Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T05:40:47.912Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Definition and Nomenclature of Halloysites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2024

G. J. Churchman  and
R. M. Carr
G. J. Churchman*
Affiliation:
Chemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
R. M. Carr
Affiliation:
Chemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
*
*Present address: Soil Bureau, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This review of the literature shows that there have been many attempts to modify or revise the original definition of halloysites as distinguished from kaolinites, which was based on the greater water content of the halloysites. In general, these various attempts have arrived at definitions of halloysites as distinguished from kaolinites that are based on one or more particular instrumental or chemical techniques. Further investigations with almost all of these techniques have shown the apparently clear distinctions of this kind to be misleading. All such instrumentally—or chemically—based definitions were shown to either complicate and confuse the distinction between halloysites and kaolinites or to provide only empirical and subtle distinctions. It is concluded that only the original definition, with slight adaptations, enables clear and unambiguous distinctions to be made between halloysites and kaolinites. It is noted, however, that a distinctive structure for halloysite has been postulated as a result of electron diffraction studies. Further studies of this kind could well establish such a structure as being definitive of the mineral species.

The literature also reveals a long-standing disagreement over the nomenclature of different forms of halloysite and particularly over the nomenclature of and distinction between the two forms of halloysite at the extreme ends of the hydration series. An analysis of experimental studies of the relationship between these two and other hydration states of halloysite reveals that forms of halloysite with all possible interlayer water contents between 0 and 2 molecules H2O per Al2Si2O5(OH)4 unit cell may exist and that the two end members of the hydration series may not be seen as distinct phases. The fully dehydrated halloysite is the only thermodynamically stable form of the mineral. A nomenclature system which was proposed by MacEwan in 1947 is consistent with these results. This system, amended only by the exclusion of the unnecessary term ‘metahalloysite’ should therefore be adopted in all studies of halloysites.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 23 , Issue 5 , October 1975 , pp. 382 - 388
Copyright
Copyright © 1975, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Alexander, L. T. Faust, G. T. Hendricks, S. B. Insley, H. and McMurdie, H. F., (1943) Relationship of the clay minerals halloysite and endellite Am. Miner. 28 1–18.Google Scholar
Andrew, R. W. Jackson, M. L. and Wada, K., (1960) Intercalation as a technique for differentiation of kaolinite from chloritic minerals by X-ray diffraction Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 24 422–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askenasy, P. E. Dixon, J. B. and McKee, T. R., (1973) Spheroidal halloysite in a Guatemalan soil Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37 799–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, T. F. Hildebrand, F. A. and Swineford, A., (1950) Morphology and structure of endellite and halloysite Am. Miner. 35 463–484.Google Scholar
Bramao, L. Cady, J. G. Hendricks, S. B. and Swerdlow, W., (1952) Criteria for the characterisation of kaolinite, halloysite and a related mineral in clays and soils Soil Sci. 73 273–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G. W., (1951) The nomenclature of clay minerals Am. Miner. 36 370–371.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., (1961) Kaolin, serpentine and kindred minerals The X-ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals London Mineralogical Soc 51–131.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and Goodyear, J., (1948) X-ray studies of halloysite and meta-halloysite—II. The transition of halloysite to meta-halloysite in relation to r.h. Mineral Mag. 28 407–422.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and Robinson, K., (1946) Randomness in the structures of kaolinitic clay minerals Trans. Farad. Soc. 42B 198–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and de Souza Santos, P., (1966) New varieties of kaolin group minerals and the problem of finding a suitable nomenclature Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 1 3–9.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W. de Souza Santos, P. and de Souza Santos, H., (1963) Mineralogical studies of kaolinite-halloysite clays—I. Identification problems Am. Miner. 48 897–910.Google Scholar
Carr, R. M. and Hwa, C., (1971) Complexes of halloysite with organic compounds Clay Minerals 9 153–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chukhrov, F. V. and Zvyagin, B. B., (1966) Halloysite, a crystallochemically and mineralogically distinct species Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 1 11–25.Google Scholar
Churchman, G. J., (1970) Interlayer Water in Halloysite .Google Scholar
Churchman, G. J. and Carr, R. M., (1972) Stability fields of hydration states of an halloysite Am. Miner. 57 914–923.Google Scholar
Churchman, G. J. and Carr, R. M., (1973) Dehydration of the washed potassium acetate complex of halloysite Clays and Clay Minerals 21 423–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G. J. Aldridge, L. P. and Carr, R. M., (1972) The relationship between the hydrated and dehydrated states of an halloysite Clays and Clay Minerals 20 241–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, S. and Bloor, J. W., (1970) Globular cluster microstructure of endellite (hydrated halloysite) from Bedford, Indiana Clays and Clay Minerals 18 309–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douillet, P. e. and Nicolas, J., (1969) Les Minéraux du kaolin —Historique—Reflexions concernant les diverses classifications et nomenclatures—Proposition d’une nomenclature nouvelle Bull. Soc. Franc. Ceram. 83 87–114.Google Scholar
Farmer, V. C. and Russell, J. D., (1964) The i.r. spectra of layer silicates: Spectrochim Acta 20 1149–1173.Google Scholar
Faust, G. T., (1955) The endellite-halloysite nomenclature Am. Miner. 40 1110–1118.Google Scholar
Fieldes, M., (1955) Clay mineralogy of New Zealand soils —II: Allophane and related mineral colloids N. Z. J. Sci. Tech. 37B 336–350.Google Scholar
Grim, R. E., (1968) Clay Mineralogy 2nd New York McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Harrison, J. L. and Greenberg, S. S., (1962) Dehydration of fully hydrated halloysite from Lawrence County, Indiana Clays and Clay Minerals 9 374–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendricks, S. B., (1938) On the crystal structure of the clay minerals: dickite, halloysite and hydrated halloysite Am. Miner. 23 295–301.Google Scholar
Hofmann, U. Endell, K. u. and Wilm, D., (1934) Röntgenographische und kolloidchemische Untersuchungen uber Ton Angew. Chem. 47 539–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honjo, G. Kitamura, N. and Mihama, K., (1954) A study of clay minerals by means of single crystal electron diffraction diagrams—the structure of tubular kaolin Clay Minerals Bull. 2 133–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, E. W. and Kittrick, J. A., (1964) Surface tension and the morphology of halloysite Am. Miner. 49 859–866.Google Scholar
Hughes, I. R., (1966) Mineral changes of halloysite on drying N. Z. J. Sci. 9 103–113.Google Scholar
Hughes, I. R. and Foster, P. K., (1970) The ranking of halloysites and kaolinites by moisture content measurements N. Z. J. Sci. 13 89–107.Google Scholar
Kulbicki, G., (1954) Diagrammes de diffraction électronique de microcristaux de kaolinite et d’halloysite et observations sur la structure de ces mineraux C. r. Séan. Acad. Sci. 238 2405–2407.Google Scholar
Kunze, G. W. and Bradley, W. F., (1954) Occurrence of a tabular halloysite in a Texas soil Clays and Clay Minerals 12 523–527.Google Scholar
Lyon, R. J. P. and Tuddenham, W. M., (1960) I.r. determination of the kaolin group minerals Nature, Lond. 185 835–836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C., (1946) Halloysite-organic complexes Nature, Lond .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C., (1947) The nomenclature of the halloysite minerals Mineral Mag. 28 36–44.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, R. C., (1963) Report of chairman on meeting of nomenclature subcommittee of CIPEA Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 2 439–442.Google Scholar
Mehmel, M., (1935) Uber die Structur von Halloysit und Metahalloysit Z. Krist. 90 35–43.Google Scholar
Pampuch, R. and Blaszczak, K., (1964) I.r. vibrational spectra of kaolin group minerals: Polska Akadamia Nauk Oddzial W. Krakowia Prace Komisji Nauk. Technicznych Ceramika 3 5–30.Google Scholar
Parham, W., (1960) Formation of halloysite from feldspar; low temperature artificial weathering vs natural weathering Clays and Clay Minerals 17 13–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radoslovich, E. W., (1963) The cell dimensions and symmetry of layer lattice silicates—VI. Serpentine and kaolin morphology Am. Miner. 48 368–378.Google Scholar
Range, K. J. Range, A. and Weiss, A., (1969) Fire-clay type kaolinite or fire-clay mineral? Experimental classification of kaolinite-halloysite minerals Proc. Int. Clay Conf 1 3–13.Google Scholar
Ross, C. S. and Kerr, P. F., (1934) Halloysite and allophane. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Paper 185 135–148.Google Scholar
de Souza Santos, P. de Souza Santos, H. and Brindley, G. W., (1965) Mineralogical studies of kaolinite-halloysite clays—III: A fibrous kaolin mineral from Piedade, Sao Paulo, Brazil Am. Miner. 50 619–628.Google Scholar
de Souza Santos, P. de Souza Santos, H. and Brindley, G. W., (1966) Mineralogical studies of kaolinite-halloysite clays—IV: A platy mineral with structural swelling and shrinking characteristics Am. Miner. 51 1640–1648.Google Scholar
Wada, K., (1959) Oriented penetration of ionic compounds between the silicate layers of halloysite Am. Miner. 44 153–165.Google Scholar
Wada, K., (1965) Intercalation of water in kaolin minerals Am. Miner. 50 924–941.Google Scholar
Waser, J., (1955) Fourier transforms and scattering intensities of tubular objects Acta Cryst. 8 142–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, A. Thielepape, W. Goring, G. Ritter, W. u. and Schafer, H., (1963) Kaolinit-Einlagerungs-Verbindungen Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 1 287–305.Google Scholar
Whittaker, E. J. W., (1954) The diffraction of X-rays by a cylindrical lattice Acta Cryst. 7 827–837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiewiora, A. and Brindley, G. W., (1969) Potassium acetate intercalation in kaolinite and its removal: effect of material characteristics Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 1 723–733.Google Scholar
Wiewiora, A., (1971) A mixed layer kaolinite-smectite from Lower Silesia, Poland Clays and Clay Minerals 19 415–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiewiora, A., (1972) Mixed layer kaolinite-smectite from Lower Silesia, Poland: Final report Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 75–88.Google Scholar