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The impact of life stress on adult depression and anxiety is dependent on gender and timing of exposure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2017

Carly E. Herbison ,
Karina Allen ,
Monique Robinson ,
John Newnham  and
Craig Pennell
Carly E. Herbison*
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth
Karina Allen
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth Kings College London South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
Monique Robinson
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth
John Newnham
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth
Craig Pennell
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Carly E. Herbison, School of Women's and Infants’ Health (M550), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; E-mail: carly.herbison@uwa.edu.au.
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Abstract

There is debate about the relative importance of timing of stressful events prenatally and over the life course and risk for subsequent depressive/anxious illness. The aim of this study was to examine the relative roles of prenatal stress and postnatal stress trajectories in predicting depression and anxiety in early adulthood in males and females. Exposure to life stress events was examined in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study during pregnancy and ages 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 years. At age 20, offspring completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Prenatal stress and trajectories of stress events from age 1 to 17 were analyzed in linear regression analyses. Five postnatal stress trajectories were identified. In females, medium to high chronic stress exposure or exposure during puberty/adolescence predicted depression and anxiety symptoms while low or reduced stress exposure over the life course did not, after adjustment for relevant confounders. High stress early in pregnancy contributed to male depression/anxiety symptoms independent of postnatal stress trajectory. In females, postnatal stress trajectory was more important than prenatal stress in predicting depression/anxiety symptoms. Interventions focused on reducing and managing stress events around conception/pregnancy and exposure to chronic stress are likely to have beneficial outcomes on rates of depression and anxiety in adults.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , October 2017 , pp. 1443 - 1454
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

The first author (C.H.) was supported by scholarships from the Australian Government, Raine Study, and Women and Infants Research Foundation. We thank Dr. Anne Smith and Dr. Garth Kendall for advice using PROC TRAJ in SAS. In addition, we thank the Raine Study participants who took part in each aspect of this research, the Raine Study Team for cohort coordination and data collection, and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and the Telethon Kids Institute for their longstanding funding and support of the study. Core funding for the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study is provided by the Raine Medical Research Foundation; University of Western Australia, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences; Telethon Kids Institute; Women and Infants Research Foundation; Edith Cowan University; and Curtin University.

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