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Out of harm's way: Secure versus insecure–disorganized attachment predicts less adolescent risk taking related to childhood poverty

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2017

Brianna C. Delker ,
Rosemary E. Bernstein  and
Heidemarie K. Laurent
Brianna C. Delker*
Affiliation:
University of Washington University of Oregon
Rosemary E. Bernstein
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Heidemarie K. Laurent
Affiliation:
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Brianna C. Delker, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560; E-mail: bcdelker@uw.edu.
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Abstract

Although some risk taking in adolescence is normative, evidence suggests that adolescents raised in conditions of socioeconomic disadvantage are disproportionately burdened with risk taking and its negative consequences. Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we investigated quality of the early caregiving environment as a potential prospective buffer against the long-term association between childhood poverty and adolescent risk taking. Multicategorical moderation model results indicated that if raised in poverty across age 1–54 months (average family income to needs ratio ≤ 1.02), relative to affluence (income to needs ratio ≥ 6.16), adolescents with histories of secure attachment to caregivers exhibited two times the number of risk behaviors at age 15, whereas adolescents with insecure–disorganized histories exhibited nearly five times the number of risk behaviors. Both early family economic hardship and history of insecure–disorganized attachment remained significant predictors of increased adolescent risk taking, alongside the interactive effect. Probing the interaction's region of significance revealed that history of secure (vs. insecure–disorganized) attachment is associated with protective reductions in risk taking below a family income to needs ratio of 2.24, or about 220% poverty level. Findings support a diathesis–stress model in which children with secure attachment histories are less deleteriously impacted by early socioeconomic adversity than their insecure–disorganized peers.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , February 2018 , pp. 283 - 296
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

The authors gratefully acknowledge the families who participated in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) and the Early Child Care Research Network's team of investigators who designed and implemented the SECCYD study and made its data accessible to other researchers.

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