Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:27:15.037Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Major depression, temperament, and social support as psychosocial mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of parenting styles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 June 2021

Eyal Abraham Open the ORCID record for Eyal Abraham [Opens in a new window] ,
Allison M. Letkiewicz ,
Priya J. Wickramaratne ,
Maya Bunyan ,
Milenna T. van Dijk ,
Marc J. Gameroff ,
Jonathan Posner ,
Ardesheer Talati  and
Myrna M. Weissman
Eyal Abraham*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Allison M. Letkiewicz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Priya J. Wickramaratne
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA Departments of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Maya Bunyan
Affiliation:
Departments of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Milenna T. van Dijk
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Marc J. Gameroff
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Jonathan Posner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Division of Child Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Ardesheer Talati
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Myrna M. Weissman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA Departments of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
*
Authors for Correspondence: Eyal Abraham, Myrna M. Weissman, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive Unit 24, New York, New York 10032, USA; E-mail: eyal.abraham@nyspi.columbia.edu; myrna.weissman@nyspi.columbia.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this three-generation longitudinal study of familial depression, we investigated the continuity of parenting styles, and major depressive disorder (MDD), temperament, and social support during childrearing as potential mechanisms. Each generation independently completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), measuring individuals’ experiences of care and overprotection received from parents during childhood. MDD was assessed prospectively, up to 38 years, using the semi-structured Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). Social support and temperament were assessed using the Social Adjustment Scale – Self-Report (SAS-SR) and Dimensions of Temperament Scales – Revised, respectively. We first assessed transmission of parenting styles in the generation 1 to generation 2 cycle (G1→G2), including 133 G1 and their 229 G2 children (367 pairs), and found continuity of both care and overprotection. G1 MDD accounted for the association between G1→G2 experiences of care, and G1 social support and temperament moderated the transmission of overprotection. The findings were largely similar when examining these psychosocial mechanisms in 111 G2 and their spouses (G2+S) and their 136 children (G3) (a total of 223 pairs). Finally, in a subsample of families with three successive generations (G1→G2→G3), G2 experiences of overprotection accounted for the association between G1→G3 experiences of overprotection. The results of this study highlight the roles of MDD, temperament, and social support in the intergenerational continuity of parenting, which should be considered in interventions to “break the cycle” of poor parenting practices across generations.

Keywords

temperamentdepressionsocial supportparentingintergenerational transmission
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 34 , Issue 5: Special Section: Leveraging Genetically Informative Study Designs to Understand the Development and Familial Transmission of Psychopathology , December 2022 , pp. 1997 - 2011
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, E., & Feldman, R. (2018). The neurobiology of human allomaternal care; implications for fathering, coparenting, and children's social development. Physiology & Behavior, 193, 25–34. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abraham, E., Hendler, T., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2016). Network integrity of the parental brain in infancy supports the development of children's social competencies. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11, 1707–1718. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw090CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abraham, E., Posner, J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Aw, N., van Dijk, M. T., Cha, J., … Talati, A. (2020). Concordance in parent and offspring cortico-basal ganglia white matter connectivity varies by parental history of major depressive disorder and early parental care. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1–15. doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa118Google ScholarPubMed
Abraham, E., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2021). Early maternal and paternal caregiving moderates the links between preschoolers’ reactivity and regulation and maturation of the HPA-immune axis. Developmental Psychobiology, doi:10.1002/dev.22089CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Smith, J. M., Gibb, B. E., & Neeren, A. M. (2006). Role of parenting and maltreatment histories in unipolar and bipolar mood disorders: Mediation by cognitive vulnerability to depression. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 23–64. doi:10.1007/s10567-006-0002-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, J. A., Hill, K. G., Oesterle, S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2009). Parenting practices and problem behavior across three generations: Monitoring, harsh discipline, and drug use in the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1214. doi:10.1037/a0016129CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bales, K. L., & Saltzman, W. (2016). Fathering in rodents: Neurobiological substrates and consequences for offspring. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 249–259. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96. doi:10.2307/1129836CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J., Conger, R., & Capaldi, D. M. (2009). The intergenerational transmission of parenting: Introduction to the special section. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1201. doi:10.1037/a0016245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsky, J., Jaffee, S. R., Sligo, J., Woodward, L., & Silva, P. A. (2005). Intergenerational transmission of warm-sensitive-stimulating parenting: A prospective study of mothers and fathers of 3-year-olds. Child Development, 76, 384–396. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00852.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, M. H. (2009). Toward a model of culture↔parent↔child transactions. In Sameroff, A. (Ed.), The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other (pp. 139–161). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2007). Parenting styles and child social development. Encyclopedia on early childhood development. Montreal: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development and Strategic Knowledge Cluster on Early Child Development.Google Scholar
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., & Johnston, C. (2000). Parental and child cognitions in the context of the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 315–344. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.315CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buisman, R. S., Pittner, K., Tollenaar, M. S., Lindenberg, J., van den Berg, L. J., Compier-de Block, L. H., … van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020). Intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment using a multi-informant multi-generation family design. PLoS One, 15, e0225839. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225839CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bush, N. R., Wakschlag, L. S., LeWinn, K. Z., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Nozadi, S. S., Pieper, S., … Posner, J. (2020). Family environment, neurodevelopmental risk, and the environmental influences on child health outcomes (ECHO) initiative: Looking back and moving forward. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 547. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00547CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canetti, L., Bachar, E., Galili-Weisstub, E., De-Nour, A. K., & Shalev, A. Y. (1997). Parental bonding and mental health in adolescence. Adolescence, 32, 381–394.Google ScholarPubMed
Capaldi, D. M., Pears, K. C., Patterson, G. R., & Owen, L. D. (2003). Continuity of parenting practices across generations in an at-risk sample: A prospective comparison of direct and mediated associations. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 127–142. doi:10.1023/A:1022518123387CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., & Elder, G. H. (1988). Emergent family patterns: The intergenerational construction of problem behavior and relationships. In Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (Eds.), Relationships within families: Mutual influences (pp. 218–240). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Cederblad, M., Dahlin, L., Hagnell, O., & Hansson, K. (1995). Intelligence and temperament as protective factors for mental health. A cross-sectional and prospective epidemiological study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 11–19. doi:10.1007/BF02191539CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1982). Infant bonding: Mystique and reality. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 213–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The evolution of parental care (Vol. 64). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumberland-Li, A., Eisenberg, N., Champion, C., Gershoff, E., & Fabes, R. A. (2003). The relation of parental emotionality and related dispositional traits to parental expression of emotion and children's social functioning. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 27–56. doi:10.1023/A:1023674308969CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutrona, C. E. (1984). Social support and stress in the transition to parenthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 378. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.93.4.378CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dong, Y., & Peng, C. Y. J. (2013). Principled missing data methods for researchers. SpringerPlus, 2, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B., Jacobvitz, D., & Papatola, K. (1987). Intergenerational continuity of abuse. In Gelles, R. J. & Lancaster, J. B. (Eds.), Child abuse and neglect: Biosocial dimensions (pp. 255–276). New York, NY: Aldine.Google Scholar
Feldman, R. (2020). What is resilience: An affiliative neuroscience approach. World Psychiatry, 19, 132–150. doi:10.1002/wps.20729CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R. (2021). Social behavior as a transdiagnostic marker of resilience. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17, 5.10–5.28. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-102046CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R., Gordon, I., & Zagoory-Sharon, O. (2011). Maternal and paternal plasma, salivary, and urinary oxytocin and parent–infant synchrony: Considering stress and affiliation components of human bonding. Developmental Science, 14, 752–761. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01021.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R., & Masalha, S. (2010). Parent–child and triadic antecedents of children's social competence: Cultural specificity, shared process. Developmental Psychology, 46, 455. doi:10.1037/a0017415CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R., Masalha, S., & Derdikman-Eiron, R. (2010). Conflict resolution in the parent–child, marital, and peer contexts and children's aggression in the peer group: A process-oriented cultural perspective. Developmental Psychology, 46, 310. doi:10.1037/a0018286CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, C. J. E., Garber, J., & Durlak, J. A. (2008). Current and past maternal depression, maternal interaction behaviors, and children's externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 527–537. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9197-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujiwara, T., Weisman, O., Ochi, M., Shirai, K., Matsumoto, K., Noguchi, E., & Feldman, R. (2019). Genetic and peripheral markers of the oxytocin system and parental care jointly support the cross-generational transmission of bonding across three generations. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 102, 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, K. C. (2002). Does child temperament moderate the influence of parenting on adjustment? Developmental Review, 22, 623–643. doi:10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00503-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gameroff, M. J., Wickramaratne, P., & Weissman, M. M. (2012). Testing the short and screener versions of the social adjustment scale–self-report (SAS-SR). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21, 52–65. doi:10.1002/mpr.358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (2001). Predictors of depressive cognitions in young adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 353–376. doi:10.1023/A:1005530402239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Schneiderman, I., Leckman, J. F., Weller, A., & Feldman, R. (2008). Oxytocin and cortisol in romantically unattached young adults: Associations with bonding and psychological distress. Psychophysiology, 45, 349–352. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00649.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gotlib, I. H., Mount, J. H., Cordy, N. I., & Whiffen, V. E. (1988). Depression and perceptions of early parenting: A longitudinal investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 24–27. doi:10.1192/bjp.152.1.24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, B. L., Furrer, C., & McAllister, C. (2007). How do relationships support parenting? Effects of attachment style and social support on parenting behavior in an at-risk population. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 96–108. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9127-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunnar, M. R., & Hostinar, C. E. (2015). The social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans: Developmental and experiential determinants. Social Neuroscience, 10, 479–488. doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1070747CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hein, S., Thomas, T., Naumova, O. Y., Luthar, S. S., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2019). Negative parenting modulates the association between mother's DNA methylation profiles and adult offspring depression. Developmental Psychobiology, 61, 304–310. doi:10.1002/dev.21789CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Montgomery, S. A., Keller, M. B., Kasper, S., Schatzberg, A. F., Moller, H.-J., … Versiani, M. (2000). Social functioning in depression: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 268–275. doi:10.4088/jcp.v61n0405CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmbeck, G. N., Johnson, S. Z., Wills, K. E., McKernon, W., Rose, B., Erklin, S., & Kemper, T. (2002). Observed and perceived parental overprotection in relation to psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with a physical disability: The mediational role of behavioral autonomy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 96–110. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.1.96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hops, H., Davis, B., Leve, C., & Sheeber, L. (2003). Cross-generational transmission of aggressive parent behavior: A prospective, mediational examination. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 161–169. doi:10.1023/A:1022522224295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20, 90–98. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeličić, H., Phelps, E., & Lerner, R. M. (2009). Use of missing data methods in longitudinal studies: The persistence of bad practices in developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U. M. A., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., … Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, D. C., Capaldi, D. M., Pears, K. C., & Owen, L. D. (2009). A prospective three-generational study of fathers’ constructive parenting: Influences from family of origin, adolescent adjustment, and offspring temperament. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1257–1275. doi:10.1037/a0015863CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitamura, T., Shikai, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Tanaka, N., & Shono, M. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of parenting style and personality: Direct influence or mediation? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 541–556. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1993.tb02026.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd edition). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Latzman, R. D., Elkovitch, N., & Clark, L. A. (2009). Predicting parenting practices from maternal and adolescent sons’ personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 847–855. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.05.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leckman, J. F., Sholomskas, D., Thompson, D., Belanger, A., & Weissman, M. M. (1982). Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: A methodological study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 879–883. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290080001001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, J., & Feldman, R. (2019). Synchronous interactions foster empathy. Journal of Experimental Neuroscience, 13, 1179069519865799. doi:10.1177/1179069519865799CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, N., Ensel, W. M., Simeone, R. S., & Kuo, W. (1979). Social support, stressful life events, and illness: A model and an empirical test. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20, 108–119. doi:10.2307/2136433CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lomanowska, A. M., Boivin, M., Hertzman, C., & Fleming, A. S. (2017). Parenting begets parenting: A neurobiological perspective on early adversity and the transmission of parenting styles across generations. Neuroscience, 342, 120–139. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561–592. doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00100-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowell, A., & Renk, K. (2017). Predictors of child maltreatment potential in a national sample of mothers of young children. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 26, 335–353. doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1299825CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackinnon, A., Henderson, A. S., & Andrews, G. (1993). Parental ‘affectionless control’ as an antecedent to adult depression: A risk factor refined. Psychological Medicine, 23, 135–141. doi:10.1017/s0033291700038927CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malmkvist, J., Hansen, S. W., Damgaard, B. M., & Christensen, J. W. (2019). Maternal temperament modulates curiosity and cortisol responses in farmed mink. Physiology & Behavior, 211, 112679. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112679CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannuzza, S., Fyer, A. J., Klein, D. F., & Endicott, J. (1986). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia—lifetime version modified for the study of anxiety disorders (SADS-LA): Rationale and conceptual development. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 20, 317–325. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(86)90034-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr, Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebíčková, M., Avia, M. D., … Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173–186. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muñoz, R. F., & Weissman, M. M. (2020). Fostering healthy mental, emotional, and behavioral development in children and youth: National academies report calling for a decade of children and youth. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 808–810. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19111133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, E., Wickramaratne, P., & Weissman, M. (2010). The stability of parental bonding reports: A 20-year follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125, 307–315. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neppl, T. K., Conger, R. D., Scaramella, L. V., & Ontai, L. L. (2009). Intergenerational continuity in parenting behavior: Mediating pathways and child effects. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1241–1256. doi:10.1037/a0014850CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neppl, T. K., Diggs, O. N., & Cleveland, M. J. (2020). The intergenerational transmission of harsh parenting, substance use, and emotional distress: Impact on the third-generation child. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 34, 852–863. doi:10.1037/adb0000551CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, D. A. (2003). Longitudinal modeling with randomly and systematically missing data: A simulation of ad hoc, maximum likelihood, and multiple imputation techniques. Organizational Research Methods, 6, 328–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, D. L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1997). Antecedents of adult interpersonal functioning: Effects of individual differences in age 3 temperament. Developmental Psychology, 33, 206. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.2.206CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozbay, F., Fitterling, H., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2008). Social support and resilience to stress across the life span: A neurobiologic framework. Current Psychiatry Reports, 10, 304–310. doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0049-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. (1990). The parental bonding instrument: a decade of research. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25, 281–282. doi:10.1007/BF00782881CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Greenwald, S., & Weissman, M. (1995). Low parental care as a risk factor to lifetime depression in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 33, 173–180. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(94)00086-oCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). Parental bonding instrument (PBI). British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, G. C., Coffery, C., Posterino, M., Carlin, J. B., & Wolfe, R. (2001). Parental ‘affectionless control’ in adolescent depressive disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 475–480. doi:10.1007/s001270170011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, G. R., Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., Joseph, H. J., & Henderson, C. A. (1996). Conceptualizing and assessing social support in the context of the family. In Pierce, G. R., Sarason, B. R., & Sarason, I. G. (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family. The Springer Series on Stress and Coping. (pp. 3–23). Boston, MA: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1388-3_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puff, J., & Renk, K. (2016). Mothers’ temperament and personality: Their relationship to parenting behaviors, locus of control, and young children's functioning. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47, 799–818. doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0613-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rilling, J. K., & Young, L. J. (2014). The biology of mammalian parenting and its effect on offspring social development. Science, 345, 771–776. doi:10.1126/science.1252723CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roskam, I. (2013). The transmission of parenting behaviour within the family: An empirical study across three generations. Psychologica Belgica, 53, 49–64. doi:10.5334/pb-53-3-49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Version 0.6-7. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–36. 10.18637/jss.v048.i02CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 105–176). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In Eisenberg, N., Damon, W., & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 99–166). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1998). Some research considerations on intergenerational continuities and discontinuities: Comment on the special section. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1269–1273. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, T., Uehara, T., Narita, T., Sakado, K., & Fujii, Y. (2000). Parental bonding and personality in relation to a lifetime history of depression. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54, 121–130. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00647.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 23–74.Google Scholar
Schury, K., Zimmermann, J., Umlauft, M., Hulbert, A. L., Guendel, H., Ziegenhain, U., & Kolassa, I. T. (2017). Childhood maltreatment, postnatal distress and the protective role of social support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 228–239. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serrano-Villar, M., Huang, K. Y., & Calzada, E. J. (2017). Social support, parenting, and social-emotional development in young Mexican and Dominican American children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48, 597–609. doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0685-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaffer, A., Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Herbers, J. E., & Masten, A. S. (2009). Intergenerational continuity in parenting quality: The mediating role of social competence. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1227–1240. doi:10.1037/a0015361CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, C. A., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Continuities in antisocial behavior and parenting across three generations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 230–247. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00216.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiger, H., Feen, J. V. D., Goldstein, C., & Leichner, P. (1989). Defense styles and parental bonding in eating-disordered women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 131–140. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198903)8:2<131::AID-EAT2260080202>3.0.CO;2-K3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Vakrat, A., Apter-Levy, Y., & Feldman, R. (2018). Sensitive fathering buffers the effects of chronic maternal depression on child psychopathology. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49, 779–785. doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0795-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1992). Intergenerational transmission of parenting: A review of studies in nonclinical populations. Developmental Review, 12, 76–99. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90004-LCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warmingham, J. M., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2020). Intergenerational maltreatment and child emotion dysregulation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 102, 104377. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104377CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M. (2020). Intergenerational study of depression: A convergence of findings and opportunities. Psychological Medicine, 50, 170–172. doi:10.1017/S0033291719002939CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M., Berry, O. O., Warner, V., Gameroff, M. J., Skipper, J., Talati, A., … Wickramaratne, P. (2016). A 30-year study of 3 generations at high risk and low risk for depression. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 970–977. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1586CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M., & Bothwell, S. (1976). Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1111–1115. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770090101010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M., Fendrich, M., Warner, V., & Wickramaratne, P. (1992). Incidence of psychiatric disorder in offspring at high and low risk for depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 640–648. doi:10.1097/00004583-199207000-00010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M., Wickramaratne, P., Gameroff, M. J., Warner, V., Pilowsky, D., Kohad, R. G., … Talati, A. (2016). Offspring of depressed parents: 30 years later. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 1024–1032. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Warner, V., Verdeli, H., Pilowsky, D. J., … Bruder, G. (2005). Families at high and low risk for depression: A 3-generation study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 29–36. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.1.29CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, S. G., Taylor, A. B., & Wu, W. (2012). Model fit and model selection in structural equation modeling. In Hoyle, R. H. (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 209–231). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Wilhelm, K., Boyce, P., & Brownhill, S. (2004). The relationship between interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety disorders and major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 79, 33–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilhelm, K., Niven, H., Parker, G., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2005). The stability of the parental bonding instrument over a 20-year period. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1–7. doi:10.1017/s0033291704003538Google Scholar
Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010). Effects of paternal depression on fathers’ parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 167–180. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windle, M., & Lerner, R. M. (1986). Reassessing the dimensions of temperamental individuality across the life span: The revised dimensions of temperament survey (DOTS-R). Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 213–229. doi:10.1177/074355488612007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Q., Zhang, J., & Slesnick, N. (2020). Intergenerational transmission of maternal overprotection and child anxiety in substance-using families. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102236. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102236CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Abraham et al. supplementary material

Abraham et al. supplementary material

Download Abraham et al. supplementary material(File)
File 655.7 KB