Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:55:16.722Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

SOUND PRODUCTION IN SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) WITH EMPHASIS ON THE GENUS IPS1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Barbara A. Barr
Barbara A. Barr
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The "pars stridens–plectrum" terminology of stridulatory organs is discussed. A list of 77 species of Scolytidae known or presumed to bear stridulatory structures is presented. The three types of scolytid stridulatory organs, vertex–pronotal, gula–prosternal, and elytra–abdominal tergites, are described and discussed.All North American species in the genus Ips were examined for stridulatory organs. The gula–prosternal type was found on females, and possibly males, of I. concinnus (Mannerheim) and I. mexicanus (Hopkins). The vertex–pronotal type occurs on females of 14 other species. No stridulatory structures were found on either sex of the remaining 17 Ips species. Females of 15 of the 18 pine-infesting species have stridulatory organs, while 14 of the 15 spruce-infesting species apparently lack them. Female I. confusus (LeConte) stridulate when entering the male entrance tunnels. Removal of the stridulatory organ has two effects: males do not permit some of these non-stridulating females to enter, and they deny entry to others for an unusually long period of time.Possession of a stridulatory apparatus in the Scolytidae appears to be associated with the sex opposite to that which initiates the entrance tunnel.No significant differences were found between gallery systems constructed by female I. confusus with the stridulatory organ removed and those constructed by stridulating females except that more single stridulating females excavated two or more egg galleries from a nuptial chamber.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 101 , Issue 6 , June 1969 , pp. 636 - 672
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1969

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, R. D. 1967. Acoustical communication in arthropods. A. Rev. Ent. 12: 495–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, D. G., Michael, R. R., and Stone, S. A.. 1958. Sounds of Douglas fir beetle activity. Oreg. For. Lands Res. Center Res. Note 36.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. F. 1948. Host selection by the pine engraver. J. econ. Ent. 41: 596–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, R. H. Jr., 1963. The beetles of the United States (a manual for identification). Catholic Univ. of America Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Arrow, G. J. 1904. Sound-production in the lamellicorn beetles. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. for 1904: 709–750.Google Scholar
Ashlock, P. D., and Lattin, J. D.. 1963. Stridulatory mechanisms in the Lygaeidae, with a new American genus of Orsillinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 56: 693–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakke, A. 1967. Pheromon in the bark beetle, Ips acuminatus Gyll. Z. angew. Ent. 59: 49–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balachowsky, A. 1949. Coléoptères Scolytides. Faune Fr. 50: 1–320.Google Scholar
Bedard, W. D. 1965. The biology of Tomicobia tibialis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitizing Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in California. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 23: 77–81.Google Scholar
Blackman, M. W. 1915. Observations on the life history and habits of Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine. N.Y. St. Coll. For. Tech. Publ. 2, pp. 11–66.Google Scholar
Blackwelder, R. E. 1939. Fourth supplement 1933 to 1938 (inclusive) to the Leng catalogue of Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, N.Y.Google Scholar
Blackwelder, R. E., and Blackwelder, R. M.. 1948. Fifth supplement 1939 to 1947 (inclusive) to the Leng catalogue of Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, N.Y.Google Scholar
Blair, K. G. 1926. Some insect musicians. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. for 1926–27: 11–23.Google Scholar
Borden, J. H. 1967. Factors influencing the response of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to male attractant. Can. Ent. 99: 1164–1193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bushing, R. W. 1967. Parasites of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with particular reference to Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Tormyidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, W. J. 1939. The bark and timber beetles of North America north of Mexico. OSC Cooperative Association, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. A. 1955. Sex determination by stridulation sounds in the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. Bi-mon. Prog. Rep. Div. Forest Biol., Ottawa 11 (3): 2.Google Scholar
Chapman, T. A. 1869. Observations on the oeconomy of the British species of Scolytus. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 6: 126–131.Google Scholar
China, W. E. 1963. Opinion 670. Dendroctonus Erichson, 1836 (Insecta, Coleoptera): designation of a type-species under the plenary powers with addition of Tomicus Latreille, [1802–1803] to the official list. Bull. zool. Nom. 20: 276–278.Google Scholar
Clemens, W. A. 1916. The pine bark beetle. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 383.Google Scholar
Cole, W. E., and Weenig, C.. 1967. A technique for inducing attacks and mating of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (= monticolae) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 60: 857–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creighton, W. S. 1953. New data on the habits of Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) ulcerosus Wheeler. Psyche, Camb. 60: 82–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doane, R. W., et al. 1936. Forest insects. McGraw-Hill, New York and London.Google Scholar
Doyen, J. T. 1966. The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Misc. Publs ent. Soc. Am. 5: 103–150.Google Scholar
Dudich, E. 1920. Über den Stridulationsapparat einiger Käfer. Ent. Bl. Biol. Syst. Käfer 16: 146–161.Google Scholar
Dudich, E.. 1921. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Stridulationsorgane der Käfer. I. Ent. Bl. Biol. Syst. Käfer 17: 136–140, 145–155.Google Scholar
Dumortier, B. 1963. Morphology of sound emission apparatus in Arthropoda, pp. 277–345. In Busnel, R.-G. (ed.), Acoustic behaviour of animals. Elsevier; Amsterdam, London, and New York.Google Scholar
Eggers, H. 1934. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkäfer (Ipidae, Col.). Ent. NachrBl., Troppau 8: 25–29.Google Scholar
Escherich, K. 1923. Die Forstinsekten Mitteleuropas, Vol. II. Paul Parey, Berlin.Google Scholar
Gahan, C. J. 1900. Stridulating organs in Coleoptera. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. for 1900: 433–452.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, M. 1910. Ipidae. In Schenkling, S. (ed.), Coleoptm Cat., Part 4.Google Scholar
Haskell, P. T. 1961. Insect sounds. Quadrangle Books, Chicago.Google Scholar
Haskell, P. T. 1964. Sound production, pp. 563–608. In Rockstein, M. (ed.), The physiology of Insecta, Vol. I. Academic Press, New York and London.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. D. 1909. Contributions toward a monograph of the scolytid beetles. I. The genus Dendroctonus. U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. 17, Part I.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. D. 1911. Contributions toward a monograph of the bark-weevils of the genus Pissodes. US. Dep. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. 20, Part I.Google Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963 a. Generic characters in the tribe Ipini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with a new species, a new combination, and new synonymy. Can. Ent. 95: 61–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963 b. The natural groups of species in the genus Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Can. Ent. 95: 508–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963 c. The North Amercian species in group I of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 95: 1091–1096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963 d. The North American species in groups II and III of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 95: 1202–1210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1964. The North American species in groups IV and V of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 96: 970–978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 a. The North American species in group VI of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 533–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 b. The North American species in group VII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 193–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 c. The North American species in group VIII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 159–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 d. North American species in group IX of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 422–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 e. The North American species in group X of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 803–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakl, H. L. 1959. Schrillorgane bei Käfern. Mikrokosmos 48: 105–108.Google Scholar
Jantz, O. K., and Johnsey, R. L.. 1964. Determination of sex of the Douglas-fir beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 96: 1327–1329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaston, B. J. 1936. The morphology of the elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff). Conn. (New Haven) agric. Exp. Stn Bull. 387.Google Scholar
Kéler, S. 1922. Aparat dźwiekowy u Myelophilus piniperda L. Rozpr. Wiad. Muz., Dziedusz. 5–6: 128–140.Google Scholar
Kleine, R. 1920. Der Stridulationsapparat der Ipidae I. Ent. Bl. Biol. Syst. Käfer 16: 214–217.Google Scholar
Kleine, R. 1921. Der Stridulationsapparat der Ipidae II. Ent. Bl. Biol. Syst. Käfer 17: 22–26.Google Scholar
Kleine, R. 1932. Der Stridulationsapparat der Ipidae (III.). Ent. Rdsch. 49: 7–11.Google Scholar
Knoche, E. 1904. Beiträge zur Generationsfrage der Borkenkäfer. III. Entwicklung der Jungkäfer. Forstwiss. Centrbl. 26: 536–550.Google Scholar
Krausse, A. 1917. Hexapodologische Notizen. (V. 69–84). Arch. Naturgesch. 83, Abt.A(11): 72–77.Google Scholar
Lanier, G. N. 1967. Biosystematic, cytological and sex ratio studies of closely related bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.Google Scholar
Lanier, G. N., and Wood, D. L.. 1968. Controlled mating, karyology, morphology, and sex-ratio in the Dendroctonus ponderosae complex. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61: 517–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latreille, P. A. 1796. Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel. F. Bordeaux, Brive.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, N.Y.Google Scholar
Leng, C. W., and Mutchler, A. J.. 1927. Supplement 1919 to 1924 (inclusive) to catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, N.Y.Google Scholar
Leng, C. W., and Mutchler, A. J.. 1933. Second and third supplements 1925 to 1932 (inclusive) to catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, N.Y.Google Scholar
Lengerken, H. v. 1927. Coleoptera IV. In Schulze, P. (ed.), Biologie Tiere Dtl. Lfg. 24, Teil 40, pp. 169–346.Google Scholar
Lindemann, K. 1875. Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Borkenkäer Russlands. Byull. mosk. Obshch. Ispyt. Prir. (Bull. Soc. Imp. nat. Moscou) 49(1): 131–146.Google Scholar
Lyon, R. L. 1955. A secondary sex character on the male of the California five-spined engraver, Ips confusus (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 87: 482–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, R. L. 1958. A useful secondary sex character in Dendroctonus bark beetles. Can. Ent. 60: 582–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcu, O. 1930 a. Ein neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Geschlechtsunterschiede der Stridulationsorgane einiger Curculioniden. Zool. Anz. 91: 75–81.Google Scholar
Marcu, O. 1930 b. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Stridulationsorgane bei Ipiden. Zool. Anz. 92: 238–242.Google Scholar
Marcu, O. 1931. Ein neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Stridulationsmgane bei Ipiden. Zool. Anz. 94: 32–37.Google Scholar
McCambridge, W. F. 1962. Sexing Black Hills beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 55: 723–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMullen, L. H., and Atkins, M. D.. 1962. On the flight and host selection of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 94: 1309–1325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michalslti, J. 1961. The stridulating organ as a secondary sexual character in Ips sexdentatus Boern. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Annls zool., Warsz. 20: 27–33. (In Polish).Google Scholar
Munro, J. W. 1917. The genus Hylastes, Er., and its importance in forestry: a study in scolytid structure and biology. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb. 20: 123–158.Google Scholar
Nunberg, M. 1950. The stridulating organ of Ips sexdentatus Boern. (Col. Scolytidae). Annls Mus. zool. pol. 14: 135–140.Google Scholar
Nunberg, M. 1954. Korniki – Scolytidae, Wyrynniki – Platypodidae. Klucze Oznacz. Owad. Pol. Part 19, Nos. 99–100.Google Scholar
Osgood, E. A. Jr., and Clark, E. W.. 1963. Methods of sexing and sex ratios of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. Can. Ent. 95: 1106–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostmark, H. E. 1966. The life history, habits, and control of the Arizona five-spined ips, Ips lecontei Swaine. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, A. 1955. Kůrovci – Scolytoidea (Rád: Brouci – Coleoptera). Fauna CSR 6: 1–324.Google Scholar
Pitman, G. B., Kliefoth, R. A., and Vité, J. P.. 1965. Studies on the pheromone of Ips confusus (LeConte). II. Further observations on the site of production. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 23: 13–17.Google Scholar
Reid, R. W. 1957 a. The bark beetle complex associated with lodgepole pine slash in Alberta. Part II — Notes on the biologies of several hymenopterous parasites. Can. Ent. 89: 5–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, R. W. 1957 b. The bark beetle complex associated with lodgepole pine slash in Alberta. Part III — Notes on the biologies of several predators with special reference to Enoclerus sphegeus Fab. (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and two species of mites. Can. Ent. 89: 111–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudinsky, J. A. 1968. Pheromone-mask by the female Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., an attraction regulator. Pan-Pacif. Ent. 44: 248–250.Google Scholar
Russo, G. 1926. Contributo alla conoscenza degli Scolytidi. Studio morfo-biologico del Chaetoptelius vestitus (Muls. e Rey) Fuchs e dei suoi simbionti. Boll. Lab. Zool. gen. agr. Portici 19: 103–260.Google Scholar
Russo, G. 1938. V. Contributo alla conoscenza dei Coleotteri Scolitidi Fleotribo: Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bern.) Fauv. Parte prima. Morfologia, anatomia e istologia. Boll. R. Lab. Ent. agr. Portici 1: 3–260.Google Scholar
Schaufuss, C. 1916. Calwer's Käferbuch. Einführung in die Kenntnis der Käfer Europas, Vol. II. E. Schweizerbart'sche, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Schedl, K. E. 1931. Morphology of the bark-beetles of the genus Gnathotrichus Eichh. Smithson. misc. Collns 82(10): 1–88.Google Scholar
Schedl, K. E. 1948. Bestimmungstabellen der palaeaktischen Borkenkäfer. Teil III. Die Gattung Scolytus Geoffr. Zentbl. Gesamtgeb. Ent. Monogr. 1: 1–66.Google Scholar
Schedl, K. E. 1950. Bestimmungstabellen palaearktischen Borkenkäfer VI. 85. Beitrag zur Systematik und Morphologie der Scolytoidea. Ent. NachrBl., Wien 2: 96–98.Google Scholar
Schedl, K. E. 1962. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkäfer VIII (Coleoptera) 205. Beitrag zur Morphologie und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Beitr. Ent. 12: 485–494.Google Scholar
Scholz, R. 1905. Der Tonapparat von Scolytus Ratzeburgi Janson und die Entwicklung des Tonapparates bei einigen Scolytus-Arten. (Col.). Insektenbörse 22: 143–144.Google Scholar
Schwarz, E. A. 1920. A new scolytid beetle from tropical Florida. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 22: 222–226.Google Scholar
Stark, V. N. 1952. Scolytidae. Fauna SSSR Ser. 18, Vol. 31.Google Scholar
Stickney, F. S. 1923. The head-capsule of Coleoptera. Illinois biol. Monogr. 8(1): 1–104.Google Scholar
Struble, G. R., and Hall, R. C.. 1955. The California five-spined engraver, its biology and control. U.S. Dep. Agric. Circ. 964.Google Scholar
Sudd, J. H. 1967. An introduction to the behavior of ants. St. Martin's Press, N.Y.Google Scholar
Swaine, J. M. 1918. Canadian bark-beetles. Part II. A preliminary classification, with an account of the habits and means of control. Can. Dep. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14.Google Scholar
Tate, N. L., and Bedard, W. D.. 1967. Methods of sexing live adult western pine beetles. J. econ. Ent. 60: 1688–1690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trimble, F. M. 1924. Life history and habits of two Pacific Coast bark beetles. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 17: 382–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhoeff, C. 1895. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Morphologie des Abdomens der Coccinelliden und über die Hinterleibsmuskulatur von Coccinella, … Arch. Naturgesch. 61(1): 1–80.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, C. 1896. Ueber das Abdomen der Scolytiden, ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Morphologie des Hinterleibes der Coleopteren. Arch. Naturgesch. 62(1): 109–144.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, K. W. 1918. Zur vergleichenden Morphologie des Abdomens der Coleopteren und über die phylogenetische Bedeutung desselben, zugleich ein zusammenfassender kritischer Rückblick und neuer Beitrag. Z. wiss. Zool. 117: 130–204.Google Scholar
Vité, J. P. 1965. Die Wirkung pflanzen- und insekteneigener Lockstoffe auf Pityophthorus und Pityogenes (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Naturwissenschaften 52: 267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitté, J. P., and Gara, R. I.. 1962. Volatile attractants from ponderosa pine attacked by bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 21: 251–273.Google Scholar
Vité, J. P., Gara, R. I., and Kliefoth, R. A.. 1963. Collection and bioassay of a volatile fraction attractive to Ips confusus (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 22: 39–50.Google Scholar
Vité, J. P., Gara, R. I., and Scheller, H. D. v.. 1964. Field observations on the response to attractants of bark beetles infesting southern pines. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 22: 461–470.Google Scholar
Wichmann, H. 1912. Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Stridulationsapparates der Borkenkäfer. Ent. Bl. Biol. Syst. Käfer 8: 8–10.Google Scholar
Wichmann, H. 1915. Zur Kenntnis der Ipiden. IV. Ent. Bl. Biol. Syst. Käfer 11: 213–217.Google Scholar
Wichmann, H. 1927. Ipidae. Borkenkäfer. In Schulze, P. (ed.), Biologie Tiere Dtl. Lfg. 25, Teil 40, pp. 347–381.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C. 1962. Stridulating organs in three southeastern Ips bark beetles. Fla Ent. 45: 43–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C. 1964. Attraction and development of Ips bark beetle populations in artificially infested pine bolts exposed on firetowers and turntables in Florida. Fla Ent. 47: 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C., et al. 1967. Stridulation and behavior in two southeastern Ips bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Fla Ent. 50: 185–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, M. 1920. Entomologische Mitteilungen 11. Aufforderung zur Mitarbeit an der Erforschung der Biologie des grossen und kleinen Waldgärtners. Z. Forst-u. Jagdw. 52: 227–247.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L. 1961. Stridulation in the genus Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Pan-Pacif. Ent. 37: 187–188.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L. 1963. Studies on host selection by Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with special reference to Hopkins' host selection principle. Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 27: 241–282.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L., and Vité, J. P.. 1961. Studies on the host selection behavior of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Pinus ponderosa. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 21: 79–95.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L., et al. 1966. Sex pheromones of bark beetles — I. Mass production, bio-assay, source, and isolation of the sex pheromone of Ips confusus (LeC.). J. Insect Physiol. 12: 523–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, S. L. 1963. A revision of the bark beetle genus Dendroctonus Erichson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Gt Basin Nat. 23: 1–117.Google Scholar
Wood, S. L. 1966. New synonymy in the Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Gt Basin Nat. 26: 17–33.Google Scholar
Wood, S. L. 1968. New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), Part III. Gt Basin Nat. 28: 1–15.Google Scholar
Wray, C. 1951. Biology of Ips calligraphus Germar. M. F. Thesis, School of Forestry, Duke Univ.Google Scholar
Zocchi, R. 1956. Insetti del cipresso. I. Il Gen. Phloeosinus Chap. (Coleoptera Scolytidae) in Italia. Redia 41: 129–225.Google Scholar