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Modification of galls of Diplolepis triforma (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) by the parasitoids Eurytoma spongiosa (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Glyphomerus stigma (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Jonathan J. Leggo  and
Joseph D. Shorthouse
Jonathan J. Leggo
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
Joseph D. Shorthouse*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
*
2Corresponding author (e-mail: jshorthouse@laurentian.ca).
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Abstract

Stem galls induced by the cynipid Diplolepis triforma Shorthouse and Ritchie are frequently inhabited by several species of parasitic chalcids and ichneumonids that consume inducers or other parasitoids. Two of these parasitoids, the eurytomid Eurytoma spongiosa Bugbee and the torymid Glyphomerus stigma (Fabr.), consume gall tissues after they have consumed their insect hosts and are considered entomophytophagous. Both are koinobiont ectoparasitoids. Eurytoma spongiosa oviposits within gall chambers and attacks larvae of the inducer throughout the summer season, from the early growth phase of the galls until the galls mature. If the inducer is killed by E. spongiosa in early summer, nutritive gall cells degenerate into vacuolate parenchyma and are consumed. If the inducer is killed later in the summer, when galls begin to mature, nutritive cells persist in the chambers for about 1 week before degenerating. Glyphomerus stigma kills and consumes inducer larvae when galls are maturing. New nutritive cells appear under the influence of G. stigma and are then consumed. The ability of entomophytophagous chalcids to promote the formation of gall cells provides insight into the derivation of the gall-inducing guild.

Résumé

Les galles sur les tiges provoquées par le cynipidé Diplolepis triforma Shorthouse et Ritchie sont souvent habitées par plusieurs espèces de chalcidés et d'ichneumonidés parasites qui se nourrissent des insectes galligènes et d'autres parasitoïdes. Deux de ces parasitoïdes, l'eurytomidé Eurytoma spongiosa Bugbee et le torymidé Glyphomerus stigma (Fabr.), se nourrissent de tissus de la galle après avoir consommé les insectes hôtes et sont considérés comme des entomophytophages. Les deux sont des ectoparasitoïdes coenobiontes. Eurytoma spongiosa pond dans les loges de la galle et attaque les larves de l'insecte galligène au cours de la saison estivale, depuis le début de la croissance jusqu'à la maturité de la galle. Si l'insecte galligène est tué par E. spongiosa au début de l'été, les cellules nourricières de la galle dégénèrent en parenchyme vacuolisé et sont consommées. Si l'hôte est tué plus tard en été au moment du début de la maturation de la galle, les cellules nourricières persistent dans les loges pour environ une semaine avant de dégénérer. Glyphomerus stigma tue les larves galligènes au moment de la maturation de la galle. De nouvelles cellules nourricières se développent sous l'influence de G. stigma et elles sont alors consommées. La capacité qu'ont les chalcoïdes entomophytophages de favoriser la formation de cellules dans la galle ouvre une perspective intéressante sur la dérivation de la guilde des insectes galligènes.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 138 , Issue 5 , October 2006 , pp. 681 - 696
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2006

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