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Prenatal stress and the development of psychopathology: Lifestyle behaviors as a fundamental part of the puzzle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 August 2018

Carolina De Weerth
Carolina De Weerth*
Affiliation:
Radboud University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Carolina de Weerth, Developmental Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands; E-mail: C.deWeerth@psych.ru.nl.
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Abstract

Maternal psychological stress, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy (prenatal stress; PNS) are thought to impact fetal development with long-term effects on offspring outcome. These effects would include physical and mental health, including psychopathology. Maternal sleep, diet, and exercise during pregnancy are lifestyle behaviors that are understudied and often solely included in PNS studies as confounders. However, there are indications that these lifestyle behaviors may actually constitute essential mediators between PNS and fetal programming processes. The goal of this theoretical review was to investigate this idea by looking at the evidence for associations between PNS and sleep, diet, and exercise, and by piecing together the information on potential underlying mechanisms and causal pathways through which these factors may affect the offspring. The analysis of the literature led to the conclusion that sleep, diet, and exercise during pregnancy, may have fundamental roles as mediators between PNS and maternal pregnancy physiology. By integrating these lifestyle behaviors into models of prenatal programming of development, a qualitatively higher and more comprehensive understanding of the prenatal origins of psychopathology can be obtained. The review finalizes by discussing some of the present challenges facing the field of PNS and offspring programming, and offering solutions for future research.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Special Issue 3: Developmental Origins of Psychopathology: Mechanisms, Processes, and Pathways Linking the Prenatal Environment to Postnatal Outcomes , August 2018 , pp. 1129 - 1144
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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Footnotes

This work was supported by a Jacobs Foundation Advanced Research Fellowship and a Creswick Foundation visiting fellow grant to the Murdoch Children's Research Institute.

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