Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T01:32:15.826Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Entrepreneurs and Democratization: Iran and the Philippines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Misagh Parsa
Misagh Parsa
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The relationship between social structure and the emergence of democracy has long intrigued social scientists. In an early statement of the modernization perspective on this topic, Lipset (1960) postulated that a strong association exists between the degree of socioeconomic development and democracy. As economic development rose, so did wealth, income, and education, but income inequality declined, resulting in a population of moderate upper and lower classes and an expanding middle class, all of which favored the development of democratic political institutions. Subsequent quantitative studies found that a strong correlation can indeed be demonstrated between socioeconomic development and democratic institutions (Bollen 1983; Bollen and Jackman 1985). Despite significant contributions, these studies have not paid sufficient attention to either social agency or the mechanism of democratization during transitional periods. This essay will examine both of these factors by focusing on the role played by entrepreneurs in ousting dictatorial regimes.

Type
Merchants and the State
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 37 , Issue 4 , October 1995 , pp. 803 - 830
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abrahamian, E. 1982. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amuzegar, J. 1991. The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Afshar, H. 1985. “The Army,” in Iran: A Revolution in Turmoil, Afshar, H., ed. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashraf, A.; and Banuazizi, A.. 1992. “Classes in The Pahlavi Period,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Yarshater, E., ed., vol. 5, fascicle 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.Google Scholar
Bashiriyeh, H. 1984. The State and the Revolution in Iran, 1962–1982. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Binder, L. 1962. Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackbourn, D.; and Eley, G.. 1984. The Peculiarity of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth Century Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollen, K. 1983. “World System Position, Dependency, and Democracy: The Cross-National Evidence.” American Sociological Review, 48:4, 468–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollen, K.; and Jackman, R.. 1985. “Economic and Noneconomic Determinants of Political Democracy in the 1960s,” in Research in Political Sociology, R. G. Braungart, ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Boyce, J. K. 1993. The Philippines: The Political Economy of Growth and Impoverishment in the Marcos Era. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broad, R. 1988. Unequal Alliance: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Canoy, R. R. 1984. The Counterfeit Revolution: The Philippines from Martial Law to the Aquino Assassination. Manila: Philippine Editions.Google Scholar
Chapman, W. 1987. Inside the Philippine Revolution. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Chehabi, H. E. 1990. Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini. Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Diokno, M. S. 1988. “Unity and Struggle,” in Dictatorship and Revolution: Roots of People's Power, Javate-de Dios, A., Daroy, P., Kaiwa-Tirol, L.. eds. Metro Manila: Conspectus.Google Scholar
Gasiorowski, M. 1991. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building A Client State in Iran. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, R. 1979. Iran: The Illusion of Power. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Hawes, G. 1987. The Philippine State and the Marcos Regime: The Politics of Export. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, S. 1984. “Will More Countries Become Democratic?” Political Science Quarterly, 99:2, 193–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchcroft, P. D. 1991. “Oligarchs and Cronies in the Philippine State; the Politics of Plunder.” World Politics, 43:3, 414–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Javate-de Dios, A.; Daroy, P.; and Kalwa-Tirol, L., eds. 1988. Dictatorship and Revolution: Roots of People's Power. Metro Manila: Conspectus.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. J. 1989. Rebellion and Repression in the Phillippines. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lande, C. H. 1965. Leaders, Factions, and Parties: The Structure of the Philippine Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, S. M. 1963. Political Man. Garden City, NY: Anchor.Google Scholar
Overholt, W. H. 1986. “The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand Marcos.” Asian Survey, 26:11, 1137–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, C. J. 1975. “The Chinese in the Philippines Today and Tomorrow.” Fookien Times Philippines Yearbook, 348–51, 360.Google Scholar
Mohtadi, H. 1987. “Industrialization and Urban Inequality in LDCs: A Theoretical Analysis with Evidence from Prerevolutionary Iran.” The Journal of Developing Areas, vol. 22 (October), 41–58.Google Scholar
Moore, Jr. B. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Nategh, H. 1982a. “The Clergy and Democratic Freedoms.” Jahan, no. 1 (January), 3–15.Google Scholar
Nategh, H. 1982b. “The Clergy and Democratic Freedoms.” Jahan, no. 3 (March), 6–9.Google Scholar
Nategh, H. 1982c. “The Clergy and Democratic Freedoms.” Jahan, no. 4 (April), 12–22.Google Scholar
Paige, J. 1991. “The Social Origins of Dictatorship, Democracy and Socialist Revolu tion in Central America,” in Revolutions in the Third World, Quee-Young, Kim, ed. New York: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Parsa, M. 1989. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Parsa, M. 1995. “Conversion or Coalition? Ideology in the Iranian and Nicaraguan Revolutions.” Political Power and Social Theory, 9:23–60.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, D. A. 1987. “The Changing Structure of the Philippine Government from Marcos to Aquino,” in Rebuilding the Nation: Philippine Challenges and American Policy, Lande, C. H., ed. Washington, DC: Washington Institute Press.Google Scholar
Rueschmeyer, D.; Stephens, E.; Stephens, J.. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Salehi-Isfahani, D. 1989. “The Political Economy of Credit Subsidy in Iran, 1973–1978.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2:3, 359–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schirmer, D. B.; and Shalom, S. R., eds. 1987. The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Silliman, G. S. 1984. “The Philippines in 1983: Authoritarianism Beleaguered.” Asian Survey, 24:2, 149–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, J. 1989. “Democratic Transition and Breakdown in Europe, 1870–1939: A Test of the Moore Thesis.” American Journal of Sociology, 94:5, 1019–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stauffer, R. 1975. The Philippine Congress: Causes of Structural Change. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Stephens, J. 1980. Transnational Corporations and the Political Economy of Development: The Continuing Philippine Debate. Research Monograph No. 11. Sidney: University of Sydney.Google Scholar
Timberman, D. G. 1991. A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Therborn, G. 1977. “The Role of Capital and the Rise of Democracy.” New Left Review, 103 (May-June), 3–41.Google Scholar
Wurfel, D. 1988. Filipino Politics: Development and Decay. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wurfel, D. 1979. “Elites of Wealth and Elites of Power, the Changing Dynamic: A Philippine Case Study.” Southeast Asian Affairs, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar