow, with a few verbal differences, and is given in substance in Hall's Chronicle.

^{page 42 note c} The hangman of Calais was selected, as being more expert at his business than any in England.

^{page 42 note d} Our author is correct in his statement that Anne's head was severed from her body with a sword, that being the French mode of decapitation, and not with an axe, as was the prevailing custom in England. We must therefore reject as apocryphal the story of the axe still shown in the Tower.

^{page 42 note e} In the choir of the chapel in the Tower.—Stow.

^{page 42 note f} This session was held upon prorogation at Westminster, 4th February, 1536, and continued till the 14th April following, which would be the Wednesday before Easter Sunday.—See Statutes at Large, i. p. 452.

^{page 42 note g} By statute 27 Henry VIII. cap. 28.

^{page 43 note a} Or, according to other authorities, 380 of the lesser houses, being those with revenues under 2002. a year.

^{page 43 note b} In addition to their yearly income of 32,000l. these monastic establishments were returned as possessing 100,000l. in money, plate, and jewels.

^{page 43 note c} The text of our MS. being here corrupt, the words in brackets have been supplied from Stow.

^{page 43 note d} The day following Anne Boleyn's execution.

^{page 43 note e} She was daughter of Sir John Seymour, of Wolf Hall, in Wiltshire, Groom of the Chamber to Henry VIII. and governor of Bristol Castle, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Henry Wentworth, of Nettlested, in Suffolk.—Dugdale's Baronage, vol. ii. p. 361.

^{page 43 note f} The time of Jane's introduction at Court is not known, but, if she held the post of maid of honour to Queen Katharine, it must have been earlier than is generally supposed.

^{page 43 note g} Other authorities say 29th May, being the Monday before Whitsunday.

^{page 44 note a} Jane was proclaimed Queen, but never crowned, her coronation, as we learn from this Chronicle (see page 55), having been fixed for the Sunday before Allhallows, but put off by reason of the pestilence then in London.

^{page 44 note b} He was probably the master of ceremonies in the aquatic pageants, as there was no City official who bore that title.

^{page 44 note c} Drummers, from the Dutch “Troramel-slaager.”

^{page 45 note a} Henry the Seventh's Chapel.

^{page 45 note b} Lattice or network. See Nares's “Glossary,” ed. Halliwell and Wright.

^{page 45 note c} Robert Radcliffe, Viscount Fitzwalter, created Earl of Sussex, 28th December, 1529, K.G. and a Privy Councillor.

^{page 45 note d} John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, and hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain.

^{page 45 note e} Sir William Sandys, created Lord Sandys of the Vine, 1523, K.G. appointed Lord Chamberlain in reversion, 1525, and succeeded to the office in 1526.

^{page 46 note a} Charles Brandon, brother-in-law of the King, having married Mary, sister of Henry VIII. and Dowager of Louis XII. of France.

^{page 46 note b} A cross-seat.

^{page 47 note a} Audley, writing to Cromwell in 1533, says, “Lothe I am to move for eny thynge if a litel necessite compelled me not; whiche necessite hath growen by the great charges that I had before I had the Seale, by reson that I was Serjeaunt at the Kynge's Grace commandment, [which] cost me 400 markes.”—State Papers, vol. i. part 2, p. 389.

^{page 47 note b} His speech is printed in Latin in the Journals of the Lords, vol. i. p. 84.

^{page 47 note c} Wolsey's palace at Whitehall.

^{page 47 note d} It was in this session of Convocation that the two religious parties openly divided, the one to promote, and the other to oppose, the Reformation. Cranmer was at the head of the former, being supported by Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, Shaxton of Sarmn, Latimer of Worcester, Fox of Hereford, Hilsey of Kochester, and Barlow of St. David's. Lee, Archbishop of York, was leader of the latter, and with him were Stokesley, Bishop of London, Tonstal of Durham, Gardiner of Winchester, Longland of Lincoln, Sherburn of Chichester, Nix of Norwich, and Kite of Carlisle.

^{page 47 note e} Hngh Latimer, consecrated September, 1535.

^{page 47 note f} June 6th, 1536.

^{page 47 note g} Viscount Beauchamp, of Hache, co. Somerset.

^{page 47 note h} Heytesbury, on the river Wiley, near Salisbury Plain. It was once the residence of Queen Maud, and passed through the Burghershs and Badlesmeres to the Hungerfords.

^{page 47 note i} The Thursday after Trinity Sunday, being June 15th.

^{page 48 note a} Richard Sampson, LL.D. of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, recently consecrated Bishop of Chichester, upon the resignation of Eobert Sherburn, to whom was reserved a pension of 400l.—See Rymer's Foedera, xiv. p. 570.

^{page 48 note b} Probably a mistake for Margaret Douglas, daughter of Archibald sixth Earl of Angus and Margaret Queen Dowager of Scots; she was therefore, niece to King Henry VIII.

^{page 49 note a} June 29th.

^{page 49 note b} A carac was a large ship of burden, like a galleon.

^{page 49 note c} A foist was a light and fast-sailing vessel.

^{page 49 note d} “One Gates, gentleman.”—Stow.

^{page 49 note d} June 18th.

^{page 49 note f} June 29th.

^{page 50 note a} John Baker, knighted in 1540, and made Chancellor of the Exchequer for life.

^{page 50 note b} St. John the Baptist's Benedictine nunnery at Holywell, in the parish of St. Leonard, Shoreditch.

^{page 50 note c} John de Vere, son of Sir John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, and Baron Bulbeck or Bolebec, which latter title was inherited by the De Veres from Isabel, sole daughter and heiress of Walter de Bolebec, married to Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, in the reign of Henry II.

^{page 50 note d} Henry, son of Ralph Nevill, Baron Neyill of Raby, and Earl of Westmoreland.

^{page 50 note e} Henry, son of Thomas Manners, Baron Roos of Hamlake, and Earl of Rutland.

^{page 51 note a} John Bourchicr, Baron Fitz-Warine.

^{page 51 note b} July 6th.

^{page 51 note c} Mary's known affection for her mother, and attachment to the old discipline of the Church, had caused her seclusion at Hunsdon, in Hertfordshire.

^{page 51 note d} This interview of the Princess Mary followed close upon her letter of submission and her confession.—See “State Papers,” vol. i. part ii. pp. 457–9.

^{page 52 note a} Cromwell was made Vicar-General, having previously been styled Vicegerent in Ecclesiastical Causes, to which office he was appointed in 1534. In right of his office of Vicar-General he sat in Convocation above the Archbishop of Canterbury.—See Burnet, vol. iii. pp. 123, 402.

^{page 52 note b} This document is printed in “State Papers, Henry VIII.” vol. i. p. 543.

^{page 52 note c} Henry having appealed from the Pope to a General Council, the Pope, in concert with the Emperor, summoned one to meet at Mantua, before which Henry was cited to appear, but declined to do so by the advice of Convocation.

^{page 52 note d} Henry VIII. aspired to the Holy Roman Empire, for which he was a candidate in 1519, and assumed the style of “Majesty” in 1527, but I cannot find that he was ever called Emperor.

^{page 53 note a} The first four General Councils.—See “State Papers, Henry VIII.” vol. i. p. 543.

^{page 53 note b} A mistake for Nicænum, or Nice, in Bithynia, where the first General Council by Constantine was held in 325.

^{page 53 note c} Henry, surnamed FitzRoy, when six years old was made Knight of the Garter, and created Duke of Richmond and Somerset, June 18th, 1525. So great was his father's affection for him, that, on July 26th following, he was constituted Admiral of England, and, two years after, made Warden of the Marches towards Scotland. The Lieutenancy of Ireland was subsequently granted to him by patent, but, on account of his minority, Sir William Skeffington was constituted his deputy. It has been suggested that Henry procured the Act of Parliament empowering him to bequeath his crown, in order that he might settle it upon young Henry in the event of his haying no male issue by Jane Seymour.—See Heylin, Hist, of the Reformation, p. 6.

^{page 53 note d} Nottingham, as correctly given in Stow.

^{page 53 note e} Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Blount, knt. and widow of Gilbert, Lord Talboys, famous for her beauty and accomplishments. She remarried Edward Clinton, first Earl of Lincoln, to whom she was first wife.

^{page 53 note f} It is curious that, only a few weeks before his death, Henry FitzRoy is related by our Chronicler to have been present at the execution of his father's wife, Anne Boleyn.—See p. 41.

^{page 53 note g} Daughter of Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, and sister of the celebrated Henry, Earl of Surrey, who was the constant attendant on Prince Henry.

^{page 54 note a} Edward Stafford, beheaded on Tower Hill in 1521, having incurred the displeasure of Henry VIII. who was already jealous of his descent from Thomas of Woodstock and Edward III., his mother, the late Duchess of Buckingham, being sister of Queen Elizabeth and aunt of Edward V.

^{page 54 note b} Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., after the death of James IV. of Scotland at Flodden Eield, married Douglas, Earl of Angus.

^{page 54 note c} 28 Hen. VIII. cap. xviii. By which it was made high treason to espouse or marry, without the King's licence under the Great Seal first obtained, any of the King's children, his sisters or aunts, or their children, being the King's nieces and nephews. a She was liberated in the year following, upon the death of her lover in the Tower.

^{page 54 note e} Convocation agreed upon certain articles, which were digested in form of constitutions denning the doctrine and ceremonies to be observed in the Church. These constitutions being presented to the King, he made various alterations in them with his own hand, and then caused them to be signed by Cromwell, Cranmer, seventeen bishops, forty abbots and priors, and fifty archdeacons and proctors of the Lower House of Convocation.

^{page 55 note a} By the eighth article of these constitutions it was enacted that saints might be prayed to for their intercession, so that it were done without superstition, and that the days set apart for their memories were to be observed, power being reserved to the King to lessen their number.

^{page 55 note b} This was the first act of pure supremacy done by the King, for in all that went before he had acted with the concurrence of Convocation.

^{page 55 note c} These Injunctions (which have been printed by the University of Oxford) only enforced the orders for ecclesiastical discipline previously ordained by several synods, but were extremely unpalatable to the clergy, who asserted that they were going to be enslaved by the Vicegerent much more than they had ever been by the Pope.

^{page 55 note d} Henry ordered the Scriptures in English to be distributed, a copy for every parish church, and that the clergy should expound the Church creeds in English.

^{page 55 note e} The 29th October. The intended coronation of Queen Jane is thus mentioned in a letter of Sir Ralph Sadleyr to Cromwell, of the 27th September, preserved in the Public Record Office: “After souper his Grace [Henry VIII.] retourned into his chamber, and ymedyately called me [Sadleyr] unto him, saying that he had dygested and revolved in his brest the contentes of your letters, and perceyving how the plague had reigned in Westminster, and in the Abbey itself, his Grace sayed that he stode in a suspence whether it were best to put of the tyme of the coronacyon for a season. ‘Wherefore,’ quod he, ‘it were good that all my counsaile were assembled here, that we might consulte and determyn uppon every thing touching the same accordinglye.’”

^{page 56 note a} November 2nd.

^{page 56 note b} The provocatives to this insurrection are said to have been the innovations in religion, the harshness of the collectors in levying the fifteenths lately granted by Parliament, the enforcement of the Statute of Uses, and the suppression of the monastic houses, which were wont to relieve the wants of the poor.

^{page 56 note c} The two captains of the rebels here alluded to were Dr. Makerell, the Prior of Barlings or Oxley, and one Cobbler, by some supposed to be only a synonym for the Prior, but by others a cobbler by trade.

^{page 56 note d} From a document printed in the first volume of “State Papers” it would appear that the real name of Captain Cobbler was Melton.

^{page 56 note e} Henry's answer to the petitions of the rebels in Lincolnshire has been preserved, and is printed in the first volume of “State Papers.”

^{page 56 note f} John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, and Chancellor of the University of Oxford, was a very unpopular prelate.

^{page 56 note g} See Instructions for pacifying the rebellion in Lincolnshire, Harleian MSS. Cod. 283, Art. 24.

^{page 57 note a} The insurgents submitted, but did not disperse till the 30th of October.

^{page 57 note b} From Hall's Chronicle we learn the particulars of their offence: “There was a butcher dwelling within five miles of Windsor, where the King then lay, who caused a priest to preach that all such as took part with the Yorkshire rebels, whom he named God's people, did fight and defend God's quarrel; and, further, the said butcher, in selling of his meat, answered a customer who bid him a less price, ‘Nay, by God's soul, I had rather the good fellows of the North had it among them, and a score more of the best I have.’”

^{page 57 note c} October 13th.

^{page 57 note d} This insurrection was much more dangerous than that of the Lincolnshire men, as it was privily supported by several persons of note.

^{page 57 note e} 40,000 according to Hall, p. 822.

^{page 57 note f} Thomas, Lord D'Arcy, who was forced to surrender Pontefract Castle for want of provisions.

^{page 57 note e} The rebels caused all who joined their party to take an oath “that they entered into this Pilgrimage of Grace for the love of God, the preservation of the King's person and issue, the purifying of the nobility, and the suppression of heretics,” &c.

^{page 57 note h} The Earl of Shrewsbury was appointed the King's Lieutenant north of Trent, and the Duke of Norfolk was dispatched into Yorkshire with an army of 5,000 men.

^{page 58 note a} October 27th.

^{page 58 note b} This narrative is somewhat different from that given in Hall, who says, “there fell a small rain, nothing to speak of,” but that the water in the river suddenly rose, p. 823.

^{page 58 note c} The rebels' army was well appointed with captains, horse, harness, and artillery.—Hall, p. 822.

^{page 58 note d} The Duke of Norfolk, as leader of the lay Catholics, although commanding the royal forces, was nevertheless trusted by. the rebel leaders, with whom he kept up a correspondence.

^{page 58 note e} The Duke of Norfolk was accompanied by Sir Ralph Ellerkar and Robert Bowes, whom the rebels sent with him.—Herbert, p. 206.

^{page 58 note f} The conference was held at Doncaster on the 6th December.

^{page 58 note g} The paper presented by the Northern delegates contained ten demands, being longer than that sent up by the men of Lincolnshire, but the chief grounds of complaint were the same in both.

^{page 59 note a} Robert Packington, mercer, dwelling at the sign of the Leg in Cheapside.—Hall, p. 824.

^{page 59 note b} The Princess Mary having this year subscribed the articles of submission propounded by Cromwell, was received into favour, and had a suitable establishment assigned her.

^{page 59 note c} John Stokesley.

^{page 59 note d} Of the Crutched Friars at Tower Hill.

^{page 60 note a} The chronology at the commencement of this year is somewhat confused.

^{page 60 note b} Sir Francis Bigod or Bigote, of Yorkshire.

^{page 60 note c} Sir Ralph Ellerkar.

^{page 61 note a} Mistake for 1537.

^{page 61 note b} Thomas Poulet, younger brother of Sir William Poulet.

^{page 61 note c} Mistake for “year.”

^{page 61 note d} Henry wrote to Norfolk to take severe vengeance and not to spare the monks and clergy.

^{page 61 note e} March 20th.

^{page 61 note f} Coulogne.

^{page 61 note g} Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle, was Deputy of Calais from 1533 to 1540, and died a prisoner in the Tower in 1542.

^{page 61 note h} Thomas Fitzgerald, called Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, was tenth Earl of Kildare, to which title he succeeded upon the death of his father, the great Earl of Kildare, in the Tower. He was attainted in 1536, and hanged in 1537.

^{page 62 note a} Sir Thomas Audeley.

^{page 62 note b} The day before Good Friday.

^{page 62 note c} Five priests and seven laymen.—Stow.

^{page 62 note d} Matthew Makerel, Prior of Barlings or Oxney.

^{page 62 note e} Louth.

^{page 62 note f} Henry Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Marquis of Exeter, K.G.

^{page 62 note e} Sir Thomas Darcy, a Privy Councillor, created Lord Darcy, K.G.

^{page 62 note h} Sir John Husee or Hussey, created Lord Hussey in 1534.

^{page 63 note a} Sir Thomas Andeley.

^{page 63 note b} Sir Thomas Percy, second son of the fifth Earl of Northumberland, and brother to Henry Algernon, sixth Earl.

^{page 63 note c} Sir John Bulmer.

^{page 63 note d} Margaret Cheyney, otherwise Lady Bulmer.

^{page 63 note e} Sir Stephen Hamelton.

^{page 63 note f} Adam Sodbnry, Abbot of Jervaulx, in Yorkshire.—Stow.

^{page 63 note g} William Thurst, quondam Abbot of Fountains.—Stow.

^{page 63 note h} William Wood, Prior of Bridlington.—Stow.

^{page 63 note i} William Thurst, quondam Abbot of Fountains.

^{page 64 note a} This should no doubt be “otherwise called Lady Bulmer.” Stow says “otherwise Lady Bulmer.” Hall gives the explanation, “Sir John Bulmer and his wife, which some reported was not his wife, but his paramour,” fol. 232.

^{page 64 note b} By the attainder of George Lumley the barony became extinct upon the death of his father, but was restored in 1547 by Act of Parliament in favour of his son John.

^{page 64 note c} Jervaulx or Joreval.

^{page 65 note a} In the Priory of the Crouched Friars, situated in Sayage Garden, on Tower Hill, now Crutchedfriars.

^{page 65 note b} The publication of the Ten Articles occasioned great variety of censures, the Reformers being scandalised by the determination concerning auricular confession and the real presence, and the Roman Catholics thrown into unspeakable consternation by the rejection of the fundamental articles of their creed, so long since determined, the Papal authority abolished, and the existence of purgatory called in question.

^{page 66 note a} October 12th. Circular letters, in the Queen's name and under her signet, were prepared, announcing the birth of Prince Edward. One of them, addressed to the Lord Privy Seal, and dated on that day at Hampton Court, is now in the British Museum, Nero, C. x. leaf 7.

^{page 66 note b} The story of Edward's being brought into the world by surgical art, and at the sacrifice of his mother's life, seems to have been invented by Nicolas Sanders, the Jesuit, from whom it was borrowed by Sir John Hayward, and adopted in his life of Edward VI.—See Kcnnett's Hist. Engl. vol. ii. p. 273. From this source it found its way into various historical books. The error apparently originated through the Queen's death having been assigned to the 14th, only two days after her delivery, instead of to the 24th.—See p. 69 of this Chronicle.

^{page 66 note c} As the King had caused his two daughters by his former marriages to be declared illegitimate, nothing could be more acceptable than the birth of a son which put the succession of the Crown out of all dispute.

^{page 66 note d} Anthem.

^{page 67 note a} October 13th.

^{page 67 note b} Father of Sir Thomas Gresham.

^{page 67 note c} Afterwards Sir William Holies, chosen Lord Mayor in 1539.

^{page 67 note d} Evidently a clerical error for the 15th, which was Monday, whereas the 25th would have been Thursday.

^{page 67 note e} It is curious to note the incongruity of the sponsors: these were Archbishop Cranmer, the head of the Protestant Reformers, the Duke of Norfolk, leader of the lay Catholics, and the Princess Mary, a bigoted Catholic, who had been bastardised by her father.

^{page 68 note a} Thomas Hawley, Clarencieux King-at-Arms.

^{page 68 note b} Edward Seymour, elder brother of Queen Jane, and so brother-in-law of Henry VIII. was created Viscount Beauchamp, of Hache, co. Somerset, 5th June, 1536. He was lineally descended from Sir Roger Seymour (temp. Edward III.) who married Cicely, sister and eldest coheir of John de Beauchamp, last Baron Beuuchamp.

^{page 68 note c} October 18th.

^{page 68 note d} This passage would seem to countenance the common account that the infant prince was almost immediately invested with these titles, whereas he himself tells us in his journal that he was only about to be created so when his father died, in which he is confirmed by Burnet, who says that Edward was called Prince of Wales, as the heirs to this crown are, yet he was not invested with that dignity by a formal creation.

^{page 68 note f} William Fitzwilliam, descended from the ancestor of the present Earl Fitz-william, was created Earl of Southampton, October 18th, 1537.

^{page 68 note f} By which title he is known until the accession, in 1547, of his nephew Edward VI. when he was created Duke of Somerset, and was made Lord Protector of the Kingdom.

^{page 69 note a} Sir William Poulet, Comptroller of the Household, was made Treasurer of the Household in 1537, when the Comptrollership was conferred on Sir John Kussell, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, who eventually became first Earl of Bedford.

^{page 69 note b} Thomas Hennage.

^{page 69 note c} Richard Long, Master of the Buckhounds.

^{page 69 note d} Richard Lyster, Chief Baron of the Exchequer.

^{page 69 note e} The Queen's younger brother, Thomas Seymour.

^{page 69 note f} The exact particulars of the Queen's illness have not been recorded, but in a despatch to the English ambassador in Prance her death is distinctly ascribed to her taking cold, and being supplied with improper diet, which accords with the account given by Leland in his “Genethliacon Edvardi Principis Cambrias,” published in 1543.

^{page 69 note g} This date has evidently been tampered with by the transcriber to make it correspond with Stow, Hall, Godwin, and others, who assign the Queen's death to the 14th, whereas it took place on the 24th, which was evidently correctly given by the original writer of this Chronicle, as he makes it Wednesday, whereas the 14th would have been Sunday. It is very remarkable that the date of an event of so much interest at the time as the Queen's death should have been misplaced by no less than ten days by nearly all ancient chroniclers, but the doubt as to the correct date is set at rest by an original letter written by Sir John Russell, from Hampton Court, to Crumwell, and dated the 24th of October, which is still extant in the Public Record. Office, and reads as follows: “Sir, the King was determined this day to hare removed to Asher, and because the Queene was very sik this night and this day he taried, but to morrowe, God willing, he entendithe to be ther. If she amende, he will go; and if she amende not, he tolde me this day, he could not fynde in his harte to tary; for I ensuer you she hathe bene in grete daunger yester-night and this day, but, thankid be God, she is sumwhat amended, and, if she skape this night, the fyshiouns be in good hope that she is past all daunger.” Also Cecil's Journal is to the same effect.

^{page 70 note a} One year and nearly five months.

^{page 70 note b} October 31st.

^{page 70 note c} In 1544 she married Matthew fourth Earl of Lennox, and became Countess of Lennox, and mother of Darnley.

^{page 70 note d} Stow agrees with the text, which would appear to be correct, being Wednesday, but Hall has the eighth day of November, which was Saturday.

^{page 71 note a} Sir Bichard Gresham, who, in a letter of the 8th November to Cromwell, had suggested that such a solemn service should be celebrated; “yt shall please you to understand that, by the commaundement of the Ducke of Norfolke, I have cawssyd 1,200 masses to be seyde, within the cite of London, for the sowle of our moste gracious Queene. And whereas the mayer and aldyrmen with the commenors was lattely at Powlles, and ther gave thanckes unto God for the byrthe of our prynce, My Lorde, I doo thyncke yt, wher convenyent, that ther shulld bee allsoo at Powlles a sollem derige and masse; and that the mayer, alldyrmen, with the commeners, to be there, for to preye and offer for hyr Grace's sowle. My Lorde, yt shale please you to move the Kynge's Heyghnes, and hys pleasser knowen in thys behallfve, I am and shalebe redy to acomplyche his moste gracious pleasser, and yf ther be eny allmes to be gyvyn, there ys meny power pepyll within the cite.”—State Papers, vol. i. part ii. p. 574.

^{page 72 note a} George Cromer, Archbishop of Armagh.

^{page 72 note b} An office for the dead in the Romish service, consisting of thirty masses.

^{page 72 note c} Hugh Latimer.

^{page 73 note a} December 12th. Eve of St. Lucy, virgin and martyr.

^{page 73 note b} St. Angelo.

^{page 73 note c} Thomas Culpeper.

^{page 73 note d} Wife of Sir Thomas Pargitor, who was Lord Mayor in 1530.

^{page 74 note a} A Cistercian Abbey, founded by William d'Ypres, Earl of Kent, in the middle of the twelfth century.

^{page 74 note b} One of the books originally included in the list of proscription with the writings of Luther and the foreign Protestants, was the translation of the New Testament into English by Tindal, printed at Antwerp in 1526. A complete version of the Bible, partly by Tindal and partly by Coverdale, appeared in 1535, and a second edition, under the name of Matthews, followed in 1537.

^{page 75 note a} Boxley.

^{page 75 note b} John Hilsey.

^{page 75 note c} Probably a clerical error for vices, as in another place we read “the bishop broke the vice.”

^{page 75 note d} This rood or automaton, besides rolling it s eyes and moving its lips, was so constructed that, by means of springs or vices, it could be made to bow, and shake its head, hands, and feet.—See Herbert, p. 213, and Stow, ed. 1631, p. 575.

^{page 76 note a} Another great imposture was at Hales in Gloucestershire, where the blood of Christ brought from Jerusalem was showed in a chrystal vial, and was said to have this property: That if a man was in a mortal sin, and not absolved, he could not see it. Therefore, every man that came to behold this miracle was forced to continue to make presents till he bribed Heaven to give him the sight of so blessed a relic. This was now discovered to be the blood of a duck renewed every week, and one side of the vial was so thick that there was no seeing through it, but the other was transparent. It was so placed near the altar that anyone in a secret place behind could turn which side he pleased outward.—Lord Herbert in Kennett, vol. ii. p. 213.

^{page 76 note b} A clerical mistake for “jewel.”

^{page 76 note c} February 24th.

^{page 77 note a} Such priests as have the addition of Sir before their Christian name were men not graduated in the Universities, being in orders but not in degrees, whilst others entitled Masters had commenced in arts.—Fuller, Church Hist.

^{page 77 note b} Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, executed in 1537.

^{page 77 note c} Kindred.

^{page 77 note d} Clerical error for boweled, but omitted in Stow.

^{page 77 note e} An alien Cluniac priory was founded at Bermondsey, in 1082, by Aylwin Child, citizen of London, which was erected into an abbey in 1399, and, subsequently, the two hospitals of St. Thomas and St. Saviour were attached to it.

^{page 77 note f} Sir Richard Gresham, who in so doing acted in accordance with the new statute 37 Hen. VIII. cap. 25, made for the relief of the indigent poor. By the same statute no alms were suffered to be given to beggars, on pain of forfeiting ten times the value.

^{page 78 note a} Elizabeth Grey, eldest daughter of Thomas fifth Marquis of Dorset, and sister of Henry, who succeeded to the title in 1530.

^{page 78 note b} Forest was apprehended for that in secret confession he had declared to many of the King's subjects that the King was not supreme head of the Church, “whereas, before, hee had beene sworne to the Supremacies upon this point hee was examined, and answered that he tooke his oath with his outward man, but his inward man never consented thereunto; then, being further accused of divers hereticall opinions, hee submitted himselfe to the punishment of the Church; but having moro libertie than before to talke with whom he would, when his abjuration was sent him to read, hee utterly refused it.”—Stow, p. 575.

^{page 79 note a} Dr. Latimer of Worcester.

^{page 79 note b} Evidently a clerical error for “contrary.”

^{page 80 note a} Bishop Latimer.

^{page 80 note b} Compare this with the account of the burning of Friar Forest in Harleian MS. 530, f. 120.

^{page 80 note c} The Welshmen had a prophesy that this image should set a whole forest a fire, which prophesie now toke effect, for it set this Frier Forest on fyre, and consumed him to nothing.—Hall, p 826.

^{page 80 note d} Usually written Darvell or David Gatheren.

^{page 80 note e} Sir Richard Gresham.

^{page 81 note a} “His tabernacle.”—Stow, ed. 1631, p. 575.

^{page 81 note b} Easter Term.

^{page 81 note c} John Stockesley, Archdeacon of Dorset, and President of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, was made Bishop of London, July 14th, 1530, and died September 8th, 1539.

^{page 81 note d} Premunire.

^{page 81 note e} The German Commissioners were Francis Burgart, Vice-Chancellor of Saxony, and George van Boyneburg and Frederick Mycon, Doctors of Laws.

^{page 81 note f} Richard Sampson, LL.D. Dean of St. Paul—s.

^{page 81 note g} The King's chaplain.

^{page 82 note a} At the Dissolution its revenues were valued at 987l. and the demesne still continues an exempt deanery.

^{page 82 note b} Morton in Surrey. A mitred Austin abbey, founded in 1115 by Gilbert le Norman, Sheriff of Surrey. At the Dissolution its possessions were valued at 958l.

^{page 82 note c} Stratford Langthorne in Essex, a mitred Cistercian abbey, founded in 1135 by William de Montfitchet. At the Dissolution it was given to Sir P. Meautis by Henry VIII. who confined the Countess of Salisbury here.

^{page 82 note d} St. Pancras Cluniac Priory was founded at Lewes, in Sussex, in 1078, by William de Warine and his wife Gundreda, daughter of William the Conqueror. The priory, which was the head of its order in England, covered thirty-two acres, and contained a church, 150 feet in length, with walls ten feet thick. At the Dissolution, in 1538, it was pulled down by Thomas Lord Crumwell, except that part called Lord's Place, which was afterwards burnt down. The ruins of the cloisters, hall, gate, &c. were removed in 1845 to make room for the railway station.

^{page 83 note a} Amongst the number were those of Penrise of Islington and St. John of Ossulston, called otherwise Mrs. John Shome, who was said to have shut up the devil in a boot.—Herbert, p. 213.

^{page 83 note b} Lord Crumwell, in addition to hia other offices, was made Lord Privy Seal, 2nd July, 1536.

^{page 83 note c} Hadleigh.

^{page 83 note d} The quondam abbot of the dissolved monastery of Warden, co. Bedford, the site of which was given to the Whitbreads.

^{page 84 note a} Thomas Myller, Lancaster Herald, being sent into Yorkshire in 1536 to deliver the King's proclamation to the rebels, was required to kneel before the rebel Aske with the King's coat of arms on his back, for which degradation of his office he was ordered to execution on his return.

^{page 84 note b} Edmond Conesby, in Stow.

^{page 84 note c} August 24th.

^{page 84 note d} Richard Sampson, Dean of St. Paul's and Bishop of Chichester.

^{page 84 note e} St. Wylgefortis. See Notes and Queries, First Series, ii. p. 381.

^{page 85 note a} One Cratwell.—Stow.

^{page 85 note b} Edward Clifford.—Stow.

^{page 85 note c} Thomas Crumwell, now Lord Crumwell, was appointed Vicar-General in 1534, and Vicegerent in Ecclesiastical Causes in 1536, in which year he also became Lord Privy Seal.

^{page 85 note d} This order was revoked four years later.—See Statute 34 Henry VIII. cap. i.

^{page 85 note f} The word lidger, ledger, or leiger, is derived from the Dutch “liggen,” to lie or remain in a place, “to be constantly there,” as opposed to a temporary deposit.

^{page 85 note f} The price of Cranmer's “Great Bible” was fixed at 10s. as appears from an original letter of Cranmer's to Crumwell, of the 14th November, 1538, preserved i n the Record Office: “This shalbe to signifie unto your Lordeship that Bartelett and Edward Whitecherche hath ben with me, and have by their accomptes declared thexpensis and charges of the pryntyng of the great bibles; and, by thadvise of Bartelett, I have appointed theym to be soulde for 13s. 4d. a pece, and not above. Howebeit, Whitechurche enformeth me that your Lordeship thinketh it a moore conveniente price to have theym solde at 10s. a pece, which, in respecte of the greate chargis, both of the papar (which in very dede is substanciall and good) and other great hinderannces, Whitechurche and his felowe thinketh it a small price. Nevertheles they ar right well contented to sell theym for 10s. so that you (Crumwell) wol be so good Lorde unto theym as to graunte hensforth none other lycence to any other printer, saying to theym, for the printyng of the said Bible; for els thei thinke that thei shal be greately hindered therbye yf any other should printe, thei susteynyng suche charges as they alredie have don. Wherfore, I shall beseche your Lordeship, in consideration of their travaile in this behalf, to tender their requestes, and thei have promysed me to prynte in thende of their Bibles the price therof, to thentent the Kinges lege people shall not hensforth be deceyvid of thair price.

“Farther, yf your Lordeship hath known the Kinges Highnes pleasure concernyng the Preface of the Bible, whiche I sent to youe to oversee, so that His Grace dothe alowe the same, I pray you that the same may be delyvered unto the said Whitechurch nnto printyng, trusting that it shall both encorage many slowe readers, and also stay the rash judgementes of theym that reade therin,” &c.

^{page 86 note a} Conspicuous amongst the treasures of Becket was a stone of great lustre, known as the Royal of France, offered at Canterbury in 1179 by Louis VII.; this attracted the King's fancy, and was henceforward worn by Henry VIII. on his thumb.

^{page 86 note b} In a letter of William Penison to Crumwell we have the mention of one of the last visits paid to the shrine of Thomas a Becket before its spoliation. “Yesterday my Lady of Montreuill, accompanied with her gentilwomen and the ambassadour of Fraunce, arryved in this towne, Canterbury, &c. where I showed her Saincte Thomas shryne, and all such other thinges worthy of sight, at the which she was not litle marveilled of the greate riches therof, saing to be innumerable, and that, if she had not seen it, all the men in the wourlde could never a made her to belyve it. Thus over looking and rewing more then an owre, as well the shryne as Saint Thomas hed, being at both sett cousshins to knyle, and the Priour, openyng Sainct Thomas hed, saing to her 3 times, ‘This is Sainc Thomas hed,’ and offered her to kisse it; but she nother knyled nor would kysse it, but styll vewing the riches thereof.”—State Papers, vol. i. part. ii. p. 684.

^{page 87 note a} The promoters of the Reformation at this early stage would not or dared not speak for the conservation of anything. In too many instances not only the images and madonnas were destroyed, but the choice mosaics and painted windows which adorned the churches and abbeys were smashed, the monastic libraries sold for waste paper, the bells sent to foreign countries, and not unfrequently the buildings dismantled.

^{page 87 note b} In the year 1538 there were twenty-one monasteries suppressed, and in the year following a hundred and one. See the names of them in Rymer's Fcedera, vol. xiv. p. 590, &c. also Burnet, vol. i. pp. 144–6.

^{page 87 note c} A very considerable sum was realised from the sale of church ornaments, plate, goods, lead, bells, and other ecclesiastical ornaments, which the government thought not proper to have valued, but may be judged of by this single article, namely, that in the Abbey of St. Edmondsbury alone there were found five thousand marks of gold and silver in bullion.

^{page 88 note a} The number of monasteries suppressed first and last in England and Wales, according to Camden, was 643, together with 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries and free chapels, and 110 hospitals.—See Lord Herbert in Kennett, vol. ii. p. 218.

^{page 88 note b} The yearly value of the religious houses was returned at 152,517l. 18s. 10d. as stated in Stevens's History of Taxes, p. 215; but Dr. Lingard, on the authority of Nasmith's edition of Tanner's Notitia Monastica, puts it at 142,914l.

^{page 88 note c} Henry Courtenay, grandson of Edward IV. being son and heir of William Courtenay, the attainted Earl of Devon, and the Princess Katharine, daughter of that King.

^{page 88 note d} Henry Pole, Lord Montacute, brother of Cardinal Pole.

^{page 88 note e} Gertrude Blount, Marchioness of Exeter, was attainted in 1539, but subsequently pardoned by Henry VIII. and died in 1559.

^{page 89 note a} In Hall's Chronicle (p. 826) “John Nicholson, otherwise called Lambert, a priest.” He was formerly in priest's orders, but now a schoolmaster in London.

^{page 89 note b} On a previous occasion he had been questioned for unsound opinions by Archbishop Warham, but upon the death of that prelate, and the change of counsels at Court, he had been released.—Fox, vol. ii. p. 396.

^{page 89 note c} Stow's narrative is very similar: “Divers articles were ministered to him by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, and others, but mainly the King pressed him sore, and in the ^end offered him pardon if he would renounce his opinion, but he would not, therefore he was condemned, had judgment at the King's mouth, and was brent in Smithfield.”—Stow, ed. 1631, p. 576.

^{page 90 note a} Proclamation was made, ordering that “Thomas Becket, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury,” be cited to appear in court, to answer charges preferred against him; who not appearing, Henry assigned him counsel. With all solemnity the court sat, June 11th 1539; the Attorney-General pleaded for the Crown, the counsel were heard for the defence, and the long defunct prelate was convicted of rebellion and treason. The sentence on him was that his bones should be burnt as an example, and the rich offerings at his shrines (his personal property) be forfeited to the King.

^{page 90 note b} John Hilsey, late Prior of the Dominican Friars in London, who died this year.

^{page 90 note c} A duck's blood.

^{page 90 note d} Gum.

^{page 90 note e} Tested.

^{page 90 note f} November 29th.

^{page 90 note g} Other authorities say November 29th.

^{page 91 note a} Lord Chancellor 1533–44.

^{page 91 note b} Henry Pole, Lord Montacute, was second cousin to King Henry VIII. being grandson of George Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV. whose daughter Elizabeth married Henry VII.

^{page 91 note c} The charge against him was for devising to maintain, promote, and advance one Reginald Pole (Cardinal Pole), late Dean of Exeter, enemy to the King beyond the sea, and to deprive the King.—Stow, p. 576.

^{page 91 note d} Lord Herbert, a contemporary, says, “The particular offences of these great persons are not yet so fully made known to me that I can say much; only, I find among our records that Thomas Wriotesley, secretary (then at Brussels), writing of their apprehension to Sir Thomas Wyat, ambassador in Spain, said that the accusations were great and duly proved. And in another place I read that they sent the Cardinal monoy.”—Lord Herbert in Kennett, vol. ii. p. 216.

^{page 91 note e} Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter, was first cousin of King Henry VIII. being son of the Princess Katharine, daughter of Edward IV. and therefore sister of Queen Elizabeth, mother of Henry VIII.

^{page 91 note f} Sir Edward Neville, brother to the Lord Abergavenny, was Sewer of the Household.

^{page 91 note e} Sir Geoffrey Pole, brother of Cardinal Pole.

^{page 91 note h} “We know little concerning the justice or iniquity of the sentence pronounced against these men, we only know that the condemnation of a man who was at that time prosecuted by the Court forms no presumption of his guilt, though, as no historian of credit mentions, in the present case, any complaint occasioned by these trials, we may presume that sufficient evidence was produced against the Marquis of Exeter and his associates.”—Hume's History of England, ed. 1773, vol. iv. p. 187.

^{page 92 note a} Reginald Pole, Cardinal.

^{page 92 note b} Cardinal Pole was appointed legate to the Low Countries in 1537, with the object of organizing a powerful league of the Pope, the Emperor Charles V. and Francis I. of France, against the English monarch.

^{page 92 note c} This passage would seem to imply that the charges against Lord Montacute and the others were based on letters or speeches of the Cardinal, who used his influence with the English Catholics to keep alive the flame of the Northern rebellion.

^{page 92 note d} December 5th.

^{page 92 note e} Other authorities have 9th January, 1539.—See Hall and Stow.

^{page 92 note f} In accordance with a promise made to him at his trial, when he was induced to plead guilty, so that his confession might be used to ruin the others. It is supposed that he owed his pardon to having first carried to the King secret intelligence of the conspiracy.

^{page 93 note a} December 29th.

^{page 93 note b} Sir Nicholas Carew, of Beddington, Surrey, was appointed Master of the Horse, 29th September, 1521, and Grand Esquire of England in 1527.

^{page 93 note c} For being of counsel with Henry Marquis of Exeter and Henry Pole Lord Montacute.—Slow, p. 576.

^{page 93 note d} Roger Cholmeley, esq.—Hall and Stow.

^{page 93 note e} John Jones, John Potter, and William Manering, as we learn from Stow, who adds that they were hanged in the Prince's livery (because they were the Prince's servants) on the south side of Paul's Churchyard.—Page 576.

^{page 93 note f} “Where he made a goodly confession, both of his folly and superstitious faith, giving God most hearty thanks that ever lie came in the prison of the Tower, where he first savoured the life and sweetness of God's most holy word, meaning the Bible in English, which there he read by the means of one Thomas Phelips then Keeper.”—Hall's Chronicle p. 827.

^{page 94 note a} Sir W. Paulet was Treasurer of the Household from 1537 to 1540.

^{page 94 note b} Afterwards created Earl of Essex, 23rd December, 1543.

^{page 94 note c} The palace at Whitehall, so long as it belonged to Cardinal Wolsey, was called York Place.

^{page 94 note d} Nicholas Ridley, Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. He was subsequently consecrated Bishop of Rochester September 5th, 1547, translated to London April 1st, 1550, and, being brought to trial for heresy by Queen Mary, was burned at the same stake with Latimer, October 16th, 1555.

^{page 95 note a} Thomas Lord Crumwell, appointed Lord Privy Seal, 2nd July, 1536.

^{page 95 note b} On this occasion they made as splendid an appearance as in the year 1532.

^{page 95 note c} Obsolete form of battalions.

^{page 95 note d} Jerkins.

^{page 95 note e} Sir William Forman.

^{page 95 note f} Henchmen.

^{page 96 note a} Probably for socagers, armed tenants.

^{page 96 note b} Gregory was son and heir apparent of Thomas Lord Crumwell.

^{page 96 note c} Crumwell's nephew, Richard Williams, assumed his uncle's name of Crumwell, and became in 1540 a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber.

^{page 96 note d} This army, according to Maitland, consisted of three divisions of five thousand men each, exclusive of pioneers and attendants, being the greater part of the male population between the ages of 16 and 60.—See Maitland—s London.

^{page 96 note e} Abreast.

^{page 97 note a} This muster was the greatest ever made by the citizens of London till this time, notwithstanding the relation of FitzStephen, who tells us that in the reign of King Stephen the City sent into the field 60,000 foot and 20,000 horse, probably a mistake for 6,000 foot and 2,000 horse.

^{page 97 note b} The Thursday after Trinity Sunday in 1539 would fall on June 5th, and therefore Saturday would be the 7th June.

^{page 97 note c} Isabella, or Elizabeth, Infanta of Portugal, was married to the Emperor Charles V. in 1526, and died 1st May, 1539.

^{page 97 note d} St. Elizabeth, Queen of Portugal.

^{page 97 note e} Archbishops Cranmer and Lee.

^{page 98 note a} In place of the King.

^{page 98 note b} Thomas Hawley, Clarencieux King-at-Arms, 1536–57.

^{page 98 note c} Sir William Fitzwilliam, created Earl of Southampton 18th October, 1537, was Lord High Admiral from 1536 to 1540.

^{page 98 note d} St. Erconwald.

^{page 98 note e} Spanish merchants.

^{page 99 note a} May 1st, 1539.

^{page 99 note b} The King's Bridge was situated at the eastern end of the new Palace of West-minster, on the river bank, some short distance from Old Palace Stairs, and was so called in contradistinction to the Queen's Bridge or Stairs, situated at the western end of the Palace of Whitehall. Westminster Bridge, mentioned in our text, was another of these river stages, of which there were several on the northern bank of the Thames.

^{page 100 note a} Omitted in MS.

^{page 100 note b} The annual march of the City watch at Midsummer, being laid aside on this occasion, was not revived till the mayoralty of Sir Thomas Gresham, who again set it on foot in the year 1548.

^{page 100 note c} 2nd November.

^{page 101 note a} Nicholas Shaxton was appointed almoner to Anne Boloyn in 1534, and the year following preferred to the bishopric of Salisbury, which he held till 1539.

^{page 101 note b} It was in this parliament that the Six Articles, generally called the Bloody Statute, were passed.

^{page 101 note c} Archbishop Cranmer opposed the passage of the bill in Parliament, but ineffectually. The King desired him to absent himself, but he could not be prevailed upon to give this proof of compliance.—Burnet, vol. i. pp. 249, 270.

^{page 101 note d} Dr. Edward Crome.

^{page 101 note e} The four persons were Griffith Clarke, Vicar of Wandsworth, with his chaplain and his servant, and Friar Waire.—Stow, p. 577.

^{page 101 note f} St. Thomas Waterings was a brook at the second milestone in the Old Kent Road, where executions were wont to take place. It was at this spot Chaucer makes his pilgrims halt for the first time after quitting the Talbot or Tabard Inn.

^{page 101 note g} Sir Adrian Fortescue.

^{page 101 note h} Thomas Dingley.

^{page 102 note a} Margaret Countess of Salisbury was daughter of George Duke of Clarence, and wife of Sir Richard Pole. On account of the treason of her children she was attainted in 1539, and beheaded in 1541.

^{page 102 note b} Gertrude Blount married Henry Marquis of Exeter; she was attainted in 1539, but was pardoned, and survived the King, not dying till 1559.

^{page 102 note c} Lord Herbert and others state that the Countess of Salisbury and the Marchioness of Exeter were not heard in their defence, but positive evidence of this would appear to be wanting.

^{page 102 note d} Henry Pole, Lord Montacute. The violent hatred which Henry VIII. bore to Cardinal Pole had extended itself to all his relations and friends.

^{page 102 note e} These vast revenues, amounting to between one-fifth and one-tenth of the whole rental of England, if frugally husbanded would have rendered the Crown independent of Parliamentary aid.

^{page 102 note f} 31 Henry VIII. c. 14. The Law of the Six Articles.

^{page 102 note g} This refers to the First Article, which enforced the doctrine of the real presence, not admitting the privilege of abjuring. The denial of this doctrine subjected the person to death by fire, and to the same forfeitures as in cases of treason.

^{page 103 note a} In compliance with this statute, Archbishop Cranmer was obliged to dismiss his wife, the niece of Osiander, a famous divine of Nuremburg, and the King, satisfied with this proof of submission, showed him his former countenance and favour.—See Lord Herbert's History in Kennett, p. 219.

^{page 103 note b} The marriage of priests was entirely prohibited by the law of the Six Articles, and their commerce with women was, on the first offence, made forfeiture of goods and imprisonment, and, on the second, death.

^{page 103 note c} John Salcot, alias Capon, D.D. and Abbot of Hyde, was consecrated Bishop of Bangor in 1534, without resigning his abbacy, and was translated to Salisbury on the resignation of Dr. Shaxton, 31st July, 1539.

^{page 103 note d} John Bell, D.D. the King's chaplain, and Archdeacon of Gloucester, was elected Bishop of Worcester 2nd August, 1539.

^{page 103 note e} Hugh Latimer, late Bishop of Worcester, resigned on the 1st of July, 1539. He was soon afterwardsin prison for speaking against the Six Articles, and remained in confinement till the King's death.

^{page 103 note f} Richard Sampson, LL.D. Bishop of Chichester, was Dean of St. Paul's.

^{page 103 note g} Dr. Shaxton, late Bishop of Salisbury, resigned in consequence of not subscribing the Six Articles.

^{page 103 note h} John Clerk, LL.D. late Master of the Rolls and Dean of the Royal Chapel, was nominated to the see of Bath and Wells 2nd May, 1523.

^{page 103 note i} September 21st.

^{page 104 note a} Relic Sunday in this year fell on July 13th.

^{page 104 note b} John Feiry and Thomas Huntlow were chosen sheriffs in 1539.

^{page 104 note c} The death of John Hilsey, Bishop of Rochester, is usually assigned to the preceding year.

^{page 104 note d} Bristol.

^{page 104 note e} Thomas, Lord Crumwell, Vicegerent in Ecclesiastical Causes.

^{page 104 note f} The Carthusian Priory at Richmond, or West Sheen, in Surrey, founded by Henry V. in 1414, and valued at the Dissolution at 693l.

^{page 105 note a} Edward Seymour, brother of Queen Jane, was created Viscount Beauchamp, of Hache, co. Somerset, June 5th, 1536, and Earl of Hertford, October 18th, 1537.

^{page 105 note b} A clerical error for Edward Seymour. Our author would appear to have been going to write Sir Thomas Audley, to whom the site of the Charterhouse in London was granted.

^{page 105 note c} Queen Jane Seymour died 24th October, 1537.

^{page 105 note d} September 8th.

^{page 105 note e} He was one of the signatories to the famous protest of the bishops and clergy of England against the authority of the Pope to call a general Council.—See State Papers, Henry VIII. vol. i. part ii. p. 543.

^{page 105 note f} The Benedictine nunnery, founded by Muriel Brisset, occupied the site of St. James's church, in which Lady Sackville, the last prioress, lies buried.

^{page 105 note g} The friars and nuns, though dismissed their convents, were restrained from marrying, in observance of their vowa.

^{page 105 note h} John Voysey, alias Harman, of Magdalen College, Oxford, Dean of Windsor, was elected Bishop of Exeter August 31st, 1519.

^{page 106 note a} Dr. Hodgkin.

^{page 106 note b} John Bird, the last Provincial of the Carmelites in England, was elected to the see of Bangor, 24th July, 1539.

^{page 106 note c} Antiphony.

^{page 107 note a} Henry VIII. assumed the style of “Majesty” in 1527.

^{page 107 note b} October 14th.

^{page 108 note a} Omitted in MS. According to a valuation in Speed's Catalogue of Religious Houses (see Collier, Appendix, p. 34), sixteen mitred abbots had revenues above 1,000l. per annum. St. Peter's, Westminster, was the richest, being valued at 3,977l., Glastonbury second at 3,508l., and St. Alban's third at 2,510l.

^{page 108 note b} These three Abbots, having distinguished themselves by their pertinacious refusal to surrender their monasteries, were singled out as an example to others, and means were soon found to convict them of treason.

^{page 108 note c} The revenues of Barking Abbey at the Dissolution amounted to 1,084l. It was founded in A.D. 677 by St. Erconwald, Bishop of London, and his sister Ethelburga became its first abbess; many of her successors were noble, and even some royal ladies, who, by reason of their office, enjoyed the style and dignity of baronesses.

^{page 108 note d} Thomas Mirfin was Lord Mayor in 1518.

^{page 108 note e} The revenues of St. Edmund's Abbey at Bury at the Dissolution amounted to 2,337l.

^{page 109 note a} Virtuest, i.e. most virtuous.

^{page 109 note b} Clerical error for Reading.

^{page 109 note c} Decemher 27th.

^{page 109 note d} John Duke of Cleves was a prince of the Protestant Confederacy.

^{page 109 note e} Deal, according to other authorities.

^{page 109 note f} St. Augustine's Abbey, near Canterbury, which was surrendered into the King's hands in 1538, and turned into a royal palace.

^{page 109 note g} Veined like marble. Grafton describes them as “all apparelled in marble coats.”

^{page 110 note a} This account differs very considerably from that generally received. Hume says, “The King, impatient to be satisfied with regard to the person of his bride, came privately to Rochester, and got a sight of her. He found her big, indeed, and tall as he could wish, but utterly devoid both of beauty and grace, very unlike the pictures and representations which he had received. He swore she was*a great Flanders mare, and declared that he never could possibly bear her any affection. The matter was worse when he found that she could speak no language but Dutch, of which he was entirely ignorant, and that the charms of her conversation were not likely to compensate for the homeliness of her person.”

^{page 110 note b} Thomas Manners, Lord Roos, created Earl of Rutland 18th June, 1525, K.G.

^{page 110 note c} Margaret Douglas, daughter of Archibald, sixth Earl of Angus, and Margaret Queen Dowager of Scots, and therefore niece of Henry VIII.

^{page 111 note a} Sir William Holies.

^{page 111 note b} The Mercers' Company.

^{page 111 note c} January 4th.

^{page 112 note a} Fifty gentlemen, called Pensioners or Spears, were appointed in December, 1539, to wait on the King's Highness.—Hal], ed. Ellis, p. 832.

^{page 112 note b} Substituted in MS. for 8l.

^{page 112 note c} The circumstance of Queen Anne not making her public entry into the City, but going to Westminster by water, has been adduced as evidence of the King's little regard for her.

^{page 112 note d} At this time the river Thames was so destitute of fresh water, by reason of an excessive drought, that the salt water flowed above London Bridge.

^{page 113 note a} St. Mary Overy.

^{page 113 note b} St. Mary Magdalen.

^{page 113 note c} This church was begun in 1208 as part of St. Mary Overy's priory, founded by William Giffard, Bishop of Winchester.

^{page 113 note d} A synonym for Stephen Gardyner, LL.D. elected Bishop of Winchester in 1531.

^{page 113 note e} Rector of St. Martin's Outwich, in Bishopsgate Street.

^{page 113 note f} The fifth Sunday in Lent, which this year fell on the 14th March.

^{page 113 note g} Henry Bourchier, whose death is correctly assigned to the year 1540.

^{page 113 note h} Sir John de Vere, fifteenth Earl of Oxford, K.G.

^{page 114 note a} William Jerome.

^{page 114 note b} Thomas Garrard.

^{page 114 note c} 4th April.

^{page 115 note a} St. Magnus the Martyr, Lower Thames-street, near London Bridge.

^{page 115 note b} The 17th, according to other authorities.

^{page 115 note c} Thomas Wriothesley, afterwards Lord Wriothesle and Earl of Southampton, at this period held the post of private secretary to Crumwell.

^{page 115 note d} Sir Ralph Sadleyr, who in the reign of Elizabeth was appointed to take charge of Mary Queen of Scots.

^{page 116 note a} Sir Nicholas Hare.

^{page 117 note a} Richard Williams, nephew of Sir Thomas Crumwell, Earl of Essex, assumed the name of Crumwell.

^{page 117 note b} Lord William Howard, son of Thomas, second Duke of Norfolk.

^{page 117 note c} Edward Lord Clinton, afterwards Earl of Lincoln.

^{page 117 note d} Gregory Lord Crumwell.

^{page 117 note e} Supplied from Stow, who quotes this paragraph verbatim.

^{page 117 note f} In the Strand, Westminster.

^{page 118 note a} Twenty-nine in Stow.

^{page 118 note b} Thomas Culpepper, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber.

^{page 118 note c} Sir William Weston, knt. Lord Prior of St. John of Jerusalem, who, by virtue of his office, ranked as first baron of the kingdom.

^{page 118 note d} The House or Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem stood a little south-east of Clerkenwell Priory, without Smithfield.

^{page 118 note e} At the surrender of religious houses the Knights Hospitallers exerted their influence in defence of the Papal authority, and obstinately refused to yield up their revenues to the King, who was obliged to have recourse to Parliament for the dissolution of this order.

^{page 119 note a} The revenues of this rich foundation amounted, at the time of its suppression, to no less than 3,385l. 19s. 8d. per annum.—Stow, Surrey of London.

^{page 119 note b} Richard Farmer was arraigned and attainted for denying the King's supremacy.—Stow.

^{page 119 note c} “Queene King” in MS.

^{page 119 note d} And his wife and children thrust out of doors.—Stow.

^{page 119 note e} June 28th.

^{page 119 note f} On the 6th of July certain Lords came down into the Nether House of Parliament, and expressly declared causes for which the marriage of Anne of Cleves was not to be taken lawful; and, in conclusion, the matter was by the Convocation clearly determined that the King might lawfully marry where he would, and so might she.—Stow.

^{page 119 note e} It was conveniently discovered that there ha d been a former contract of marriage between Anne and the son of the Duke of Lorraine.

^{page 120 note a} It was enacted by Parliament that she should be taken no more for Queen, but called the Lady Anne of Cleves.—Stow.

^{page 120 note b} The phenomena of red rain and blood-coloured snow are not unfrequent, and are attributable in some instances to chemical or volcanic action, and in others to the excrement of a passing cloud of insects.

^{page 120 note c} Son of Sir Edward Hungerford, was summoned to Parliament as “Walter Hungerford de Heytesbury, Chev.” in 1536, but never afterwards.

^{page 120 note d} Lord Hungerford at the hour of his death seemed so unquiet that many judged him rather frenzied than otherwise; he suffered, as it was said, for buggery.—Stow.

^{page 120 note e} The unanimity of Parliament is attested by the entries on the Journals, “Hodie (June 19) lecta est pro secundo et tertio, villa attincturæ Thomæ Comitis Essex, et communi omnium procerum tune pra3sentium concessu, nemine discropante, expedita est.”

^{page 120 note f} The summary process of an attainder without a trial, which Crumwell had first devised against the aged Countess of Salisbury, was resorted to against himself. He was declared by his peers a manifold traitor and detestable heretic, but his real crime was having urged his royal master, as a means of advancing his grand Protestant scheme, to solicit the hand of Anne of Cleves.

^{page 120 note g} The King's councils being at this time directed by Norfolk and Gardiner, the law of the Six Articles was enforced with rigour against the Protestants.

^{page 120 note h} Robert Barnes, D.D. who had been the cause of Lambert's execution. He had drawn upon himself the resentment of Bishop Gardiner by his sermon at Paul's Cross, in which he had bitterly inveighed against that prelate as a bigoted Roman Catholic.

^{page 121 note a} Thomas Abley in Fuller's Church History.

^{page 121 note b} A stranger, standing by, did wonder, as well he might, of what religion the King was, his sword cutting on both sides, Protestants being burnt for heretics, and Papists hanged for traitors.—Fuller's Church History, p. 235.

^{page 121 note c} They were condemned by a bill of attainder in parliament, without trial.

^{page 121 note d} For denying the King's supremacy, and affirming his marriage with Queen Katharine to be good, of the which argument Dr. Powell wrote a book, printed in quarto, and I have seen it.—Stow.

^{page 121 note e} Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle, was Deputy of Calais from 1533 to 1540, when he was recalled, and died a prisoner in the Tower 1542.

^{page 121 note f} These names differ considerably from those given in Stow, viz. Giles Horne, gentleman, Clement Phillip, gentleman, of Calais, and servant to the Lord Lisle, Darby Gening, Edmond Bromholme, priest, chaplain to the Lord Lisle, William Horne, Laurence Cooke, Prior of Doncaster, and Bobert Bird.

^{page 122 note a} By Joyce, daughter of Sir Richard Culpepper, knt. She was also cousin to Anne Boleyn, but of very different character and persuasion, being a zealous partisan of the Church of Rome, and wholly under the guidance of her bigoted uncle the Duke of Norfolk.

^{page 122 note b} Lord Edmund Howard was son of Thomas second Duke of Norfolk, and brother to Thomas third Duke.

^{page 122 note c} Tithe or tax.

^{page 122 note d} September 7th.

^{page 122 note e} Bethlehem Hospital originally stood on the east side of that part of the mere or moor afterwards known as Moorfields, from which it was divided by a large and deep ditch, over which was a bridge.

^{page 122 note f} Stow calls him “Rinatian.”

^{page 123 note a} Dysentery. The word in the text is corrupted from Lax.—Nares's Glossary, ed. Halliwell and Wright.

^{page 123 note b} November 3rd.

^{page 123 note c} The 22nd of December.—Stow.

^{page 123 note d} Lord Audley.

^{page 123 note e} Thomas Harman, servant to Master Flightwood.—Stow.

^{page 124 note a} Nearly two years after the passing of the act of attainder.

^{page 124 note b} Margaret Plantagenet, the nearest relation to the King in blood, was daughter, and eventually sole heir, of George Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV. She was created Countess of Salisbury in her own right, 14th October, 1513.

^{page 124 note c} For a supposed treasonable correspondence with her sons, Cardinal Reginald Pole and Lord Montacute.

^{page 125 note a} Sir Richard Long, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber.

^{page 125 note b} Blank in MS.

^{page 126 note a} Sir William Roche.

^{page 126 note b} Ampthill in Bedfordshire.

^{page 127 note a} Omitted in MS.

^{page 127 note b} Afterwards Sir Rowland Hill, and an Alderman of London.

^{page 127 note c} Richmond's almshouse in the City was erected by the Company of Armourers, pursuant to the will of this John Richmond, in the year 1559.

^{page 128 note a} Sir Roger Cholmeley.

^{page 129 note a} Sir Richard Long, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber.

^{page 129 note b} John Godsalve.

^{page 129 note c} The Mercers' Company. By the designation mercer has been generally understood in modern times a dealer in silk, but that is really an abbreviation of the more distinctive description of silk-mercer. The term mercer is clearly derived from merces, the plural of the classic word merx, and, in its earlier and more correct sense, signified a general trader or dealer. Hence the Mercers' Company has always taken the precedence of the other City Companies, and may with probability be regarded as the most ancient of all.

^{page 130 note a} October 13th.

^{page 130 note b} Sir Michael Dormer.

^{page 130 note c} Sir William Roche.

^{page 130 note d} 32 Henry VIII. cap. 38.

^{page 131 note a} Wife of Sir Edward Baynton. Both Baynton and his wife had done service for the King in the case of Anne Boleyn.

^{page 131 note b} A letter from the Council to Archbishop Cranmer, signifying the King's pleasure as to the remove of Queen Katharine Howard, and the discharge of her household, is printed in State Papers, Henry VIII. vol. i. part ii. pp. 691–3.

^{page 131 note c} Jane Parker, daughter of Lord Morley, and widow of George Viscount Rochford, brother of Queen Anne Boleyn.

^{page 131 note d} Thomas Culpepper, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber.

^{page 131 note e} It was alleged against Thomas Culpepper, who was a relative of the Queen, that he had on one occasion, when the, Court was at Lincoln, stayed for three hours in the same room with the Queen and Lady Rochford.

^{page 131 note f} Francis Derham or Dereham, a relative of Queen Katharine Howard.

^{page 131 note g} Archbishop Cranmer declared to the King, on his return from his progress in the North, that he had evidence that the Queen before her marriage had been seduced by Francis Dereham, to whom she had been engaged to be married.

^{page 131 note h} Francis Dereham is generally said to have confessed that he had been guilty of incontinence with the Queen before her marriage, but, from the best evidence we possess, it seems doubtful whether Dereham confessed anything of the kind.—See State Papers, Henry VIII. vol. i.

^{page 132 note a} St. Antholin in Watling Street.

^{page 132 note b} Prayers.

^{page 132 note c} Alice Rastall, alias Wilks.

^{page 132 note d} Eldest son of Lord Edmund Howard, and brother to Queen Katharine Howard.

^{page 133 note a} Because they knew the Queen's vicious course of life before her marriage and had concealed it.

^{page 133 note b} Robert Damport, a retainer of the old Duchess of Norfolk.

^{page 133 note c} Westminster Abbey.

^{page 133 note d} Sir Michael Dormer.

^{page 133 note e} For having assisted the Queen in her secret amours.

^{page 134 note a} Lady Rochford was the infamous woman who had borne testimony against her own husband and her husband's sister Anne Boleyn, but she is said to hare died very penitent and meek.

^{page 134 note b} The Lords and Commons, on the 16th of January, by petition, “implored his gracious Majesty” that he would not vex himself with the Queen's misconduct, but allow the two Houses to pass a bill of attainder, which course being approved, the bill was carried through the Lords in three, and through the Commons in two, days.

^{page 134 note c} Rowland Hill and Henry Suckley were Sheriffs for 1541–2.

^{page 134 note d} This event is assigned to the 10th of March by the continuator of Fabian's Chronicle.

^{page 135 note a} George Fores or Ferrers, a Member of Parliament for Plymouth, was arrested in London, at the suit of one White, for the sum of two hundred marks.

^{page 135 note b} Omitted in MS.

^{page 135 note c} “And there lay for two days.”—Stow.

^{page 135 note d} Sir Michael Dormer.

^{page 135 note e} For “sued.”

^{page 135 note f} They were discharged by an order of the Commons' House.

^{page 135 note g} May 18th.

^{page 135 note h} Sir Edmund Peckham, Cofferer of the Household, 1540–6.

^{page 136 note a} All such as were valued worth 50l. or upward in the Book of Subsidy.—Stow.

^{page 136 note b} James Fitzgerald, fifteenth Earl of Desmond.

^{page 136 note c} The Duke of Norfolk entered Scotland the 21st of October, burning and wasting all the marches, and there taried, without any battle proffered by the King of Scots, until the midst of November.'Stow.

^{page 136 note d} Conan O'Neil, Chief Captain of Tyrone.

^{page 136 note e} Matthew or Feardoragh became eldest son of O'Neil in 1542, and was created Lord Dungannon, 1st October, 1542. Stow calls him “his base son, Matthew O'Neil;” and then adds, “for Shane O'Neil, the only son of his body lawfully begotten, was then little esteemed.”

^{page 137 note a} An Act was passed (35 Henry VIII.) whereby the Mayor and citizens were empowered to bring water from Hampstead Heath, St. Mary-le-bone, Hackney, and Muswell Hill, upon their indemnifying the owners of lands, &c. in order to augment the supply already brought from Tyburn.—See Maitland's History of London, p. 141.

^{page 137 note b} October 13th.

^{page 137 note c} Or in other words was relieved of his gown on paying his fine. An Alderman who had passed the chair was termed a “Grey Cloak.”

^{page 137 note d} Generally known as the battle of Solway Moss.

^{page 138 note a} More than 200 of the better sort, and more than 800 of meaner persons.—Stow.

^{page 138 note b} Gilbert Kennedy, third Earl of Cassillis.

^{page 138 note c} William Cunningham, fourth Earl of Glencaira.

^{page 138 note d} Malcolm, third Lord Fleming.

^{page 138 note e} Robert, fifth Lord Maxwell, Warden of the West Marches of Scotland.

^{page 138 note f} Hugh, fifth Lord Somerville.

^{page 138 note g} Lawrence, third Lord Oliphant.

^{page 138 note h} Patrick, fifth Lord Gray.

^{page 138 note i} Oliyer Sinclair or Saint Clair, favourite of James V.

^{page 138 note k} John, twelfth Lord Erskine, ambassador to England in 1534.

^{page 138 note l} James Sinclair, his brother-in-law.

^{page 138 note m} Mistake for Robert Ker, Laird of Graydon.

^{page 138 note n} George Home, Laird of Ayton.

^{page 139 note a} John Graham, fourth Earl of Monteith.

^{page 139 note b} John Leslie, son of George Leslie, fourth Earl of Rothes.

^{page 139 note c} Robert, fifth Lord Maxwell.

^{page 139 note d} John Maitland, of Achin.

^{page 139 note e} John Carmichaell, Captain of Crawford Castle.

^{page 139 note f} William Monteith, Laird of Kerse.

^{page 139 note g} Patrick Hepburn, of Waughton.

^{page 139 note h} David Keith.

^{page 139 note i} James V. of Scotland, nephew to Henry VIII. died December 14th, 1542.

^{page 140 note a} Upon hearing the news of the Scots' defeat at Solway Moss, James became depressed in mind, and sank rapidly with a slow fever.

^{page 140 note b} Mary of Guise had borne him two sons, but they had both died in infancy the year before.

^{page 140 note c} The unfortunate Mary Queen of Scots was born seven days before her father's death, who, upon being informed of the event, is said to have muttered with his last breath, “The crown came with a woman, and it will go with one.”

^{page 140 note d} 27th December.

^{page 140 note c} This can hardly be correct. They were to further the marriage of the young Prince of Wales with the infant Princess of Scotland.

^{page 140 note f} For “home.”

^{page 140 note g} Sir John Cootes.

^{page 140 note h} Henry Habberthorne and Henry Amcotes.

^{page 140 note i} Blank in MS. They visited the infant Prince Edward at Enfield.

^{page 140 note k} They were not suffered to cross the Scotch border until they had delivered to the Duke of Norfolk hostages for their return, in case the intended nuptials were not completed.

^{page 141 note a} Henry bestowed on them their liberty without ransom, only requiring of them engagements to favour the marriage of the Prince of Wales with their young mistress.

^{page 141 note b} Mille or thousand.

^{page 141 note c} A proclamation was made on the 9th February, whereby the people were licensed to eat white meats in Lent, but strictly forbidden the eating of flesh.—Stow.

^{page 141 note d} Easter Sunday this year fell on the 25th of March.

^{page 142 note a} i. e. the accused to have the liberty of purging himself by oath.

^{page 142 note b} Guisnes.

^{page 142 note c} The MS. thus: “c,” before which is a 2 in fainter ink, apparently incorrectly inserted afterwards.

^{page 142 note d} Eldest son of Lord William Howard.

^{page 142 note e} Murrough O'Brien, brother of the great O'Brien, whom he succeeded in 1540, was created Earl of Thomond in 1543.

^{page 142 note f} Ulick Bourke became McWilliam in 1536, and was created Earl of Clanricarde in 1543.

^{page 142 note g} Donough O'Brien, eldest son of Conochor, the great O'Brien, was created Lord Ibracken in 1543.

^{page 142 note h} 1542 in MS. but an error for 1543.

^{page 142 note i} St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury.

^{page 142 note k} Dr. Edward Crome.

^{page 143 note a} Katharine Parr married, first, John Nevill, Lord Latimer, but, becoming a widow in 1542, married, the next year, King Henry VIII. whom she surviYed, and had for her third husband Thomas Lord Seymour.

^{page 143 note b} Robert Testwood.

^{page 143 note c} Sacramentarians or Protestants. It is somewhat singular that Henry should have continued to persecute the Protestants after his marriage with Katharine Parr, who is said to have been well versed in the new learning, and a sincere convert to Protestantism.

^{page 143 note d} The Emperor and Henry agreed to require Francis to renounce his unholy alliance with the Great Turk, and upon his refusal made that a cause of hostilities, the real object being to compel him to give security for the more punctual payment of his tributary pensions to his Majesty of England.

^{page 145 note a} It was enacted in Parliament, shortly after the appearance of the King's book, that the Bible should not be read in public, nor in any private families except such as were of noble or gentle degree; the opening of the book being made an offence to be punished by one month's imprisonment in the case of artificers, apprentices, journeymen, servants, women, and all other persons of low degree.

^{page 145 note b} Entitled “A necessary doctrine and erudition for any Christian Man.” This book, which was called the “King's Book,” differed materially from the “Institutions of a Christian Man,” published six years before, and now called the “Bishops' Book.”

^{page 145 note c} Cranmer was obliged to order that the “King's Book,” which contained the dogmas he most detested, should be published in every diocese, and followed by every preacher as an infallible rule.

^{page 145 note d} Charles V.

^{page 145 note e} William Duke of Rarenstein became Duke of Cleves and Juliers in 1539.

^{page 145 note f} November 3rd.

^{page 146 note a} An old form of the word “ducking;” thus we find “dobchick,” a small waterfowl of the duck kind.

^{page 146 note b} Cucking-stool, a kind of chair fastened to a long pole, turning on a swivel, to duck scolding or disorderly women in the water.

^{page 146 note c} Michaelmas Term, 1543, was adjourned to St. Alban's on account of the plague then raging in London.

^{page 146 note d} February 2nd.

^{page 146 note e} The King's officers having obtained returns which showed the value of each man's estate, Henry addressed a royal letter to every person rated at 50l. per annum and upwards, requesting a certain sum by way of loan. To refuse being dangerous, in most cases the King got the money he asked for, and then he made Parliament vote him a grant of all the money so raised, as well as whatever sums he had borrowed from any of his subjects since the thirty-first year of his reign.

^{page 146 note f} 35 Henry VIII. cap. 12.

^{page 146 note g} In 1536.

^{page 147 note a} The Court of Hustings was held in the Guildhall, and in it pleas of land and real property were sued, wills enrolled, &c. It still exists, but is not much used.—Vide Norton's “Franchises of London.”

^{page 147 note b} Danzig and Bremen.

^{page 147 note c} Under the Earl of Hertford and Sir Ralph Evers.

^{page 148 note a} During the last four years of Henry's reign executions for religion became less frequent. It is said that only twenty-four persons were put to death for this cause, fourteen of them being Protestants, who were burned, the other ten Papists, or Recusants on the subject of the Supremacy, who were hanged.

^{page 148 note b} The King borrowed of the twelve Livery Companies of the City the sum of 21,263l. 6s. 8d. upon a mortgage of Crown lands.

^{page 148 note c} Henry, having entered into a league with the Emperor Charles V. against Francis I. left Katharine Parr regent, and passed over to Calais with 30,000 men, accompanied by the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, and many of the nobility and gentry.

^{page 149 note a} Boulogne, being besieged by Henry in person, surrendered after a siege of two months through the cowardice of Vervin, the governor, who was afterwards beheaded for this dishonourable capitulation.

^{page 149 note b} The number of all the men of war within the town that were strong and able to serve were, of horsemen 67, of footmen 1,563, of hurt men 87, of women and children 1,927, beside a great number of aged and sick persons, not able to depart with the rest.—Stow.

^{page 149 note c} Rymer gives Henry's own journal of this expedition, which is a curious document.

^{page 149 note d} Having garrisoned Boulogne, and destroyed the church of “Our Ladye” there, Henry returned to England sorely impoverished, and deserted by his ally the Emperor, who had concluded peace with Francis on his own account.

^{page 150 note a} Pilling or peeling, from the French “piller;” from which is also derived “pillage.”

^{page 150 note b} The making of rhymes or political squibs was ranked as a species of treason in ancient times, and was not unfrequently punished with death; thus in the third year of Richard III. we read in Arnold that Wylliam Colyngbourno was arraigned in the Guildhall “for a rhyme which was laid to his charge, that he should make in derision of the King and his Council, as followeth:

‘The catte, the ratte, and Lorell our dogge, Rulyth all Englande under a hogge.’

By which was meant that Catisby, Ratclyffe, and the Lord Lovell, ruled the land under the King, who bore the white boar for his conysance.” For the which he was put to a most cruel death at Tower Hill.

^{page 151 note a} Twelfth-tide, the twelfth day after Christmas, or Epiphany.

^{page 151 note b} The English people, who had made a spirited resistance to this illegal mode of raising money in the time of Cardinal Wolsey, were now fain to submit and pay.

^{page 151 note c} Omitted in MS.

^{page 151 note d} Alderman Reed was taken prisoner by the Scots in the Tery first engagement, and was made to pay a heavy ransom.

^{page 151 note e} Alderman Roach, for protesting against the illegality of the benevolence, was accused of using uncivil and seditious words to the Commissioners.

^{page 151 note f} When he purchased his liberty from the King.

^{page 152 note a} The six-and-twentieth of January there camped on the west side of Boulogne, beyond the haven, an army of French to the number of 14,000, where they lay ten days; and the sixth of February were put to flight by the Earl of Hertford and Sir John Dudley, Lord Admiral, then being deputy of Boulogne.—Stow.

^{page 152 note b} Oudart du Biez, Marshal of France, and late Governor of Boulogne.

^{page 152 note c} Corporas was the old name of the corporale or communion-cloth.

^{page 153 note a} In this same year Stow was in great danger by reason of a false accusation given in against him by a priest; but the priest's perjury, either against him or some other, at length was discovered, and met with its due desert; the priest being adjudged in the Star Chamber to stand upon the pillory, and have his cheek marked with F. A. for false accusing.—Life of Stow, by John Strype, prefixed to his Survey of London, ed. 1754.

^{page 153 note b} The Easterlings were a company of merchants trading to North Germany and the Baltic.

^{page 153 note c} The ancient parishes of Jedworth and Old Jedworth now form part of Jedburgh.

^{page 153 note d} Battalions.

^{page 153 note e} At the battle of Ancrum Moor on the Teviot.

^{page 154 note a} April 23rd.

^{page 154 note b} April 24th.

^{page 154 note c} The Princess Mary.

^{page 154 note d} Confirmation.

^{page 154 note e} Court of Augmentation.

^{page 154 note f} Thursday after Trinity Sunday.

^{page 155 note a} Anne Askew was the second daughter of Sir William Askew, of Kelsey, in Lincolnshire; she was married at an early age, as is said, against her will, to Kyme, a rich neighbour, who had originally courted her elder sister.

^{page 155 note b} Being in London, Anne Askew not only spoke boldly against transubstantiation and other Popish dogmas, but attempted to convert several of the ladies about the Court, giving them books and tracts.

^{page 156 note a} This acquittal of Anne Askew is not mentioned by Fox.

^{page 156 note b} Land about Bremen.

^{page 156 note c} Probably a mistake for “roofs.”

^{page 157 note a} The Old Man was a tower standing without the town, which served as a landmark to direct vessels entering the haven of Boulogne.

^{page 157 note b} Hayre-de-Grace in Normandy.

^{page 157 note c} Du Bellay (Mémoires, ed. Petitot, vol. iii. p. 563) calls it “le Carraquon,” but this appears to mean only “the great carrack.”

^{page 157 note d} Brighton.

^{page 157 note e} To which Stow adds the explanation, “a ship.”

^{page 158 note a} The French said that they had sunk her by their fire, the English that she had gone down through great negligence, being overladen with ordnance, and having her ports very low.

^{page 158 note b} Sir George Carew was a naval captain, councillor of Calais, and lieutenant of Ruisbank.

^{page 158 note c} A fleet of sixty ships of war was collected at Portsmouth under the flag of Dudley Lord Lisle, High Admiral.

^{page 158 note d} Lisle, after a distant cannonading, retired into Portsmouth Harbour, where the King then was.

^{page 158 note e} After holding a council of war the French admiral, Anncbaut, determined to defer the conquest of the Isle of Wight, as originally intended, and sailed away towards Dover, landing occasionally to burn and destroy.

^{page 158 note f} In several instances, as at Newhaven, the Frenchmen got worse than they gave, being soon driven away, with the loss of their captain and many soldiers, by the inhabitants.

^{page 160 note a} On the 18th August, 1545.

^{page 160 note b} The Duke of Suffolk, who was brother in-law of Henry VIII., having married Mary, the King's sister, and dowager of Louis XII., died on the 22nd August, 1545.

^{page 160 note c} It was the object of the French admiral, having temporarily obtained the command of the Channel, to prevent the English from victualling Boulogne, or from sending reinforcements of ships from the Thames to Portsmouth.

^{page 160 note d} Tréport in Normandy.

^{page 161 note a} In the years 1525 and 1535.

^{page 162 note a} The 24th of November began a Parliament wherein was granted to the King a subsidy of 2s. 8d. in the pound of goods and 4s. of land. Also all colleges, chantries, and hospitals, were committed to the King's order to alter and transpose, which he promised to do to the glory of God and the common profit of the realm.—Stow.

^{page 162 note b} appears.

^{page 163 note a} Or gowns.

^{page 163 note b} The stewes on the banke side of the Thames, in Southwark.—Stow.

^{page 163 note c} Sir Martin Bowes.

^{page 163 note d} By this treaty Henry agreed to restore to the French King the town of Boulogne upon payment of 800,000 crowns within the next eight years.

^{page 164 note a} Edmond Bonner.

^{page 164 note b} This was the last show of the rich crosses and copes in London, for shortly after they, with other the church plate, were called into the King's treasury and wardrobe.—Stow.

^{page 164 note c} Probably a clerical error for “went.”

^{page 164 note d} The church of St. Michael's le Querne, in Cheapside, where the corn-market was held, hence the church was called St. Michael's ad bladum, or at the corn, “querne” signifying both “corn” and “mill.”

^{page 164 note e} The Stokes or Stocks market was situated at the junction of Lombard Street and Cornhill, on the site of the present Mansion House.

^{page 164 note f} Of the peace concluded with France.

^{page 165 note a} Or Clarencieux, so named from this herald being attached to the Duke of Clarence in the reign of Edward IV.

^{page 165 note b} Rouge Dragon.

^{page 165 note c} Sir Martin Bowes.

^{page 165 note d} Oudart de Biez, Marshal of France, and late Governor of Boulogne.

^{page 166 note a} Probably a clerical error for “drinking.”

^{page 166 note b} Omitted in MS.

^{page 166 note c} Probably a clerical error for “to.”

^{page 167 note a} Other authorities call him John Adlams or Adams.

^{page 167 note b} For asserting their disbelief of the corporeal presence.

^{page 168 note a} Of the King's household.

^{page 168 note b} He had borne the most wretched captivity and poverty, but he could not face the stake.

^{page 168 note c} Torture, having been again introduced into English judicature, it was now almost invariably applied to extort confession.

^{page 168 note d} She was tortured in the presence of the Chancellor Wriothesley and of Rich, both of whom are said to have applied their own hands to the infernal instrument, but without effect.

^{page 168 note e} John Frith, burnt in 1534 for his opinions on transubstantiation, and for his hook against the doctrine of purgatory.

^{page 168 note f} William Tyndale, who printed thefirstEnglish translation of the New Testament at Antwerp in 1526.

^{page 169 note a} George Joye.

^{page 169 note b} A satirist of Wolsey.

^{page 169 note c} Probably this refers to the “Answer that the Preachers of the Gospel at Basel made for the True Administration of the Holy Supper,” translated by Geo. Bancrofte.

^{page 169 note d} Dr. Barnes.

^{page 169 note e} Miles Coverdale, who completed the first English version of the Bible.

^{page 169 note f} Probably William Turner, who wrote “A Preservative or Triacle against the poison of Pelagius.” There was also Cyril Tourneur, but he was a dramatic writer.

^{page 169 note g} John Lascelles.

^{page 170 note a} October 13th.

^{page 171 note a} Claude d'Annebaut, the French Admiral. He was Governor of Normandy and Marshal of France.

^{page 171 note b} Rouen.

^{page 171 note c} The Sacre of Dieppe and 12 galleys.—Stow.

^{page 172 note a} St. Michael's le Querne, now united with St. Vedast, Foster Lane.

^{page 172 note b} He lodged two nights at the Bishop of London's palace, and then rode to Hampton Court, where the King lay.—Stow.

^{page 172 note c} A confection or cake made with very little flour and a great quantity of filberts, almonds, &c. It was a constant article in the desserts of our ancestors.— See Ben Jonson, vol. ii. p. 295.

^{page 173 note a} Wax tapers.

^{page 173 note b} Prince Edward, who has not been mentioned before as appearing in public.

^{page 173 note c} Who welcomed him, and in great triumph went to the chapel, where the King received his oath to perform the articles of the league. I omit to speak of huntings and banquetings, which were wonderful.—Stow.

^{page 173 note d} To the value of l,200 pounds.

^{page 173 note e} Montreuil in Hcardy.

^{page 174 note a} John Dudley Viscount Lisle, afterwards Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland.

^{page 174 note b} Mélun, in the Isle of France.

^{page 174 note c} Malines.

^{page 175 note a} In London Wall, directly against the north end of Coleman Street, is a conduit of water, made at the charges of Thomas Exmew, goldsmith, Lord Mayor in 1517.—Stow's Survey.

^{page 175 note b} By the east end of St. Stephen's church is placed a cock of sweet water, taken of the main pipe that goeth to Lothberie.—Stow's Survey.

^{page 176 note a} October 29th.

^{page 176 note b} Testons, an old silver coin, formerly worth 12d.

^{page 177 note a} Sir Henry Hubarthorne.

^{page 177 note b} Lord St. John, who was Lord Steward or Lord Great Master of the King's household.

^{page 177 note c} St. Nicholas Shambles.

^{page 177 note d} St. Ewin's.

^{page 178 note a} Sir Henry Hubarthorne.

^{page 179 note a} The Parliament had authorised Henry VIII. to settle the succession by will, and this document is now in the Public Record Office.

^{page 180 note a} Probably Lord St. John, who was made Lord High Steward in 1545.

^{page 180 note b} cape.

^{page 181 note a} Night.

^{page 181 note b} William Frankleyn.

^{page 181 note c} St. George's Chapel, where the college of St. George meets.

^{page 182 note a} Sudley.

^{page 182 note b} Westminster Abbey.

^{page 183 note a} Lord St. John was Lord Steward or Lord Great Master of the King's Household.

^{page 184 note a} Omitted in MS.

^{page 184 note b} Whittington's College and Hospital.

^{page 185 note a} Louvain.

^{page 185 note b} As in cases of treason.

^{page 185 note c} Date of the month omitted in MS.

^{page 186 note a} Probably a clerical error for “he tooke every one of them by the hand.”

^{page 186 note b} Richmond.

^{page 186 note c} Sainct John in MS.

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