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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 June 2019
1 Chappell, Bill, “Obama: Cyberspace Is the New ‘Wild West,’” National Public Radio (13 February 2015), online: NPR <https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/02/13/385960693/obama-to-urge-companies-to-share-data-on-cyber-threats>.Google Scholar
2 See e.g. Government of Canada, “The Charlevoix G7 Summit Communique” (9 June 2018), online: Global Affairs Canada <https://international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/g7/documents/2018-06-09-summit-communique-sommet.aspx?lang=eng>; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Cyber Defence Pledge” (8 July 2016), online: NATO <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133177.htm>; Government of France, “Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace” (12 November 2018), online: Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs <https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/paris_call_text_-_en_cle06f918.pdf>.
3 Soesanto, Stefan & D’Incau, Fosca, “The UN GGE Is Dead: Time to Fall Forward” (15 August 2017), online: European Council on Foreign Relations <https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_time_to_fall_forward_on_cyber_governance>.Google Scholar
4 Advancing Responsible State Behaviour in Cyberspace in the Context of International Security, GA Res 73/266, UNGAOR, 73rd Sess, UN Doc A/RES/73/266 (2018).
5 Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, GA Res 73/27, UNGAOR, 73rd Sess, UN Doc A/RES/73/27 (2018).
6 Buchan, Russell, Cyber Espionage and International Law (Oxford: Hart, 2018) at 13.Google Scholar
7 Ibid at 6.
8 Ibid at 7.
9 Ibid at 8.
10 Ibid at 6.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid at 6 and 192, quoting Chesterman on espionage as being “less a lacuna in the legal order than it is the elephant in the room.” Simon Chesterman, “The Spy Who Came in from the Cold War: Intelligence and International Law” (2006) 27 Mich J Intl L 1071 at 1072.
13 Buchan, supra note 6 at 195.
14 Schmitt, Michael N, ed, Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 Buchan, supra note 6 at 17.
16 Ibid at 16.
17 Ibid at 31.
18 Ibid [emphasis in original].
19 Ibid at 36, citing Baker, Christopher D, “Tolerance of International Espionage: A Functional Approach” (2003) 19 Am U Intl L Rev 1091.Google Scholar
20 Buchan, supra note 6 at 35–40.
21 Ibid at 41–45.
22 Ibid at 46.
23 Ibid at 54.
24 Ibid; see also Schmitt, supra note 14 at 21, para 14.
25 Buchan, supra note 6 at 52, citing Justice Blanchard’s decision in Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act (Re), 2008 FC 301 at paras 50–52, [2008] 4 FCR 230.
26 Buchan, supra note 6 at 63.
27 Ibid at 169.
28 Ibid at 190.
29 Ibid at 35, 47.
30 Ibid at 47.
31 Ibid at 36.
32 Ibid at 194–95.
33 Ibid at 195.
34 See e.g. ibid at 159, 167.
35 42nd Parl, 1st Sess, cl 76, s 15 (introduced in the House of Commons on 20 June 2017; passed by the Senate with amendments on 30 May 2019).
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid, cl 76, ss 26(1), 29(1), 30(1).