Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T21:33:24.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Acculturative and enculturative stress, depressive symptoms, and maternal warmth: Examining within-person relations among Mexican-origin adolescent mothers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2014

Katharine H. Zeiders ,
Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor ,
Kimberly A. Updegraff  and
Laudan B. Jahromi
Katharine H. Zeiders*
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Kimberly A. Updegraff
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Laudan B. Jahromi
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Katharine H. Zeiders, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873701, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701; E-mail: katharine.zeiders@asu.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mexican-origin adolescent mothers face numerous social challenges during dual-cultural adaptation that are theorized to contribute to greater depressive symptoms. Alongside challenges, there are familial resources that may offer protection. As such, the current study examined the trajectories of depressive symptoms among 204 Mexican-origin adolescent mothers (Mage = 16.80, SD = 1.00) across a 4-year period (third trimester of pregnancy, and 10, 24, and 36 months postpartum). Further, we examined the within-person relations of two unique sources of stress experienced during dual-cultural adaptation, acculturative and enculturative stress, and youths' depressive symptoms; we also tested whether adolescent mothers' perceptions of warmth from their own mothers emerged as protective. Adolescent mothers reported a decline in depressive symptoms after the transition to parenthood. Acculturative and enculturative stress emerged as significant positive within-person predictors of depressive symptoms. Maternal warmth emerged as a protective factor in the relation between enculturative stressors and depressive symptoms; however, for acculturative stressors, the protective effect of maternal warmth only emerged for US-born youth. Findings illustrate the multidimensionality of stress experienced during the cultural adaptation process and a potential mechanism for resilience among Mexican-origin adolescent mothers.

Type
Special Section Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 27 , Issue 1: What Works for Whom? Genetic Moderation of Intervention Efficacy , February 2015 , pp. 293 - 308
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to depression in adolescents: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Hilt, L. M. (Eds.), Handbook of depression in adolescents (pp. 335–363). New York: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Allison, P. D. (2012). Handling missing data by maximum likelihood. Paper presented at the SAS Global Forum: Statistics and Data Analysis.Google Scholar
Allolio, B., Hoffmann, J., Linton, E. A., Winkelmann, W., Kusche, M., & Schulte, H. M. (1990). Diurnal salivary cortisol patterns during pregnancy and after delivery: Relationship to plasma corticotrophin-releasing-hormone. Clinical Endocrinology, 33, 279–289.Google Scholar
Barnet, B., Joffe, A., Duggan, A. K., Wilson, M. D., & Repke, J. T. (1996). Depressive symptoms, stress, and social support in pregnant and postpartum adolescents. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 150, 64–69.Google Scholar
Barrera, M., Caples, H., & Tein, J. Y. (2001). The psychological sense of economic hardship: Measurement models, validity, and cross-ethnic equivalence for urban families. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 493–517.Google Scholar
Beeghly, M., Weinberg, M. K., Olson, K. L., Kernan, H., Riley, J., & Tronick, E. Z. (2002). Stability and change in level of maternal depressive symptomatology during the first postpartum year. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 169–180.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In Chun, K. M., Organista, P. B., & Marin, G. (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement and applied research (pp. 17–37). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Birkland, R., Thompson, K., & Phares, V. (2005). Adolescent motherhood and postpartum depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 292–300.Google Scholar
Brown, J. D., Harris, S. K., Woods, E. R., Buman, M. P., & Cox, J. E. (2012). Longitudinal study of depressive symptoms and social support in adolescent mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16, 894–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, R. L., & Smokowski, P R. (2009). Pathways from acculturation stress to substance use among Latino adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse, 44, 740–762.Google Scholar
Burke, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 846–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldwell, C. H., Antonucci, T. C., Jackson, J. S., Wolford, M. L., & Osofsky, J. D. (1997). Perceptions of parental support and depressive symptomatology among Black and White adolescent mothers. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 5, 173–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, B., Zoccolillo, M., & Hughs, S. (1996). Psychopathology in adolescent mothers and its effect on mother–infant interactions: A pilot study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 379–384.Google Scholar
Cauce, A. M., & Domenech Rodríguez, M. (2002). Latino families: Myths and realities. In Contreras, J. M., Kerns, K. A., & Neal-Barnett, A. M. (Eds.), Latino children and families in the United States (pp. 5–25). Westport, CT: Praeger Press.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). National vital statistics report. Estimated pregnancy rates and rates of pregnancy outcomes for the United States, 1990–2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_07.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S., Gotlieb, B. H., & Underwood, L. G. (2000). Social relationships and health. In Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G., & Gottlieb, B. H. (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 3–25). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.Google Scholar
Contreras, J. M., López, I. R., Rivera-Mosquera, E. T., Raymond-Smith, L., & Rothstein, K. (1999). Social support and adjustment among Puerto Rican adolescent mothers: The moderating effects of acculturation. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 228–243.Google Scholar
Contreras, J. M., Narang, D., Ikhlas, M., & Teichman, J. (2002). A conceptual model of determinants of parenting among Latin adolescent mothers. In Contreras, J. M., Kerns, K. A., & Neal-Barnett, A. M. (Eds.), Latino children and families in the United States (pp. 5–25). Westport, CT: Praeger PressGoogle Scholar
Cox, C. B., Brooks, L. R., & Valcarcel, C. (2000). Culture and caregiving: A study of Latino grandparents. In Cox, C. B. (Ed.), To grandmothers house we go and stay: Perspectives on custodial grandparents (pp. 218–232). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Crockett, L. J., Iturbide, M. I., Stone, R. A. T., McGinley, M., Raffaelli, M., & Carlo, G. (2007). Acculturative stress, social support, and coping: Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 347–355.Google Scholar
Crockett, L. J., Randall, B. A., Shen, Y., Russell, S. T., & Driscoll, A. K. (2005). Measurement equivalence of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Latino and Anglo adolescents: A national study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 47–58.Google Scholar
Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2011). The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583–619.Google Scholar
Deal, L. W., & Holt, V. L. (1998). Young maternal age and depressive symptoms: Results from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 266–270.Google Scholar
Dearing, E., McCartney, K., & Taylor, B. A. (2006). Within-child associations between family income and externalizing and internalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 42, 237–252.Google Scholar
Dearing, E., & Taylor, B. A. (2007). Home improvements: Within-family associations between income and the quality of children's home environments. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 427–444.Google Scholar
Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Erkut, S. (2010). Developing multiple language versions of instruments for intercultural research. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 19–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, T. (1992). Infants of depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 49–66.Google Scholar
Figueiredo, A., Pacheco, A., & Costa, R. (2007). Depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period in adolescent and adult Portuguese mothers. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 10, 103–109.Google Scholar
Fuller, B., & García Coll, C. (2010). Learning from Latinos: Contexts, families, and child development in motion. Developmental Psychology, 46, 559–565.Google Scholar
García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., et al. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891–1914.Google Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1993). Vulnerability and resilience. In Ross, R. D. & Funder, D. C. (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Personality and development (pp. 337–398). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Ge, X., Natsuaki, M. N., Neiderhiser, J. M., & Reiss, D. (2009). The longitudinal effects of stressful life events on adolescent depression are buffered by parent–child closeness. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 621–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginsburg, G. S., Baker, E. V., Mullany, B. C., Barlow, A., Gokish, N., Hastings, R., et al. (2008). Depressive symptoms among reservation-based pregnant American Indian adolescents. Maternal Child Health Journal, 12, S110–S118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzales, N. A., Germán, M., & Fabrett, F. C. (2012). U.S. Latino youth. In Chang, E. C. & Downey, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of race and development of mental health (pp. 259–278). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Goodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., & Altham, P. M. E. (2000). Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high risk-adolescents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 499–504.Google Scholar
Gump, B. B., Reihman, J., Stewart, P., Lonky, E., Darvill, T., Granger, D. A., et al. (2009). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms over her child's lifespan: Relation to adrenocortical, cardiovascular, and emotional functioning in children. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 207–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammen, C. (1991). Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4, 555–561.Google Scholar
Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293–319.Google Scholar
Hammen, C. (2006). Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1065–1082.Google Scholar
Hankin, B. L. (2012). Future directions in vulnerability to depression among youth: Integrating risk factors and processes across multiple levels of analysis. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41, 695–718.Google Scholar
Hankin, B. L., & Abela, J. R. Z. (Eds.). (2005). Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hernández, M. M., Conger, R. D., Robins, R. R., Bacher, K. B., & Widaman, K. F. (in press). Cultural socialization and ethnic pride among Mexican-origin adolescents during the transition to middle school. Child Development.Google Scholar
Heron, J., O'Connor, T. G., Evans, J. Golding, J., Glover, V., & the ALSPAC study team. (2004). The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and postpartum in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 65–73.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, S. C., Colantuoni, E., Roberts, D., Berg-Cross, L., & Belcher, H. M. E. (2010). Depressive symptoms and birth outcomes among pregnant teenagers. Journal of Adolescent Gynecology, 23, 16–22.Google Scholar
Hoffman, L., & Stawski, R. S. (2009). Persons as contexts: Evaluating between-person and within-person effects in longitudinal analysis. Research in Human Development, 6, 97–120.Google Scholar
Howell, E. A., Mora, P. A., Horowitz, C. R., & Leventhal, H. (2007). Racial and ethnic differences in factors associated with early postpartum depressive symptoms. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 105, 1442–1450.Google Scholar
Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Steveson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747–770.Google Scholar
Kalil, A., & Kunz, J. (2002). Teenage childbearing, marital status, and depressive symptoms in later life. Child Development, 73, 1748–1760.Google Scholar
Knight, G. K., Roosa, M. W., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2009). Studying ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged populations. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, G. P., Virdin, L. M., & Roosa, M. (1994). Socialization and family correlates of mental health outcomes among Hispanic and Anglo American children: Consideration of cross-ethnic scalar equivalence. Child Development, 65, 212–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanzi, R. G., Carothers, S., Jacobs, B. K., & the Center for the Prevention of Child Neglect. (2009). Depression among a sample of first-time adolescent and adult mothers. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 22, 194–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lara, M. A., Berenzon, S., Juárez García, F., Medina-Mora, M. E., Natera Rey, G., Villatoro Velázquez, J. A., et al. (2012). Population study of depressive symptoms and risk factors in pregnant and parenting Mexican adolescents. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 31, 102–108.Google Scholar
Lavi, I., & Slone, M. (2012). Parental practices and political violence: The protective role of parental warmth and authority-control in Jewish and Arab Israeli children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 4, 550–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leadbeater, B. J., & Linares, O. (1992). Depressive symptoms in black and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers in the first 3 years postpartum. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 451–468.Google Scholar
Levine Coley, R., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (1997). Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. American Psychologist, 53, 152–166.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–238.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425–444.Google Scholar
McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., Shanahan, L., Crouter, A. C., & Killoren, S. E. (2005). Siblings' differential treatment in Mexican American families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1259–1274.Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on Black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311–346.Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Changing demographics in the American population: Implications for research on minority children and adolescents. In McLoyd, V. C. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Studying minority adolescents: Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical issues (pp. 3–28). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Milan, S., Kershaw, T., Lewis, J., Ickovics, J. R., Meade, C., & Ethier, K. (2004). Prevalence, course, and predictors of emotional distress in pregnant and parenting adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 328–340.Google Scholar
Molenberghs, G., & Kenward, M. G. (2007) Missing data in clinical studies. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Mollborn, S., & Morningstar, E. (2009). Investigating the relationship between teenage childbearing and psychological distress using longitudinal evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 310–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, M. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). Adolescent parenthood. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (pp. 173–210). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Nair, R. L., White, R. M. B., Roosa, M. W., & Zeiders, K. H. (2013). Cultural stressors and mental health symptoms among Mexican Americans: A prospective study examining the impact of family and neighborhood context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 1611–1623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Passel, J. S., Cohn, D., & Lopez, M. H (2011). Census 2010: 50 million Latinos Hispanics account for more than half of the nation's growth in past decade. Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/140.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pearlin, L. I. (1999). Stress and mental health: A conceptual overview. In Horwitz, A. V. & Scheid, T. L. (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health (pp. 161–175). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 337–356.Google Scholar
Peña, J. B., Wyman, P. A., Brown, C. H., Matthieu, M. M., Olivares, T. E., Hartel, D., et al. (2008). Immigration generation status and its association with suicide attempts, substance use, and depressive symptoms among Latino adolescent in the USA. Prevention Science, 9, 299–310.Google Scholar
Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for researching the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7, 385–401.Google Scholar
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Ritter, C., Hobfoll, S. E., Lavin, J., Cameron, R. P., & Hulsizer, M. R. (2000). Stress, psychosocial resources, and depressive symptomatology during pregnancy in low-income, inner-city women. Health Psychology, 19, 576–585.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1991). Screening for adolescent depression: A comparison of depression scales. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 58–66.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, N., Myers, H. F., Mira, C. B., Flores, T., & Garcia-Hernandez, L., (2002). Development of the multidimensional acculturative stress inventory of adults of Mexican origin. Psychological Assessment, 4, 451–461.Google Scholar
Romero, A. J., & Roberts, R. E. (2003). Stress within a bicultural context for adolescents of Mexican descent. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 171–184.Google Scholar
Sabogal, F., Marín, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., Marín, B. V., & Perez-Stable, E. J. (1987). Hispanic familism and acculturation: What changes and what doesn't? Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 397–412.Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. M., Wiemann, C. M., Rickert, V. I., & Smith, E. O. (2006). Moderate to severe depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers followed four years postpartum. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 712–718.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2009). Rethinking the concept of acculturation. American Psychologist, 65, 237–251.Google Scholar
Singer, J. D., & Willet, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sirin, S. R., Ryce, P., Gupta, T., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2013). The role of acculturative stress on mental health symptoms for immigrant adolescents: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 49, 736–748. doi:10.1037/a0028398Google Scholar
Suarez-Morales, L., & Lopez, B. (2009). The impact of acculturative stress and daily hassles on pre-adolescent psychological adjustment: Examining anxiety symptoms. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 335–349.Google Scholar
Thompson, S. D., & Walker, A. C. (2004). Satisfaction with parenting: A comparison between adolescent mothers and fathers. Sex Roles, 50, 677–687.Google Scholar
Torres, L. (2010). Predicting levels of Latino depression: Acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 256–263.Google Scholar
Torres, L., Driscoll, M. W., & Voell, M. (2012). Discrimination, acculturation, acculturative tress, and Latino psychological distress: A moderated mediational model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 17–25.Google Scholar
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Guimond, A. B., Updegraff, K. A., & Jahromi, L. (2013). A longitudinal examination of support, self-esteem, and Mexican-origin adolescent mothers' parenting efficacy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, 746–759.Google Scholar
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Updegraff, K. A., & Gonzales-Backen, M. A. (2011). Mexican-origin adolescent mothers' stressors and psychosocial functioning: Examining ethnic identity affirmation and familism as moderators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 140–157.Google Scholar
Wagner, B. M., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. S. (1996). Parent/adolescent relationships: Moderators of the effects of stressful life events. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11, 347–374.Google Scholar
Wang, S. C., Schwartz, S. J., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2010). Acculturative stress among Cuban American college students: Exploring the mediating pathways between acculturation and psychosocial functioning. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 2862–2887.Google Scholar
Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. Z. (1998). Emotional characteristics of infants associated with maternal depression and anxiety. Pediatrics, 102, 1298–1304.Google Scholar
Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S. J., Jarvis, L. H., & Van Tyne, K. (2009). Acculturation and substance use among Hispanic early adolescents: Investigating the mediating roles of acculturative stress and self-esteem. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 315–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeiders, K. H., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Derlan, C. L. (2013). Trajectories of depressive symptoms and self-esteem in Latino youth: Examining the role of gender and discrimination. Developmental Psychology, 5, 951–963.Google Scholar
Zeiders, K. H., Updegraff, K., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Wheeler, L. A., Perez-Brena, N. J., & Rodríquez, S. A. (2013). Mexican-origin youths' trajectories of depressive symptoms: The role of familism values. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, 648–654.Google Scholar