Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:57:45.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hungry for inclusion: Exposure to peer victimization and heightened social monitoring in adolescent girls

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2019

Eva H. Telzer Open the ORCID record for Eva H. Telzer [Opens in a new window] ,
Carina H. Fowler ,
Megan M. Davis  and
Karen D. Rudolph
Eva H. Telzer*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Carina H. Fowler
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Megan M. Davis
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
Karen D. Rudolph
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Eva H. Telzer, 235 E Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Email: ehtelzer@unc.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Belonging to a social group is one of the most important factors contributing to well-being. The Belonging Regulation model proposes that humans possess a social monitoring system (SMS) that evaluates social inclusion and monitors belonging needs. Here, we used a prospective longitudinal design to examine links between peer victimization experienced across 7 years and social monitoring at the behavioral and neural level in adolescent girls (n = 38, Mage = 15.43 years, SD = .33). Participants completed a social evaluation task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. More severe peer victimization was associated with increased activation to in-group versus out-group peers in the amygdala, ventral striatum, fusiform gyrus, and temporoparietal junction. Moreover, participants who displayed increased activation in these regions reported lower social self esteem and higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These results suggest that exposure to peer victimization across the school years is associated with heightened social monitoring at the neural level during adolescence, which has potential adverse implications for girls’ adjustment and well-being.

Keywords

adolescencefMRIpeer victimizationsocial monitoring
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Special Issue 4: Conceptualizing and Interrogating Autism Spectrum Disorder from a Developmental Psychopathology Framework , October 2020 , pp. 1495 - 1508
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aboud, F. E. (2003). The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes? Developmental Psychology, 39, 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.39.1.48CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, R. B., Rule, N. O., Franklin, R. G., Wang, E., Stevenson, M. T., Yoshikawa, S., … Ambady, N. (2010). Cross-cultural reading the mind in the eyes: An fMRI investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1995). Dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in preadolescent cliques. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 145–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1996). Preadolescent clique stratification and the hierarchy of identity. Sociological Inquiry, 66, 111–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Messer, S. C., & Pickles, A. (1995). Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research., 54, 237–249.Google Scholar
Ashburn-Nardo, L., Voils, C. I., & Monteith, M. J. (2001). Implicit associations as the seeds of intergroup bias: How easily do they take root? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 789–799. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.789CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529. Retrieved from http://ronaldvoorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/1995-The-Need-to-Belong-Desire-for-Interpersonal-Attachments-as-a-Fundamental-Human-Motivation.pdfCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellmore, A. D., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2006). Reciprocal influences of victimization, perceived social preference, and self-concept in adolescence. Self and Identity, 5, 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860600636647CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). The cross-category effect. Psychological Science, 18, 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01964.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakemore, S. J. (2008). Development of the social brain during adolescence. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701508715CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakemore, S. J. (2010). The developing social brain: Implications for education. Neuron, 65, 744–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C. S., & Haynes, O. M. (2010). Social competence, externalizing, and internalizing behavioral adjustment from early childhood through early adolescence: Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 717–735. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, D. E. (1991). Human universals. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Burnett, S., Bird, G., Moll, J., Frith, C. D., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2009). Development during adolescence of the neural processing of social emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1736–1750. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21121CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Long, J. D., & Masten, A. S. (2008). The interplay of social competence and psychopathology over 20 years: Testing transactional and cascade models. Child Development, 79, 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01130.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldwell, M. S., Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Kim, D. Y. (2004). Reciprocal influences among relational self-views, social disengagement, and peer stress during early adolescence. Child Development, 75, 1140–1154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champion, K., Vernberg, E., & Shipman, K. (2003). Nonbullying victims of bullies: Aggression, social skills, and friendship characteristics. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2003.08.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X., Fu, R., Liu, J., Wang, L., Zarbatany, L., & Ellis, W. (2018). Social sensitivity and social, school, and psychological adjustment among children across contexts. Developmental Psychology, 54, 1124–1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000496CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, X., Liu, J., Ellis, W., & Zarbatany, L. (2016). Social sensitivity and adjustment in Chinese and Canadian children. Child Development, 87, 1115–1129. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12514CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crockett, L., Losoff, M., & Petersen, A. C. (1984). Perceptions of the peer group and friendship in early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 4, 155–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431684042004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014). Depression and social identity: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314523839CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuadros, O., & Berger, C. (2016). The protective role of friendship quality on the wellbeing of adolescents victimized by peers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 1877–1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0504-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, W. A., & Brosch, T. (2012). Motivational salience: Amygdala tuning from traits, needs, values, and goals. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411430832CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Do, K.T. & Telzer, E.H. (2019). Corticostriatal connectivity is associated with the reduction of intergroup bias and greater impartial giving in youth. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 37, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100628CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 328–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2018). The anatomy of friendship. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22, 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.10.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S., & Carey, S. (2011). Consequences of “minimal” group affiliations in children. Child Development, 82, 793–811. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01577.x.ConsequencesCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunham, Y., & Emory, J. (2014). Of affect and ambiguity: The emergence of preference for arbitrary ingroups. Journal of Social Issues, 70, 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12048CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egger, H., Pine, D. S., Nelson, E., Leibenluft, E., Ernst, M., Towbin, K. E., & Angold, A. (2011). The NIMH Child Emotional Faces Picture Set (NIMH-ChEFS): A new set of children's facial emotion stimuli. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 20, 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.343.TheCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63, 103–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 486–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., Jefferis, V., & Knowles, M. (2005). On the outside looking in: Loneliness and social monitoring. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1549–1560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205277208CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology, 41, 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gasser, L., & Keller, M. (2009). Are the competent the morally good? Perspective taking and moral motivation of children involved in bullying. Social Development, 18, 798–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00516.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Moylan, J., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000). The fusiform “face area” is part of a network that processes faces at the individual level. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892900562165CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Shachar-Lavie, I. (2013). More than a face: A unified theoretical perspective on nonverbal social cue processing in social anxiety. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00904CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gini, G. (2006). Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What's wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 32, 528–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golby, A. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Chiao, J. Y., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2001). Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 845–850. https://doi.org/10.1038/90565CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guassi Moreira, J. F., Van Bavel, J. J., & Telzer, E. H. (2017). The neural development of “Us and Them.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12, 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw134CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyer, A. E., Choate, V. R., Detloff, A., Benson, B., Nelson, E. E., Perez-Edgar, K., … Ernst, M. (2012). Neural circuitry underlying affective response to peer feedback in adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7, 205–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guyer, A. E., Mcclure-Tone, E. B., Shiffrin, N. D., & pine, D. (2009). Probing the neural correlates of anticipated peer evaluation in adolescence. Child Development, 80, 1000–1015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gweon, H., Dodell-Feder, D., Bedny, M., & Saxe, R. (2012). Theory of mind performance in children correlates with functional specialization of a brain region for thinking about thoughts. Child Development, 83, 1853–1868. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01829.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haney, P., & Durlak, J. A. (1998). Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups. Psychological Science, 17, 847–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2009). Social neuroscience evidence for dehumanised perception. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 192–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, L. T., & Fegley, S. T. (1995). Prosocial behavior and caring in adolescence: Relations to self-understanding and social judgment. Child Development, 66, 1346–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00939.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haxby, J. V, Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01330-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, Y. D., & Pickett, C. L. (2010). Social rejection and self- versus other-awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 453–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, E. V., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.677CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, M. K., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Perceived social support among bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 984–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9153-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, S. C., & Boyle, J. M. E. (2004). Appraisal and coping strategy use in victims of school bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 83–107. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709904322848833CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302–4311. https://doi.org/10.1098/Rstb.2006.1934CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, M. L. (2014). Social rejection increases perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, M. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2008). Benefits of membership: The activation and amplification of group identities in response to social rejection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1200–1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320062CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroger, J. (2000). Ego identity status research in the new millenium. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 145–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502500383250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022684520514CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lakin, J., Chartrand, T. L., and Arkin, R. (2008). I am too just like you: Nonconscious mimicry as an automatic behavioral response to social exclusion. Psychological Science, 19, 816–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02162.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leary, M. R. (1999). Making sense of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 32–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00987.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leibovich, N., Schmid, V., Calero, A. (2018). The need to belong in adolescence: Adaptation of a scale for its assessment. Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal, 8, 1–7.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, N. M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2014). Individual and sex differences in the consequences of peer victimization: Moderation by approach and avoidance motivation. Developmental Psychology, 50, 2210–2220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maner, J. K., DeWall, N. C., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Craven, R. G., Parker, P. D., Parada, R. H., Guo, J., Dicke, T., & Abduljabbar, A. S. (2016). Temporal ordering effects of adolescent depression, relational aggression, and victimization over six waves: Fully latent reciprocal effects models. Developmental Psychology, 52, 1994–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000241CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, B. M., Lohman, B. J., & Newman, P. R. (2007). Peer group membership and a sense of belonging: their relationship to adolescent behavior problems. Adolescence, 42, 241–263.Google Scholar
Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2001). Group identity and alienation: Giving the we its due. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 515–538. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010480003929CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Stice, E., Wade, E., & Bohon, C. (2007). Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in female adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Maes, J., & Schmitt, M. (2009). Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 472–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015922CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental psychology, 29, 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, J. J., & Cillessen, A. H. (2003). Dynamics of peer victimization in early adolescence: Results from a four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 19, 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J008v19n02_03CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peake, S. J., Dishion, T. J., Stormshak, E. A., Moore, W. E., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2013). Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: Neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making. Neuroimage, 82, 23–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.061CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickett, C. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). The Social Monitoring System: Enhanced sensitivity to social cues as an adaptive response to social exclusion. In Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P., & Von Hippel, W. (Eds.), Sydney symposium of social psychology series. The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 213–226). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Pickett, C. L., Gardner, W. L., & Knowles, M. (2004). Getting a cue: The need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1095–1107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203262085CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinstein, M. J., Cheah, C. S. L., & Guyer, A. E. (2005). Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Preliminary concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., Boelen, P. A., Van Der Schoot, M., & Telch, M. J. (2011). Prospective linkages between peer victimization and externalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20374CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4303CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhodes, G., Byatt, G., Michie, P. T., & Puce, A. (2004). Is the fusiform face area specialized for faces, individuation, or expert individuation? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892904322984508CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodman, A. M., Powers, K. E., & Somerville, L. H. (2017). Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 13158–13163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98.ACrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, P. J., Milich, R., & Harris, M. J. (2007). Victims of their own cognitions: Implicit social cognitions, emotional distress, and peer victimization. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 211–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., Abaied, J., Flynn, M., Sugimura, N., & Agoston, A. M. (2011). Developing relationships, being cool, and not looking like a loser: Social goal orientation predicts children's responses to peer aggression. Child Development, 82, 1518–1530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Lansford, J. E., Agoston, A. M., Sugimura, N., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., … Bates, J. E. (2014). Peer victimization and social alienation: Predicting deviant peer affiliation in middle school. Child Development, 85, 124–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Miernicki, M. E., Troop-Gordon, W., Davis, M. M., & Telzer, E. H. (2016). Adding insult to injury: Neural sensitivity to social exclusion is associated with internalizing symptoms in chronically peer-victimized girls. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11, 829–842. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., Hessel, E. T., & Schmidt, J. D. (2011). A latent growth curve analysis of early and increasing peer victimization as predictors of mental health across elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.533413CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Llewellyn, N. (2013). Interactive contributions of self-regulation deficits and social motivation to psychopathology: Unraveling divergent pathways to aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 407–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scholte, R. H., Overbeek, G., Ten Brink, G., Rommes, E., De Kemp, R. A., Goossens, L., & Engels, R. C. (2009). The significance of reciprocal and unilateral friendships for peer victimization in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9287-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D., Gorman, A. H., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2008). Friendshipd with peers who are low or high in aggression as moderators of the link between peer victimization and declines in academic functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 719–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slavich, G. M., Donovan, A. O., Epel, E. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2010). Black sheep get the blues: A psychobiological model of social rejection and depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.003.BlackCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Somerville, L. H., Jones, R. M., Ruberry, E. J., Dyke, J. P., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2013). The medial prefrontal cortex and the emergence of self-conscious emotion in adolescence. Psychological Science, 24, 1554–1562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613475633CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Nock, M. K., Masia-Warner, C., & Barlas, M. E. (2003). Peer victimization and social-psychological adjustment in Hispanic and African-American children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026016124091CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroud, L. R., Salovey, P., & Epel, E. S. (2002). Sex differences in stress responses: Social rejection versus achievement stress. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 318–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420010202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, (pp. 33–37). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Taylor, K. A., Sullivan, T. N., & Kliewer, W. (2013). A longitudinal path analysis of peer victimization, threat appraisals to the self, and aggression, anxiety, and depression among urban African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9821-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telzer, E. H., Flannery, J., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Gabard-Durman, L., Gee, D. G., & Tottenham, N. (2015). “The Cooties Effect”: Amygdala reactivity to opposite- versus same-sex faces declines from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27, 1685–1696. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00813CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telzer, E. H., & Fuligni, A. J. (2013). Positive daily family interactions eliminate gender differences in internalizing symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 1498–1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9964-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K., Shapiro, M., & Tottenham, N. L. (2013). Amygdala sensitivity to race is not pesent in childhood but emerges in adolescence. Journal of Cognitive Nueroscience, 25, 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00311CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telzer, E. H., Ichien, N. T., & Qu, Y. (2015). Mothers know best: Redirecting adolescent reward sensitivity toward safe behavior during risk taking. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 1383–1391. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telzer, E. H., Miernicki, M. E., & Rudolph, K. D. (2018). Chronic peer victimization heightens neural sensitivity to risk taking. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000438CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telzer, E. H., Miernicki, M. E., & Rudolph, K. D. (2018). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G. & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–37). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In Tajfel, H. (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 15–40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van Bavel, J.J., & Cunningham, W.A. (2012). A social identity approach to person memory: Group membership, collective identification, and social role shape attention and memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1566–1578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212455829CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2009). Self-categorization with a novel mixed-race group moderates automatic social and racial biases. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208327743CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2008). The neural substrates of in-group bias: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Psychological Science, 19, 1131–1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02214.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2011). Modulation of the fusiform face area following minimal exposure to motivationally relevant faces: Evidence of in-group enhancement (not out-group disregard). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 3343–3354. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bavel, J. J., Swencionis, J. K., O'Connor, R. C., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012). Motivated social memory: Belonging needs moderate the own-group bias in face recognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 707–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Bos, W., van Dijk, E., Westenberg, M., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2011). Changing brains, changing perspectives: The neurocognitive development of reciprocity. Psychological Science, 22, 60–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hoorn, J., McCormick, E.M., & Telzer, E.H. (2018). Moderate social sensitivity in a risky context supports adaptive decision-making in adolescence: Evidence from brain and behavior. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, 13, 546–556. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldrip, A. M., Malcolm, K. T., & Jensen-Campbell, L. A. (2008). With a little help from your friends: The importance of high-quality friendships on early adolescent adjustment. Social Development, 17, 832–852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00476.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, B. D. (2000). Simultaneous inference for fMRI data. Retrieved February 23, 2018, from http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/doc/manuals/AlphaSim.pdfGoogle Scholar
Will, G.-J., Crone, E. A., van Lier, P. A. C., & Güroğlu, B. (2016). Neural correlates of retaliatory and prosocial reactions to social exclusion: Associations with chronic peer rejection. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 288–297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.05.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Will, G.-J., Crone, E. A., van Lier, P. A. C., & Güroğlu, B. (2018). Longitudinal links between childhood peer acceptance and the neural correlates of sharing. Developmental Science, 21, e12489. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12489CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziv, Y., Leibovich, I., & Shechtman, Z. (2013). Bullying and victimization in early adolescence: Relations to social information processing patterns. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 482–492. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21494Google ScholarPubMed