Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:53:06.218Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sortir de la violence : La Commission de vérité et de réconciliation du Canada sur les pensionnats indiens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2017

Brieg Capitaine
Brieg Capitaine*
Affiliation:
École d’études sociologiques et anthropologiques Université d’Ottawabrieg.capitaine@uottawa.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The search for missing or murdered Aboriginal women as well as the enquiry of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) into residential schools both serve as a reminder that violence in Canada does not belong to the past. The individual and collective efforts of victims to express that violence and the deployment of the word “violence” in the public sphere are both part of what this article will analyze: the process of making that violence visible. Using a symbolic approach to power, this article analyzes the ways in which institutional means of justice, such as the TRC, address the making visible of violence from individual, community and societal perspectives.

Résumé

La mobilisation pour les femmes autochtones disparues ou assassinées ainsi que la Commission de vérité et réconciliation (CVR) du Canada sur les pensionnats indiens nous rappellent que la violence au Canada n’appartient pas au passé. Le travail individuel et collectif des victimes pour exprimer cette violence et le déploiement de cette parole dans l’espace public fait partie du processus de sortie de la violence que cet article se propose d’analyser. Empruntant une approche symbolique du pouvoir, cette recherche analyse la manière dont les dispositifs institutionnels de justice tels que la CVR abordent la sortie de la violence des points de vue individuel, communautaire et sociétal.

Keywords

cultural traumaviolenceTruth and Reconciliation Commissionresidential schoolsPostcolonialismtrauma culturelviolenceCommission de vérité et réconciliationpensionnats indienspostcolonialisme
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Law and Society / La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , December 2017 , pp. 349 - 369
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association / Association Canadienne Droit et Société 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

Alexander, J. C. 2006. The Civil Sphere. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, J. C. 2011. Performance and Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, J. C. 2012. Trauma: A Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, J. C., Eyerman, R., Giesen, B., Smelser, N. J. et Sztompka, P., dir. 2004. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Alfred, T. 2005. Wasáse: Indigenous Pathways of Action and Freedom. Toronto: Toronto University Press.Google Scholar
Alfred, T. 2009. Restitution is the Real Pathway to Justice for Indigenous Peoples. Dans Response, Responsability, and Renewal. Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Journey, sous la direction de Younging, G., Dewar, J. et DeGagné, M., 179–87. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.Google Scholar
Bashir, B., et Kymlicka, W.. 2008. Introduction: Struggles for Inclusion and Reconciliation in Modern Democracies. Dans The politics of reconciliation in multicultural societies, sous la direction de Kymlicka, W. et Bashir, B., 1–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Betasamosake Simpson, L. 2015. The Misery of Settler Colonialism: Roundtable on Glen Coulthard’s Red Skin, White Masks and Audra Simpson’s Mohawk Interruptus. Leanne Simpson (blog). http://leannesimpson.ca/.Google Scholar
Betasamosake Simpson, L. 2016. Land and Reconciliation. Having the Right Conversations. Leanne Simpson (blog). http://leannesimpson.ca/.Google Scholar
Bombay, A., Matheson, K., et Anisma, H.. 24 septembre 2013. The Intergenerational Effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the Concept of Historical Trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry 0 (2013): 1–19, publié en ligne, doi: 10.1177/1363461513503380.Google ScholarPubMed
Corntassel, J., Chaw-win-is, , et T’lakwadzi, . 2009. Indigenous Storytelling, Truth-telling, and Community Approaches to Reconciliation. ESC: English Studies in Canada 35 (1): 139–57.Google Scholar
Coser, L. C. 1982. Les fonctions du conflit social. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Coulthard, G. S. 2007. Subjects of Empire: Indigenous Peoples and the “Politics of Recognition” in Canada. Contemporary Political Theory 6 (4): 437–60.Google Scholar
CVR. 2012a. They Came for the Children: Canada, Aboriginal Peoples, and Residential Schools. Winnipeg: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.Google Scholar
CVR. 2012b. Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada : Rapport intérimaire. Winnipeg: Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada.Google Scholar
CVR. 2013. Reconciliation Dialogue – Be the Change: Young People Healing the Past and Building the Future, Vidéo en ligne http://vimeo.com/78638476.Google Scholar
CVR. 2015a. What We Have Learned: Principles of Thruth and Reconciliation. Winnipeg: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.Google Scholar
CVR. 2015b. Les survivants s’expriment. Un rapport de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada. Winnipeg: Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada.Google Scholar
CVR. 2015c. Pensionnats du Canada: L’histoire, partie 1, des origines à 1939. Rapport final de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada. Montréal et Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, R., et Zannis, M.. 1973. The Genocide Machine in Canada: The Pacification of the North. Montréal: Black Rose Books.Google Scholar
Derrida, J. 2005. Poétique et politique du témoignage. Paris: L’Herne.Google Scholar
Eigenbrod, R. 2013. “For the Child Taken, for the Parent Left Behind”: Residential School Narratives as Acts of “Survivance”. ESC: English Studies in Canada 38 (3-4): 277–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emberley, J. 2013. Epistemic Heterogeneity: Indigenous Storytelling, Testimonial Practices and the Question of Violence in Indian Residential Schools. Dans Reconciling Canada. Critical Perspectives on the Culture of Redress, sous la direction de Henderson, J. et Wakeham, P.. Toronto: University Press of Toronto.Google Scholar
Ensalaco, M. 1994. Truth Commissions for Chile and El Salvador: A Report and Assessment. Human Rights Quaterly 16 (4): 656–75.Google Scholar
Eyerman, R. 2001. Cultural Trauma. Slavery and the Formation of African American Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanon, F. 1952. Peau noire, masques blancs. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Fanon, F. 2002 [1961]. Les damnés de la terre. Paris: La découverte.Google Scholar
Fassin, D., et Rechtman, R.. 2007. L’empire du traumatisme : Enquête sur la condition de victime. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar
Flisfeder, M. A. 2010. A Bridge to Reconciliation: A Critique of the Indian Residential School Truth Commission. The International Indigenous Policy Journal 1 (1): 1–27, doi: 10.18584/iipj.2010.1.1.3 Google Scholar
Fraser, N. 2011. Qu’est-ce que la justice sociale? Reconnaissance et redistribution, Paris: La découverte.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadoua, M.-P. 2010. The Inuit presence at the first Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission national event. Études/Inuit/Studies 34 (2): 167–84.Google Scholar
Gagné, N. 2008. Le savoir comme enjeu de pouvoir. Dans Les politiques de l’enquête. Épreuves ethnographiques, sous la direction de Fassin, D. et Bensa Paris, A., 277–98. Paris: La découverte/Bibliothèque de l’IRIS.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Gone, J. P. 2013. Redressing First Nations Historical Trauma: Theorizing Mechanisms for Indigenous Culture as Mental Health Treatment. Transcultural Psychiatry 50 (5): 683–706.Google Scholar
Goodman, T. 2009. Staging Solidarity: Truth and Reconciliation in a New South Africa. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Goulet, H. 2016. Histoire des pensionnats indiens catholiques au Québec. Le rôle déterminant des pères oblats. Montréal: Presses de l’université de Montréal.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guay, C., et Martin, T.. 2012. Libérer les mots: pour une utilisation éthique de l’approche biographique en contexte autochtone. Éthique publique 14 (1): 305–31.Google Scholar
Haig-Brown, C. 1988. Resistance and Renewal Surviving the Indian Residential School. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press.Google Scholar
Hayner, P. B. Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York: Routledge, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havard, G. 2009. Les Indiens et l’histoire coloniale nord-américaine: les défis de l’ethnohistoire. Dans Sociétés, colonisations et esclavages dans le monde atlantique. Historiographie des sociétés américaines des XVIe-XIXe siècles, sous la direction de Vidal, C. et Ruggiu, F.-J., 95–142. Rennes: Les Perséides.Google Scholar
Henderson, J., et Wakeham, P., dir. 2013. Reconciling Canada. Critical Perspectives on the Culture of Redress. Toronto: University Press of Toronto.Google Scholar
Hirsch, M. 2008. The Generation of Postmemory. Poetics Today 29 (1): 103–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, M. 2012. A Carnival of Truth? Knowledge, Ignorance and the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. International Journal of Transitional Justice 6 (2): 182–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, C. 2011. Canada and the Legacy of the Indian Residential Schools: Transitional Justice for Indigenous People in a Nontransitional Society. Dans Identities in transition: Challenges for transitional justice in divided societies, sous la direction de Paige, A., 217–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, F. 2008. Confessions of a Born Again Pagan. Dans From Truth to Reconciliation: Transforming the Legacy of Residential Schools, sous la direction de Brant Castellano, M., Archibald, L. et DeGagné, M., 11–40. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.Google Scholar
Kershaw, P., et Harkey, T.. 2011. The Politics and Power in Caregiving for Identity: Insights for Indian Residential School Truth and Reconciliation. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 18 (4): 572–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirmayer, J. L., Gone, J. P., et Moses, J.. 2014. Rethinking Historical Trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry 51 (3): 299–319.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, J. L., Lemelson, R., et Barad, M., dir. 2007. Understanding Trauma. Integrating Biological, Clinical and Cultural Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lamont, M., et Bail, C. A.. 2005. Sur les frontières de la reconnaissance. Les catégories internes et externes de l’identité collective. Revue Européenne des migrations internationales 21 (2): 61–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefranc, S., Mathieu, L., et Siméant, J.. 2008. Les victimes écrivent leur Histoire. Introduction. Raisons politiques 30 (2): 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemarchand, R. 1994. Managing Transition Anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in a Comparative Perspective. Journal of Modern African Studies 32 (4): 581–604.Google Scholar
Levi, P. 1989. Les naufragés et les rescapés. Quarante ans après Auschwitz. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
MacDonald, B. D., et Hudson, G.. 2012. The Genocide Question and Indian Residential Schools in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science 45 (2): 427–49.Google Scholar
Martin, T. 2013. Normativité sociale et normativité épistémique. La recherche en milieu autochtone au Canada et dans le monde anglo-saxon. Socio (1): 135–54.Google Scholar
McLachlin, B. 2013. Moments marquants : La Constitution canadienne. Allocution prononcée par la très honorable Beverley McLachlin, C.P. Juge en chef du Canada. Cour Suprême du Canada, consulté le 16 octobre 2017, http://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/spe-dis/bm-2013-02-05-fra.aspx.Google Scholar
Mendeloff, D. 2004. Truth-Seeking, Truth-Telling, and Postconflict Peacebuilding: Curb the Enthusiasm? International Studies Review 6 (3): 355–80.Google Scholar
Mignolo, D. W. 2015. La désobéissance épistémique. Rhétorique de la modernité, logique de la colonialité et grammaire de la décolonialité. Bruxelles: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Miller, J. R. 1996. Shingwauk’s Vision. A History of Native Residential Schools. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Million, D. 2011. Intense Dreaming: Theories, Narratives, and Our Search for Home. The American Indian Quarterly 35 (3): 313–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Million, D. 2013. Therapeutic nations. Healing in an Age of Indigenous Human Rights. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Million, D. 2014. There is a river in me. Theory from life. Dans From Theorizing Native Studies, sous la direction de Simpson, A., 31–42. Durnham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Milloy, J. S. 1999. “A National Crime.” The Canadian Government and the Residential School System, 1879 to 1986. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.Google Scholar
Nagy, R. 2013. The scope and bounds of transitional justice and the canadian truth and reconciliation commission. International Journal of Transitional Justice 7 (1): 52–73.Google Scholar
Nagy, R. 2015. Truth, Trauma, Agency. International Journal of Transitional Justice 9 (3): 527–38.Google Scholar
Nagy, R., et Kaur Sehdev, R.. 2012. Introduction: Residential Schools and Decolonization. Canadian Journal of Law and Society 27 (1): 67–73.Google Scholar
Niezen, R. 2013. Truth and Indignation: Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Indian Residential Schools. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Niezen, R., et Gadoua, M.-P.. 2014. Témoignage et histoire dans la Commission de vérité et de réconciliation du Canada. Canadian Journal of Law and Society 29 (1): 21–42.Google Scholar
Regan, P. 2010. Unsettling the Settler Within: Indian Residential Schools, Truth Telling, and Reconciliation. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Robin, R. 2007. Un passé d’où l’expérience s’est retirée. Ethnologie française 37 (3): 395–400.Google Scholar
Saul, J. 2008. Mon pays métis. Quelques vérités sur le Canada. Montréal: Boréal.Google Scholar
Smelser, J. N. 2004. Psychological Trauma and Cultural Trauma. Dans Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, sous la direction de Alexander, J. C., Eyerman, R., Giesen, B., Smelser, N. J. et Sztompka, P., 31–59. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stanton, K. 2011. Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Settling the Past? The International Indigenous Policy Journal 2 (3): 1–20, doi: 10.18584/iipj.2011.2.3.2 Google Scholar
Stanton, K. 2012. Looking Forward, Looking Back: The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry. Canadian Journal of Law and Society 27 (1): 81–99.Google Scholar
Stewart, J. 7 janvier 1998. Discours de l’honorable Jane Stewart Ministre des Affaires Indiennes et du Nord canadien à l’occasion du dévoilement de Rassembler nos forces: le plan d’action du Canada pour les qurestions autochtones. Ottawa: Ministère des affaires autochtones et du Nord Canada, https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fra/1100100015725/1100100015726, consulté le 22/05/2016.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. 2009. Multiculturalisme. Différence et démocratie. Paris: Fammarion.Google Scholar
Thielen-Wilson, L. 2014. Troubling the Path to Decolonization: Indian Residential School Case Law, Genocide, and Settler Illegitimacy. Canadian Journal of Law and Society 29 (2): 181–97.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading: Addisson-Wesley.Google Scholar
Touraine, A. 1992. Critique de la modernité. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Trudel, P. 2014. Autochtones et réconciliation: avec quelle vérité? Dans L’état du Québec 2013-2014 (2014): 178–85.Google Scholar
Turner, D. 2006. This Is Not a Peace Pipe: Towars a Critical Indigenous Philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Wieviorka, M. 2005. La violence. Paris: Hachette littératures.Google Scholar
Wieviorka, M. 2008. Neuf leçons de sociologie. Paris: Robert Laffont.Google Scholar
Wieviorka, M. 2015. Sortir de la violence. Un chantier pour les sciences sociales et humaines. Socio (5): 221–40.Google Scholar
Woolford, A. 2009. Ontological Destruction: Genocide and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples. Genocide Studies and Prevention 4 (1): 81–97.Google Scholar
Yellow Horse Brave Heart, M. 1993. The historical trauma response among Natives and its relationship with substance abuse: a Lakota illustration. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 35 (1): 7–13.Google Scholar
Young, A. 1995. The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar