Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:28:12.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Emergence of West Nile Virus in Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2016

Christopher Power  and
Guido van Marle
Christopher Power
Affiliation:
Calgary, Alberta
Guido van Marle
Affiliation:
Calgary, Alberta
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , May 2004 , pp. 135 - 137
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2004

References

1.Lanciotti, RS, et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 1999; 286: 2333–2337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Komar, N. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 2003; 61: 185–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Johnson, RT. West Nile virus in the US and abroad. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 2002; 22: 52–60.Google ScholarPubMed
4.Burton, JM, Kern, RZ, Halliday, W, et al. Neurological manifestations of West Nile virus infection. Can J Neuro Sci 2004; 31: 185–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Sayao, A-L, Suchowersky, O, Al-Khathaami, A, et al. Calgary experience with West Nile virus neurological syndrome during the late summer of 2003. Can J Neuro Sci 2004; 31:194–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Rappole, JH, Derrickson, SR, Hubalek, Z. Migratory birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere. Emerg Infect Dis 2000; 6: 319–328.Google ScholarPubMed
7.Chambers, TJ, Diamond, MS. Pathogenesis of flavivirus encephalitis. Adv Virus Res 2003; 60: 273–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Pealer, LN, Marfin, AA, Petersen, LR, et al. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1236–1245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Pepperell, C, et al. West Nile virus infection in 2002: morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to hospital in southcentral Ontario. CMAJ 2003; 168: 1399–1405.Google ScholarPubMed
10.Campbell, GL, Marfin, AA, Lanciotti, RS, Gubler, DJ. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2(9):519–529.Google ScholarPubMed
11.Petersen, LR, Marfin, AA, Gubler, DJ. West Nile virus. JAMA 2003; 290: 524–528.Google ScholarPubMed
12.Jeha, LE, Sila, CA, Lederman, RJ, Prayson, RA, et al. West Nile virus infection: a new acute paralytic illness. Neurology 2003; 61: 5559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Bosanko, CM, Gilroy, J, Wang, AM, et al. West nile virus encephalitis involving the substantia nigra: neuroimaging and pathologic findings with literature review. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 1448–1452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Shieh, WJ, Guarner, J, Layton, M, et al. The role of pathology in an investigation of an outbreak of West Nile encephalitis in New York: 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2000; 6: 370–372.Google Scholar
15.Sampson, BA, Armbrustmacher, V. West Nile encephalitis: the neuropathology of four fatalities. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 951: 172–178.Google ScholarPubMed
16.Beasley, DW, et al. Limited evolution of West Nile virus has occurred during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 2003; 309: 190–195.Google ScholarPubMed
17.Nickells, M, Chambers, TJ. Neuroadapted yellow fever virus 17D: determinants in the envelope protein govern neuroinvasiveness for SCID mice. J Virol 2003; 77(22):12232–12242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Diamond, MS, Shrestha, B, Mehlhop, E, Sitati, E, Engle, M. Innate and adaptive immune responses determine protection against disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus. Viral Immunol 2003; 16: 259–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Besselaar, TG, Blackburn, NK. Antigenic analysis of West Nile virus strains using monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 1988; 99: 75–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Beasley, DW, Barrett, AD. Identification of neutralizing epitopes within structural domain III of the West Nile virus envelope protein. J Virol 2002; 76: 13097–13100.Google ScholarPubMed
21.Chu, JJ, Ng, ML. Characterization of a 105-kDa plasma membrane associated glycoprotein that is involved in West Nile virus binding and infection. Virology 2003; 312: 458–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Lucas, M, Mashimo, T, Frenkiel, MP, et al. Infection of mouse neurones by West Nile virus is modulated by the interferon-inducible 2’–5’ oligoadenylate synthetase 1b protein. Immunol Cell Biol 2003; 81: 230–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Kimura, T, Ohyama, A. Association between the pH-dependent conformational change of West Nile flavivirus E protein and virus-mediated membrane fusion. J Gen Virol 1988; 69: 1247–1254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Chu, JJ, Ng, ML. The mechanism of cell death during West Nile virus infection is dependent on initial infectious dose. J Gen Virol 2003; 84: 3305–3314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Parquet, MC, Kumatori, A, Hasebe, F, Morita, K, Igarashi, A. West Nile virus-induced bax-dependent apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2001; 500: 17–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Yang, JS, Ramanathan, MP, Muthumani, K, et al. Induction of inflammation by West Nile virus capsid through the caspase-9 apoptotic pathway. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 1379–1384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Kesson, AM, King, NJ. Transcriptional regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I by flavivirus West Nile is dependent on NF-kappaB activation. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 947–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Liu, Y, King, N, Kesson, A, Blanden, RV, Mullbacher, A. West Nile virus infection modulates the expression of class I and class II MHC antigens on astrocytes in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;540: 483–485.Google Scholar
29.Yang, JS, Kim, JJ, Hwang, D, Choo, AYet al. Induction of potent Th1 type immune responses from a novel DNAvaccine for West Nile virus New York isolate (WNV–NY1999). J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 809–816.Google Scholar
30.Douglas, MW, Kesson, AM, King, NJ. CTLrecognition of West Nile virus-infected fibroblasts is cell cycle dependent and is associated with virus-induced increases in class I MHC antigen expression. Immunology 1994; 82: 561–570.Google ScholarPubMed
31.Liu, Y, Blanden, RV, Mullbacher, A. Identification of cytolytic lymphocytes in West Nile virus-infected murine central nervous system. J Gen Virol 1989; 70: 565–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Lustig, S, Danenberg, HD, Kafri, Y, Kobiler, D, Ben-Nathan, D. Viral neuroinvasion and encephalitis induced by lipopolysaccharide and its mediators. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 707–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Ben-Nathan, D, Huitinga, I, Lustig, S, Van Rooijen, N, Kobiler, D. West Nile virus neuroinvasion and encephalitis induced by macrophage depletion in mice. Arch Virol 1996; 141: 459–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Jackson, AC. Therapy of West Nile virus infection. Can J Neuro Sci 2004; 31:131–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed