Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:15:08.116Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modifications of 2:1 Clay Minerals in a Kaolinite-Dominated Ultisol under Changing Land-Use Regimes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Jason C. Austin ,
Amelia Perry ,
Daniel D. Richter  and
Paul A. Schroeder
Jason C. Austin*
Affiliation:
Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708-0328 USA University of Georgia, Department of Geology, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
Amelia Perry
Affiliation:
University of Georgia, Department of Geology, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
Daniel D. Richter
Affiliation:
Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708-0328 USA
Paul A. Schroeder
Affiliation:
University of Georgia, Department of Geology, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: jayc.austin@gmail.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Chemical denudation and chemical weathering rates vary under climatic, bedrock, biotic, and topographic conditions. Constraints for landscape evolution models must consider changes in these factors on human and geologic time scales. Changes in nutrient dynamics, related to the storage and exchange of K+ in clay minerals as a response to land use change, can affect the rates of chemical weathering and denudation. Incorporation of these changes in landscape evolution models can add insight into how land use changes affect soil thickness and erodibility. In order to assess changes in soil clay mineralogy that result from land-use differences, the present study contrasts the clay mineral assemblages in three proximal sites that were managed differently over nearly the past two centuries where contemporary vegetation was dominated by old hardwood forest, old-field pine, and cultivated biomes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the oriented clay fraction using K-, Mg-, and Na-saturation treatments for the air-dried, ethylene glycol (Mg-EG and K-EG) solvated, and heated (100, 350, and 550°C) states were used to characterize the clay mineral assemblages. XRD patterns of degraded biotite (oxidized Fe and expelled charge-compensating interlayer K) exhibited coherent scattering characteristics similar to illite. XRD patterns of the Mg-EG samples were, therefore, accurately modeled using NEWMOD2® software by the use of mineral structure files for discrete illite, vermiculite, kaolinite, mixed-layer kaolinite-smectite, illite-vermiculite, kaolinite-illite, and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. The soil and upper saprolite profiles that formed on a Neoproterozoic gneiss in the Calhoun Experimental Forest in South Carolina, USA, revealed a depth-dependence for the deeply weathered kaolinitic to the shallowly weathered illitic/vermiculitic mineral assemblages that varied in the cultivated, pine, and hardwood sites, respectively. An analysis of archived samples that were collected over a five-decade growth period from the pine site suggests that the content of illite-like layers increased at the surface within 8 y. Historical management of the sites has resulted in different states of dynamic equilibrium, whereby deep rooting at the hardwood and pine sites promotes nutrient uplift of K from the weathering of orthoclase and micas. Differences in the denudation rates at the cultivated, pine, and hardwood sites through time were reflected by changes in the soil clay mineralogy. Specifically, an increased abundance of illite-like layers in the surface soils can serve as a reservoir of K+.

Keywords

Calhoun Experimental ForestDegraded BiotiteKaolinitic UltisolX-ray Pattern Modeling
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 66 , Issue 1 , February 2018 , pp. 61 - 73
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2018

References

Bacon, A.R., 2014 Pedogenesis and Anthropedogenesis on the Southern Piedmont Duke University Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Balogh-Brunstad, Z., Keller, C.K., Bormann, B.T., O’Brien, R., Wang, D., and Hawley, G. (2008) Chemical weathering and chemical denudation dynamics through ecosystem development and disturbance. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barre, P. Montagnier, C. Chenu, C. Abbadie, L. and Velde, B., 2008a Clay minerals as a soil potassium reservoir: Observation and quantification through X-ray diffraction Plant and Soil 302 213–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barre, P. Velde, B. and Abbadie, L., 2007a Dynamic role of “illite-like” clay minerals in temperate soils: Facts and hypotheses Biogeochemistry 82 77–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barre, P. Velde, B. Catel, N. and Abbadie, L., 2007b Soilplant potassium transfer: Impact of plant activity on clay minerals as seen from X-ray diffraction Plant and Soil 292 37–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barre, P. Velde, B. Fontaine, C. Catel, N. and Abbadie, L., 2008b Which 2:1 clay minerals are involved in the soil potassium reservoir? Insights from potassium addition or removal experiments on three temperate grassland soil clay assemblages Geoderma 146 216–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvaruso, C. Mareschal, L. Turpault, M.P. and Leclerc, E., 2009 Rapid clay weathering in the rhizosphere of Norway spruce and oak in an acid forest ecosystem Soil Science Society of America Journal 73 331–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chartier, M.P. Rostagno, C.M. and Videla, L.S., 2013 Selective erosion of clay, organic carbon and total nitrogen in grazed semiarid rangelands of northeastern Patagonia, Argentina Journal of Arid Environments 88 43–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, C.W. Brecheisen, Z. and Richter, D., 2015.Calhoun CZO - Vegetation - Tree Survey (2014–2017)Google Scholar
Cornu, S. Montagne, D. Hubert, F. Barre, P. and Caner, L., 2012 Evidence of short-term clay evolution in soils under human impact Comptes Rendus Geoscience 344 747–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Stefano, C. and Ferro, V., 2002 Linking clay enrichment and sediment delivery processes Biosystems Engineering 81 465–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hack, J.T., 1960 Interpretation of erosional topography in humid temperate regions American Journal of Science 258 80–97.Google Scholar
Hinsinger, P. Jaillard, B. and Dufey, J.E., 1992 Rapid weathering of a trioctahedral mica by the roots of ryegrass Soil Science Society of America Journal 56 977–982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, H. Cheng, F. Yin, K. Churchman, G.J. and Wang, C., 2015 Three-component mixed-layer illite/smectite/kaolinite (I/S/K) minerals in hydromorphic soils, South China American Mineralogist 100 1883–1891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, H. Churchman, G.J. Gu, Y. Yin, K. and Wang, C., 2012 Kaolinite-smectite mixed-layer clays in the Jiujiang red soils and their climate significance Geoderma 173 75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, J.W. and Dicken, C.L., 2001 Preliminary Digital Geologic Map of the Appalachian Piedmont and Blue Ridge, South Carolina Segment.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubert, F. Caner, L. Meunier, A. and Ferrage, E., 2012 Unraveling complex <2 mm clay mineralogy from soils using X-ray diffraction profile modeling on particle-size sub-fractions: Implications for soil pedogenesis and reactivity American Mineralogist 97 384–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubert, F. Caner, L. Meunier, A. and Lanson, B., 2009 Advances in characterization of soil clay mineralogy using X-ray diffraction: From decomposition to profile fitting European Journal of Soil Science 60 1093–1105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jobbagy, E.G. and Jackson, R.B., 2004 The uplift of soil nutrients by plants: Biogeochemical consequences across scales Ecology 85 2380–2389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingery, W.L. Han, F.X. Shaw, D.R. Gerard, P.D. and McGregor, K.C., 2002 Mineralogical and organic carbon content of water-dispersible particles from conventional and no-tillage soils Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33 947–961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanson, B., 1997 Decomposition of experimental X-ray diffraction patterns (profile fitting): A convenient way to study clay minerals Clays and Clay Minerals 45 132–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markewitz, D. and Richter, D.D., 2000 Long-term soil potassium availability from a Kanhapludult to an aggraging Loblolly pine ecosystem Forest Ecology and Management 130 109–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matocha, C.J. Grove, J.H. Karathanasis, T.D. and Vandiviere, M., 2016 Changes in soil mineralogy due to nitrogen fertilization in an agroecosystem Geoderma 263 176–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metz, L.J., 1958 The Calhoun Experimental Forest Miscellaneous Publication Ashville, North Carolina, U.S.A. USDA U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station 24.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1997 X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals 2nd Edition New York Oxford University Press 378.Google Scholar
NCALM. National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping, 2016 Leaf-off LiDAR Survey of the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory .Google Scholar
Officer, S.J. Tillman, R.W. Palmer, A.S. and Whitton, J.S., 2006 Variability of clay mineralogy in two New Zealand steep-land topsoils under pasture Geoderma 132 427–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palis, R.G. Ghandiri, H. Rose, C.W. and Saffigna, P.G., 1997 Soil erosion and nutrient loss. III. Changes in the enrichment ratio of total nitrogen and organic carbon under rainfall detachment and entrainment Australian Journal of Soil Research 35 891–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pernes-Debuyser, A. Pernes, M. Velde, B. and Tessier, D., 2003 Soil mineralogy evolution in the INRA 42 Plots Experiment (Versailles, France) Clays and Clay Minerals 51 577–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, D.D. and Markewitz, D., 1995 How deep is soil? BioScience 45 600–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, D.D. and Markewitz, D., 2001 Understanding Soil Change: Soil Sustainability Over Millennia, Centuries, and Decades Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press 255.Google Scholar
Tice, K.R. Graham, R.C. and Wood, H.B., 1996 Transformations of 2:1 phyllosilicates in 41-year-old soils under oak and pine Geoderma 70 49–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toby, B.H., 2006 R factors in Rietveld analysis: How good is good enough? Powder Diffraction 21 67–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tributh, H. Vonboguslawski, E. Vonlieres, A. Steffens, D. and Mengel, K., 1987 Effect of potassium removal by crops on transformation of illitic clay-minerals Soil Science 143 404–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turpault, M.P. Righi, D. and Uterano, C., 2008 Clay minerals: Precise markers of the spatial and temporal variability of the biogeochemical soil environment Geoderma 147 108–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tye, A.M. Kemp, S.J. and Poulton, P.R., 2009 Responses of soil clay mineralogy in the Rothamsted classical experiments in relation to management practice and changing land use Geoderma 153 136–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B. and Peck, T., 2002 Clay mineral changes in the Morrow Experimental Plots, University of Illinois Clays and Clay Minerals 50 364–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viennet, J.C. Hubert, F. Ferrage, E. Tertre, E. Legout, A. and Turpault, M.P., 2015 Investigation of clay mineralogy in a temperate acidic soil of a forest using X-ray diffraction profile modeling: Beyond the HIS and HIV description Geoderma 241 75–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, H. and Bish, D.L., 2010 Newmod plus, a new version of the Newmod program for interpreting X-ray powder diffraction patterns from interstratified clay minerals Clays and Clay Minerals 58 318–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar