Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T04:57:04.914Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Integrated systematics of the Simuliidae (Diptera): evolutionary relationships of the little-known Palearctic black fly Simulium acrotrichum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2012

Peter H. Adler  and
Yao Te Huang
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Simulium (Simulium) acrotrichum Rubtsov, a black fly from Central Asia, provides a platform for examining the evolutionary relationships of selected species groups in the subgenus Simulium Latreille. The female, male, pupa, and larva of S. acrotrichum are properly associated and morphologically redescribed and illustrated. The banding sequence of the larval polytene chromosomes is compared with that of the Simulium subgeneric standard, from which it differs by nearly 30 fixed rearrangements. Structural and chromosomal features indicate that S. acrotrichum is the sister species of S. flavidum Rubtsov. Simulium acrotrichum can be placed confidently in a group consisting of the S. malyschevi Dorogostaisky, Rubtsov, and Vlasenko and S. reptans (L.) groups, which are part of a larger clade that also includes the S. jenningsi Malloch group. This more inclusive clade is defined chromosomally by a minimum of four fixed inversions, compared with the standard map for the subgenus Simulium. All four inversions are uniquely derived relative to the two selected outgroups, Simulium (Psilozia) vittatum Zetterstedt and Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer). The independent monophyly of the S. malyschevi and S. reptans groups, however, cannot be tested without study of additional group members. The problems illustrated by the taxonomic identity and phylogenetic placement of S. acrotrichum argue for an integrated approach to simuliid systematics, drawing from the character stores of morphology, cytology, and molecular biology.

Résumé

Simulium (Simulium) acrotrichum Rubtsov, une simulie d'Asie Centrale, fournit une base pour l'examen des relations évolutives de certains groupes d'espèces choisis au sein du sous-genre Simulium Latreille. Nous établissons les associations correctes entre la femelle, le mâle, la nymphe et la larve de S. acrostrictum et en décrivons et illustrons la morphologie. Nous comparons la séquence des bandes sur les chromosomes polytènes de la larve aux standards du sous-genre Simulium dont elle diffère par presque 30 réarrangements fixes. Les caractères structuraux et chromosomiques indiquent que S. acrotrichum est l'espèce-sæur de S. flavidum Rubtsov. On peut avec confiance placer S. acrotricum dans un ensemble comprenant les groupes de S. malyschevi Dorogostaisky, Rubstov et Vlasenko et de S. reptans (L.), qui font partie d'un clade élargi qui contient aussi le groupe de S. jenningsi Malloch. Ce clade plus inclusif se définit par un minimum de quatre inversions chromosomiques fixes, par rapport à la carte standard du sous-genre Simulium. Les quatre inversions sont toutes dérivées de manière unique par rapport aux deux groupes externes sélectionnés, Simulium (Psilozia) vittatum Zetterstedt et Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer). Cependant la monophylie indépendante des groupes de S. mayschevi et de S. reptans ne peut être testée sans l'examen d'autres membres de ces groupes. Les problèmes illustrés par l'identité taxonomique et le placement taxonomique de S. acrotrichum sont un argument pour une approche intégrée à la systématique des simuliidés qui tirerait avantage des banques de caractères morphologiques, cytologiques et moléculaires.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Research Article
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 143 , Issue 6 , December 2011 , pp. 612 - 628
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, P.H. Crosskey, R.W. 2011. World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory(2011) [online]. Available from http://entweb.clemson.edu/biomia/pdfs/blackflyinventory.pdf [accessed 1 March 2011].Google Scholar
Adler, P.H. Kachvorian, E.A. 2001. Cytogenetics of the Holarctic black fly Simulium noelleri (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79: 1972–1979. 10.1139/cjz-79-11-1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, P.H. Currie, D.C. Wood, D.M. 2004. The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.Google Scholar
Adler, P.H. Cheke, R.A. Post, R.J. 2010. Evolution, epidemiology, and population genetics of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 10: 846–865. 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.07.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, B.V. 1993. A further chemical alternative to critical-point-drying for preparing small (or large) flies. Fly Times, 11: 10.Google Scholar
Chubareva, L.A. Petrova, N.A. 2008. Tsitologicheskie karty politennykh khromosom i nekotorye morfologicheskie osobennosti krovososushchikh moshek Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran (Diptera: Simuliidae): atlas. [Cytological maps of polytene chromosomes and some morphological features of bloodsucking black flies of Russia and adjacent countries (Diptera: Simuliidae): atlas.] Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdanii KMK, St. Petersburg, Russia.Google Scholar
Gornostaeva, R.M. Balkarova, L.M. Gachegova, T.A. 1969. Gnats in the area of construction of the Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydro-Power Station. Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni, 38: 713–720. [In Russian with English summary.].Google ScholarPubMed
Konurbaev, E.O. 1984. Moshki (Diptera, Simuliidae) Srednei Azii. [Black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Central Asia.] Akademiya Nauk Kirgizckoi SSR, Izdatel'stvo “Ilim”, Frunze.Google Scholar
Moulton, J.K. Adler, P.H. 1995. Revision of the Simulium jenningsi species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 121: 1–57.Google Scholar
Pasternak, J. 1964. Chromosome polymorphism in the blackfly Simulium vittatum (Zett.). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 42: 135–158. 10.1139/z64-013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrusheva, V.D. 1976. Fauna and zoogeography of black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Siberia and the Far East. In Fauna gel'mintov i chlenistonogikh Sibiri. [The helminth and arthropod fauna of Siberia.] Edited by Zolotarenko, G.S. Izdatel'stvo “Nauka”, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Novosibirsk, USSR. pp. 309–325.Google Scholar
Patrusheva, V.D. 1982. Black flies of Siberia and the Far East. Izdatel'stvo “Nauka”, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Novosibirsk, USSR. [In Russian.].Google Scholar
Procunier, W.S. 1984. Cytological identification of pest species of the Simulium arcticum complex present in the Athabasca River and associated tributaries. Final Technical Report No. 82-0101, Alberta Research Council Farming for the Future, Lethbridge, Alberta.Google Scholar
Rothfels, K.H. 1979. Cytotaxonomy of black flies (Simuliidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 24: 507–539. 10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.002451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothfels, K.H. Dunbar, R.W. 1953. The salivary gland chromosomes of the black fly Simulium vittatum Zett. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 31: 226–241. 10.1139/z53-020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothfels, K. Feraday, R. Kaneps, A. 1978. A cytological description of sibling species of Simulium venustum and S. verecundum with standard maps for the subgenus Simulium Davies [sic] (Diptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56: 1110–1128. 10.1139/z78-155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubtsov, I.A. 1947. The composition, relationships, geographical distribution and probable origin of the black fly fauna of Central Asia. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR (Seriya Biologicheskaya), 1: 87–116. [In Russian, with summary and species descriptions in English.].Google Scholar
Rubtsov, I.A. 1951. On the systematics of black flies (Simuliidae, Diptera) of Central Asia. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 9(3): 743–860. [In Russian.].Google Scholar
Rubtsov, I.A. 1956. Moshki (sem. Simuliidae). [Blackflies (fam. Simuliidae).] Fauna of the USSR, New Series No. 64, Insects, Diptera 6 (6). Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow and Leningrad [=St. Petersburg]. [In Russian. English translation: 1990. Blackflies (Simuliidae). 2nd ed. Fauna of the USSR. Diptera, 6 (6). E.J. Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands.].Google Scholar
Rubtsov [“Rubzow”], I.A. 1962. Simuliidae (Melusinidae) [part]. In Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region (III) 14. Edited by Lindner, E.. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany. pp. 433–464.Google Scholar
Rubtsov [“Rubzow”], I.A. 1963. Simuliidae (Melusinidae) [part]. In Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region (III) 14. Edited by Lindner, E. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany. pp. 561–592.Google Scholar
Rubtsov, I.A. 1971. On the black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Mongolia. Entomological Review, 50: 47–50.Google Scholar
Rubtsov, I.A. Shakirzyanova, M.S. 1976. On the blackfly fauna (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Kazakhstan. Trudy Instituta Zoologii, Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, 36: 18–35.Google Scholar
Rubtsov, I.A. Violovich, N.A. 1965. Moshki Tuvy. [Black flies of Tuva.] “Nauka”, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Novosibirsk, USSR.Google Scholar
Shields, G.F. Procunier, W.S. 1982. A cytological description of sibling species of Simulium (Gnus) arcticum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Polar Biology, 1: 181–192. 10.1007/BF00287005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takaoka, H. Saito, K. 2007. A list of Japanese species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proceedings of the Research Group of Pestology, 4: 44–60. [In Japanese with English abstract.].Google Scholar
Tangkawanit, U. Kuvangkadilok, C. Baimai, V. Adler, P.H. 2009. Cytosystematics of the Simulium tuberosum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155: 289–315. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00433.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Violovich, N.A. 1965. The blood-sucking Diptera of Tuva. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 44: 832–838. [In Russian, with full English translation in Entomological Review, 44: 489–492.].Google Scholar
Yankovsky, A.V. 2003. A key for the identification of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Russia and adjacent countries (former USSR). Opredeliteli po faune Rossii, 170. [Handbook for the identification of the fauna of Russia, 170.] Zoologicheskii Institut, Rossiiskoi Adademii, St. Petersburg, Russia. [In Russian.].Google Scholar