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Trent and the Clergy in Late Eighteenth-Century Malta1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 February 2009

Frans Ciappara
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Church History , Volume 78 , Issue 1 , March 2009 , pp. 1 - 25
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Copyright © American Society of Church History 2009

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References

2 Ignacio Tellechea Idigoras, J., “Riforma del Clero, Riforma della Chiesa,” in Per il Cinquecento Religioso Italiano. Clero, Cultura, Società, ed. Sangalli, Maurizio (Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo, 2003), 233Google Scholar.

3 Turchini, Angelo, “La nascità del sacerdozio come professione,” in Disciplina dell'anima, disciplina del corpo e disciplina della società tra medioevo ed età moderna, eds. Prodi, Paolo and Penuti, Carla (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1994), 228Google Scholar.

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9 De Boer, Wietse, “Il Curato di Malgrate, o il Problema della Cultura del Clero nel Milano della Controriforma,” Studia Borromaica 12 (1998): 148Google Scholar. This is a revised version of the article in English in The Power of Imagery: Essays on Rome, Italy and Imagination, ed. P. Van Kessel (Rome: Apeiron, 1992), 188–200, 310–316.

10 Borromeo, Agostino, “I Viscovi Italiani e l'Applicazione del Concilio di Trento,” in I Tempi del Concilio. Religione, cultura e società nell'Europa Tridentina, ed. Mozzarelli, Cesare and Zardin, Danilo (Rome: Bulzoni, 1997), 76Google Scholar.

11 Comerford, Kathleen M., “‘The Care of Souls is a very Grave Burden for [the Pastor]’: Professionalization of Clergy in Early Modern Florence, Lucca, and Arezzo,” in The Formation of Clerical and Confessional Identities in Early Modern Europe, eds. Janse, Wim and Pitkin, Barbara (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 348Google Scholar.

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14 The literature on these visitors is vast: de Rosa, Gabriele, “Il Francescano Cornelio Musso dal Concilio di Trento alla Diocesi di Bitonto,” Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, 39:1 (1985): 55–91Google Scholar; Preto, Paolo, “Il Vescovo Gerolamo Vielmi e gli Inizi della Riforma Tridentina a Padova,” Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, Anno XX, no. 1 (1966): 18–33Google Scholar; Caiazza, Pietro, “Stato del Clero nella Diocesi di Sarno durante la Visita Pastorale del Vescovo Paolo Fusco (1581),” Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, Anno 33:1 (1979): 80–94Google Scholar; Von Pastor, Ludovico, Storia dei Papi. Pio V (1566–72), viii (Rome: 1924), 132Google Scholar; Turchini, Angelo, Clero e Fedeli a Rimini in Età Post-Tridentina (Rome: Herder, 1978), 13Google Scholar; Paredi, Angelo, “San Carlo e gli Studi del Clero,” La Scuola Cattolica, Anno 33:1 (1979): 80–94Google Scholar.

15 Allen, David F., “Anti-Jesuit Rioting by Knights of St. John during the Malta Carnival of 1639,” Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 65 (1996): 12–18Google Scholar.

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17 Wietse de Boer, “Professionalization and Clerical Identity: Notes on the Early Modern Catholic Priest,” in The Formation of Clerical and Confessional Identities, 372.

18 For a description of these archival deposits, see Ciappara, Frans, The Roman Inquisition in Enlightened Malta (Malta: PIN, 2000), 1–13Google Scholar.

19 Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, ed. H. J. Schroeder (Rockford, Ill.: Tan Books, 1978), 110, 168. For Malta, see Synodus Dioecesana ab Illustrissimo et Reverendissimo Domino Fratre Davide Cocco Palmerio Episcopo Melitensi (Malta: 1842), 103.

20 Ferté, Jeanne, La Vie Religieuse dans les Campagnes Parisiennes 1622–1695 (Paris: Vrin, 1962), 177–178Google Scholar.

21 Archiepiscopal Archives Malta (hereafter AAM), Cappillani (Qrendi), unnumbered.

22 Curia Episcopalis Melitensis (hereafter CEM), Acta Originalia (hereafter AO) 698, ff. 1r–2v.

23 CEM, AO 689, f. 182r.

24 CEM, AO 696, f. 114v.

25 On 3 September 1734 Don Giovanni Battista Barbara from Qrendi bought a piece of land for the huge sum of 700 scudi—Notarial Archives, Valletta (hereafter NAV), Notary Tommaso Magri 7/924, ff. 4r–5r.

26 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 3. AAM, Dicta 27, no. 32. CEM, AO 705, f. 13r.

27 Pellegrino, Bruno, Terra e Clero nel Mezzogiorno. Il reclutamento sacerdotale a Lecce dalla Restaurazione all'Unità (Lecce: Milella, 1976), 101–116Google Scholar.

28 Archives of the Inquisition, Malta (hereafter AIM), Atti Civili (hereafter AC) 535, ff. 149r–223v.

29 AIM, AC 529, f. 233r.

30 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 92.

31 CEM, AO 696, ff. 114v, 116v.

32 CEM, AO 691, ff. 298r–309v.

33 AAM, Cappellani (Qrendi), unnumbered.

34 AIM, AC 495, f. 144r.

35 AAM, Dicta 24, no. 59. CEM, AO 690, f. 180r. CEM, AO 706, f. 161r. AIM, AC 53O, f. 250r. AIM, AC 524, ff. 186r–189v.

36 NAV, Not. Tommaso Magri, 9/924, f. 76r–v, 8 April 1739. AIM, AC 503, ff. 38r–77v.

37 AIM, AC 516 (i), ff. 202r–v. For this type of land tenure in Malta, see Howard Bowen-Jones, John C. Dewdney, and W. B. Fisher, Malta: Background for Development (Durham, U.K.: Department of Geography in the University of Durham, 1962), 305.

38 AAM, Dicta 27, no. 51. AAM, Dicta 25, no. 65. AAM, Dicta 27, no. 41.

39 CEM, AO 652, ff. 31r–38v. See also CEM, AO 665, ff. 250r–252v.

40 (cotton seed)—CEM, AO 370, f. 152r; (fodder)—CEM, AO 371, ff. 36r–61v; (rent of a field)— CEM, AO 372, ff. 124r–143v.

41 CEM, AO 369, ff. 53r–56v. CEM, AO 365, ff. 275r–305v.

42 CEM, AO 680, ff. 232r–264v.

43 CEM, AO 374, ff. 275r–78v.

44 Cowdrey, H. E. J., Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998), 550–553CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Frassetto, Michael, ed., Medieval Purity and Piety: Essays on Medieval Clerical Celibacy and Religious Reform (New York: Garland, 1998)Google Scholar. For Gregory's letter to Bishop Otto of Constance (December 1074), referring to the “chastity of the clergy,” see Emerton, Ephraim, ed., The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII: Selected Letters from the Registrum (New York: Octagon, 1966), 52Google Scholar. See also Pounds, N. J. G., A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 158–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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46 Forster, Marc, The Counter-Reformation in the Villages: Religion and Reform in the Bishopric of Speyer, 1560–1720 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), 23Google Scholar.

47 Delumeau, Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire, 156.

48 Wettinger, Godfrey, “Concubinage among the Clergy,” Journal of the Faculty of Arts 6:4 (1977): 165–188Google Scholar.

49 National Library Malta (hereafter NLM), Library (hereafter Libr.) 643, p. 42. Cassar-Pullicino, Joseph, “Malta in 1575: Social Aspects of an Apostolic Visit,” Melita Historica 2:1 (1956): 35Google Scholar.

50 Synodus Dioecesana, 104.

51 AAM, Informationes 5, no. 59. AAM, Informationes 6, no. 102.

52 For the use of the power of privy search, see Ciappara, Frans, “Perceptions of Marriage in Late-Eighteenth-Century Malta,” Continuity and Change 16:3 (December 2001): 392CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

53 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 84.

54 This paucity of cases is also the conclusion of Peter Marshall for sixteenth-century England. See his The Catholic Priesthood and the English Reformation (Oxford: Clarendon, 2002), 144–150.

55 For a full treatment of the subject, see Haliczer, Stephen, Sexuality in the Confessional: A Sacrament Profaned (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)Google Scholar. See also Black, Christopher F., Church, Religion, and Society in Early Modern Italy (Hampshire, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 107–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For confession in the Counter Reformation, see de Boer, Wietse, La Conquista dell'Anima. Fede, Disciplina e Ordine Pubblico nella Milano della Controriforma (Turin: Einaudi, 2004)Google Scholar, and Myers, W. David, “Poor, Sinning Folk”: Confession and Conscience in Counter-Reformation Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996)Google Scholar.

56 Ciappara, Frans, Society and the Inquisition in Early Modern Malta (PEG: Malta, 2001), 151Google Scholar.

57 AIM, Proceedings (hereafter Proc.) 128A, ff. 105r–32v.

58 Greco, Gaetano, “Fra disciplina e sacerdozio: il clero secolare nella società italiana,” in Clero e Società nell'Età Moderna, ed. Rosa, Mario (Rome-Bari: Laterza, 1992), 57Google Scholar; Poska, Allyson M., Regulating the People: The Catholic Reformation in Seventeenth-Century Spain (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 43–44Google Scholar; Forster, The Counter-Reformation in the Villages, 22–32.

59 Bowker, Margaret, The Secular Clergy in the Diocese of Lincoln 1495–1529 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 115–116Google Scholar.

60 AIM, Proc. 77A, f. 45r.

61 AIM, Proc. 134A, ff. 85r–v.

62 CEM, AO 677, ff. 216–226v.

63 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 108.

64 Black, Christopher F., Early Modern Italy: A Social History (London: Routledge, 2001), 174Google Scholar.

65 AIM, Proc. 134B, ff. 704r–709v.

66 AIM, Proc. 122A, ff. 199r–202v.

67 Parish Archives (hereafter PA) (Gudja), Liber Matrimoniorum iv, p. 94.

68 PA (Gudja). Liber Baptizatorum iv, p. 17.

69 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 65.

70 Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, 247.

71 Oscar Di Simplicio, “Le Perpetue (Stato Senese, 1600–1800),” Quaderni Storici no. 68, Anno XXIII (1988), 381–412.

72 This is how Manzoni refers to her: “a faithful and devoted servant, who could obey orders and give them as the occasion required, put up for some time with her master's whims and complaints, and make him put up with hers for some time too”: Alessandro Manzoni, The Betrothed, trans. A. Colquhoun (London: Everyman's, 1962), 13.

73 Synodus Dioecesana, 104.

74 For the cases of Don Nicola Zammit of S. Leonardo, Gozo (1773), and Don Giovanni of città Pinto (1791), who were rumored to be living dissolutely with their maids, see CEM, AO 683, ff. 192r–197v and AAM, Informationes 6, no. 51.

75 CEM, AO 692, f. 37r.

76 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 90.

77 AAM, Informationes 5, no. 63.

78 CEM, AO 690, ff. 178r–183v.

79 CEM, AO 673, ff. 372r–407v.

80 Bergin, Joseph, “Between Estate and Profession: The Catholic Parish Clergy of Early Modern Western Europe,” in Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500: Studies in Social Stratification, ed. Bush, M. L. (London: Longman, 1992), 73Google Scholar.

81 Pérouas, Le Diocèse de la Rochelle, 201. 

82 Soulet, Jean-François, Traditions et Réformes Religieuses dans les Pyrénées Centrales au XVIIe Siècle (Pau: Marrimpouey Jeune, 1974), 192–194Google Scholar.

83 The bishop of Pamiers, Henri de Sponde, who died in 1645, called the canons of his cathedral “the twelve leopards”: quoted in Roure, H., “Le Clergé du Sud-Est de la France au XVIIe Siècle: Ses Déficiences et Leurs Causes,” Revue d'Histoire de l'Église de France xxxvii, no. 130 (1951): 179Google Scholar.

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85 CEM, AO 693, ff. 163r–166v.

86 CEM, AO 703, ff. 68r–v.

87 Such as “thieves,” “prostitutes,” “rogues,” “knaves,” “worthless,” “villains,” a “pig,” “the devil's soul,” and “a filthy face.”

88 AAM, Dicta 27, no. 16.

89 CEM, AO 692, f. 3v. For another case see CEM, AO 697, f. 149r.

90 Peter Burke, The Historical Anthropology of Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 11.

91 AAM, Dicta 29A, no. 67.

92 CEM, AO 703, ff. 235r–v. AAM, Dicta 26, no. 76. AAM, Dicta 24, no. 5. AAM, Dicta 30A, no. 8. Other instruments were the handle (marlogg) of a mattock (AAM, Dicta 24, no. 46); a key (AAM, Dicta 28, no. 10); a piece of wood, stanga (AAM, Dicta 26, no. 4); sword (CEM, AO 691, ff. 299r–306v.); stone (AAM, Dicta 26, nos. 11, 26.); and a mule's bridle (AAM, Dicta 25, no. 89).

93 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 7.

94 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 22.

95 Spaeth, Donald A., The Church in an Age of Danger: Parsons and Parishioners, 1660–1740 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 122–132CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Snape, M. F., The Church of England in Industrialising Society: The Lancashire Parish of Whalley in the 18th Century (Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell, 2003), 178–180, 185Google Scholar.

96 AAM, Dicta 26, no. 110. Don Salvatore Said of Nadur was the other priest indicted for his drunken and violent behavior. In 1791 he came to blows with Don Vincenzo Camilleri. He grabbed him by the throat, tore his shirt, and hit him with a stone: AAM, Dicta 28, no. 11.

97 PA (Siggiewi), Libr. Mort. IV (1760–1800), f. 44v. CEM, AO 673, ff. 22r–39v. The other incident of homicide occurred on 11 October 1781, when Don Filippo Borg and Filippo Haxach, both from the parish of St. George's, quarreled over a wall dividing their fields. The priest hit his antagonist with a piece of wood and left him dead: PA (Qormi), Liber Defunctorum B, p. 13. CEM, AO 694, ff. 71r–190v. See also AAM, Corrispondenza (hereafter Corr.) xx, f. 306r. AAM, Corr. xxi, ff. 12–v.

98 Vodola, Elisabeth, Excommunication in the Middle Ages (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986)Google Scholar.

99 Marchant, Ronald A., The Church Under the Law: Justice, Administration and Discipline in the Diocese of York, 1560–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 228Google Scholar.

100 Don Giuseppe Grech of Tarxien told this wrong theological proposition to his congregation in 1788, for which he was reported to Inquisitor Gallarati Scotti: AIM, Proc. 135B, f. 707r.

101 AAM, Dicta 30A, no. 66.

102 Ingram, Martin, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England, 1570–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 340–363Google Scholar.

103 CEM, AO 678, ff. 138r–v.

104 AAM, Dicta 30A, no. 13.

105 More, Thomas, Utopia (London: David Campbell Publishers, 1992), 127Google Scholar.

106 CEM, AO 703, f. 229r.

107 AAM, Dicta 26, no. 5.

108 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 20.

109 AAM, Dicta 24, no. 48.

110 AAM, Dicta 28, no. 3.

111 AAM, Dicta 26, no. 33.

112 AAM, Dicta 28A, no. 6.

113 AAM, Dicta 27, nos. 9, 20, 53.

114 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 33.

115 AAM, Dicta 28, no. 22. PA (Zebbug), Liber Mortuorum i, 2 Dec. 1794.

116 Ciappara, Frans, “The Financial Condition of Parish Priests in Late Eighteenth-Century Malta,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 53:1 (January 2002): 95–96Google Scholar.

117 NLM, Archives 273, f. 161r.

118 NLM, Archives 189, f. 185v.

119 AIM, Registrum Actorum Civilium (hereafter RAC) C5 (1772), f. 232r.

120 Bergin, “Between Estate and Profession,” 76–77.

121 Martucci, Rosa, “De vita et honestate clericorum: La formazione del clero meridionale tra Sei e Settecento,” Archivio Storico Italiano 144 (1986): 429–430Google Scholar.

122 Ciappara, “The Financial Condition of Parish Priests,” 102.

123 AAM, Patrimonio Sacro 55, no. 24. For this type of investment, consult Vassallo, Carmel, Corsairing to Commerce: Maltese Merchants in XVIII Century Spain (Malta: Malta University Publishers, 1997), 70–71Google Scholar.

124 Schorn-Schütte, Luise, “Priest, Preacher, Pastor: Research on Clerical Office in Early Modern Europe,” Central European History 33:1 (2000): 9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

125 Tackett, Timothy, “The Social History of the Diocesan Clergy in Eighteenth-Century France,” in Church, State, and Society under the Bourbon Kings of France, ed. Golden, Richard M. (Lawrence, Kan.: Coronado, 1982), 337–338Google Scholar.

126 Garzya, Giacomo, “Recrutamento e mobilità sociale del clero secolare napoletano fra il 1650 e il 1675,” in Galasso, Giuseppe and Russo, Carla, eds., Per la Storia Sociale e Religiosa del Mezzogiorno d'Italia, vol. 1 (Naples: 1980), 290Google Scholar.

127 Rosa, Mario, “The Italian Churches,” in Church and Society in Catholic Europe of the Eighteenth Century, eds. Callahan, William J. and Higgs, David (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 66–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Deutscher, Thomas, “The Growth of the Secular Clergy and the Development of Educational Institutions in the Diocese of Novara (1563–1772),” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 40:3 (July 1989): 386–389CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Silvia Mostaccio, “L'Oratoriano Giovenale Ancina Vescovo di Saluzzo e la Riforma del Clero,” in Per il Cinquecento Religioso Italiano, 258.

128 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 99.

129 NLM, Libr. 13, p. 748.

130 For England at an earlier period see Bowker, The Secular Clergy in the Diocese of Lincoln, 72–63; Zell, Michael L., “The Personnel of the Clergy in Kent in the Reformation Period,” The English Historical Review 89 (1974): 524–525Google Scholar.

131 On this point, Bergin, “Between Estate and Profession,” 74–82.

132 Donati, Claudio, “La Chiesa di Roma tra antico regime e riforme settecentesche (1675–1760),” in Storia d'Italia Annali 9, La Chiesa e il potere politico dal Medioevo all'età contemporanea, eds. Chittolini, Giorgio and Miccoli, Giovanni (Turin: Einaudi, 1986), 766Google Scholar.

133 O'Day, Rosemary, The English Clergy: The Emergence and Consolidation of a Profession, 1558–1642 (Leicester, U.K.: Leicester University Press, 1979), 67Google Scholar.

134 Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, 173.

135 Bireley, Robert, The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation (London: Macmillan, 1999), 143CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

136 Turchini, “La nascita del sacerdozio come professione,” 247.

137 The duties of these priests included preparing the missal, vestments, and vessels for Mass as well as distributing communion after Mass.

138 They registered, for instance, the number of Masses each priest said and his attendance at funerals, to be later remunerated.

139 AAM, Dicta 27, no. 6.

140 Borg, Vincent, “Developments in Education outside the Jesuit Collegium Melitense,” Melita Historica 6:3 (1974): 215–254Google Scholar. For these preti-maestri at Siena and Venice see Maurizio Sangalli, “Maestri, preti-maestri e scuole a Siena e a Venezia nel secondo Cinquecento,” in Per il Cinquecento Religioso Italiano, 373–403.

141 National Archives, Gozo, vol. 16, Registrum Negotiorum Universitatis, 11 December 1770.

142 AAM, Informationes 5, no. 50.

143 NAV, Notary Pietro Paolo Magri, 2/922, ff. 78r–v, 20 May 1744.

144 AIM, Corr. 95, ff. 72v–73r, Inquisitor Durini to cardinal inquisitors, 14 December 1738. See also AAM, Corr. xxii, f. 132r.

145 Ciappara, “The Financial Condition of Parish Priests,” 95.

146 Greco, “Fra disciplina e sacerdozio: il clero secolare nella società italiana,” 74–86. For southern Italy see Martucci, “De vita et honestate clericorum,” 423–467.

147 For this term, see Colapietra, Raffaele, “La ‘Clericalizzazzione’ della Società Molisana tra Cinque e Seicento: Il Caso della Diocesi di Boiano,” in Il Concilio di Trento nella vita spirituale e culturale del Mezzogiorno tra XVI e XVII secolo, eds. De Rosa e Antonio Cestaro, Gabriele (Potenza: Edizioni Osanna Venosa, 1988), 259–306Google Scholar.

148 Ciappara, Frans, “Una Messa in Perpetuum: Perpetual Mass Bequests in Traditional Malta, 1750–1797,” The Catholic Historical Review 91:2 (2005): 297CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

149 The aforementioned Don Andrea Borg had received holy orders only because he was threatened by his mother: AAM, Corr. xxi, f. 262Cr, AAM, Corr. xxii, ff. 137r–142v. For the case of Fra Carmine Azzopardi, a Carmelite friar, and the capuchin Fra Romualdo, see AIM, RAC, C5 (1772–1775), ff. 31r–35v and AAM, Rubrica 8 (1750–1769), no. 1.

150 On this point see Nubola, Cecilia, Conoscere per governare. La diocesi di Trento nella visita pastorale di Ludocvico Madruzzo, 1579–1581 (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993)Google Scholar, ch. 7, and Garzya, “Reclutamente e Mobilità Sociale,” 241–306.

151 McHugh, John A. and Callan, Charles J., trans. and eds., Catechism of the Council of Trent for Parish Priests (Rockford, Ill.: Tan Books, 1982), 318Google Scholar.

152 Ciappara, Frans, “Parish Priest and Community in 18th-Century Malta: Patterns of Conflict,” Journal of Early Modern History 9:3–4 (2005): 329–347CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

153 AAM, Dicta 23, no. 54.

154 Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, 167–169.

155 Turchini, “La nascità del sacerdozio come professione,” 228.

156 Xenio Toscani, “Il reclutamento del clero (secoli XVI–XIX),” in La Chiesa e il potere politico, ed. G. Ghittolini and G. Miccoli, 575–586. Osbat, L., “Innico Caracciolo,” in Dizionario Bibliografio degli Italiani (Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1976), 399–401Google Scholar.

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158 For the setting up of the seminary in Malta, see Borg, Vincent, “First Efforts To Build A Seminary In Malta,” Seminarium Melitense no. 5 (1950), 28–26Google Scholar, and Borg, V., The Seminary of Malta and the Ecclesiastical Benefices of the Maltese Islands (Malta: 1965)Google Scholar.

159 Rosa, Mario, Religione e società nel Mezzogiorno tra Cinque e Seicento (Bari: La Terza, 1976), 296Google Scholar; Kathleen M. Comerford, “Chierici e Seminari nei Primi Decenni del Periodo Post-Tridentino,” in Per il Cinquecento Religioso Italiano, 368.

160 E. Brambilla, “Società ecclesiastica e società civile: aspetti della formazione del clero dal Cinquecento alla Restaurazione,” Società e Storia, no. 12 (1981): 304.

161 CEM, Miscellanea 175, p. 521.

162 Xenio Toscani, “Seminari e Collegi nello Stato di Milano fra Cinque e Seicento,” in Per il Cinquecento Religioso Italiano, 316, 331. Consult also Domeenico Roccioli, “Il Cardinal Vicario e il Clero di Roma nella Seconda Metà del Cinquecento,” in ibid., 250, and Brambilla, “Società ecclesiastica e società civile,” 330–334, 338–339, 346–347.

163 AAM, Status Animarum 24A (Notabile/ Rabat, 1781), no. 115, ff. 6v–7r.

164 Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Segreteria di Stato (Malta) 167.

165 In 1783 the ratio stood at 23:16; in 1785, 32:21; in 1787, 34:23; in 1789, 34:23; in 1791, 32:27; and in 1793, 23:20. Bonnici, Francis, For Service Alone: The Institution of the Seminary of Malta and its Development as Recorded in the Pastoral Visits of the Maltese Diocese, 1703–2003 (Malta: The Archbishop's Seminary, 2003), 105Google Scholar.

166 Chadwick, O., “The Semina-ry,” in Studies in Church History 12, The Ministry: Clerical and Lay, eds. Sheils, W. J. and Wood, Diana (Oxford: Blackwell's, 1989), 8Google Scholar.

167 AIM, Corr. 95, ff. 164v–165r.

168 For the lamentable description of the Maltese diocese, see AIM, Corr. 100, ff. 273r–75r.

169 A point made by Gentilcore, David in From Bishop to Witch: The System of the Sacred in Early Modern Terra d'Otranto (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1992), 47Google Scholar. See also Chadwick, Owen, The Popes and the European Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981), 112–121Google Scholar.

170 AAM, RS 8, f. 194v. AAM, Dicta 25, no. 11. For these village schools, see the seminal article by Borg, “Developments in Education outside the Jesuit Collegium Melitense,” 215–254.

171 Comerford, Kathleen M., “Clerical Education, Catechesis, and Catholic Confessionalism: Teaching Religion in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in Early Modern Catholicism: Essays in Honour of John W. O'Malley, eds. Comerford, Kathleen M. and Pabel, Hilmar M. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), 252CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Consult also Vismara, Paola, “Il ‘Buon Prete’ nell'Italia del Sei-Settecento. Bilanci Prospettive,” Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia 60:1 (2006), 56Google Scholar.

172 O'Day, The English Clergy, 49–65.

173 Carroll, Michael P., Madonnas that Maim: Popular Catholicism in Italy since the Fifteenth Century (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 103–104Google Scholar.

174 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 49. AAM, Dicta 26, no. 104. For priests as hunters see also AAM, Informationes 6, no. 19 and AAM, Supplicationes 19, no. 48.

175 AAM, RS 11, ff. 13r–v. Wigs, though, could be worn for medical reasons as a protection from colds, catarrh, bronchitis, and even toothache.

176 AAM, Dicta 24, no. 75.

177 AAM, Informationes 6, nos. 18, 20.

178 AAM, Dicta 28A, no. 21. CEM, AO 706, f. 155r

179 AAM, Dicta 28A, no. 22

180 CEM, AO 705, ff. 13r–18v.

181 AAM, Informationes 6, no. 75.

182 rFor example ta' mustaccia (mustache), AAM, Dicta 25, no. 49.