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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 July 2024
A meridional American space, a brief history, a rapid rythm of change and finally a specific time element, these are perhaps the fundamental elements of American history. These fundamental elements determine a conjucture. America entered the mainstream of history rather late. But America has more than fully made up for this because events and economic factors, which take place there, have an amazing ability to stamp by their shifts and changes the worldwide resultant of all specific conjunctures. To the extent that, almost everywhere, the rythm of a worldwide conjuncture can be felt, whose peaks and troughs impose themselves on men and have to be forcibly taken into account by all strategies, this conjuncture, ever since America took her place in history, has borne the imprint of America. One is tempted to write that it is American.
1 We have the opportunity, as others have, of expressing our ideas concerning these problems, in particular, in "Dynamique conjoncturelle et histoire sérielle. Point de vue d'historien" in Industrie (Brussels), 1960, No. 6, and in "Les échanges entre l'Amérique espagnole et les Nouveaux Mondes aux XVe, XVIIe, XVIIIe siècles" in Information Historique, 1960, No. 5, and naturally, within the nar rower framework of the economic history of Spanish America of the 16th and 17th centuries, in Seville et l'Atlantique (1504-1650) more specifically in vol. VIII (Paris, Sevpen, 1959), and in the introduction for Philippines et le Paci fique des Ibériques (XVIe, XVIIe, XVIIIe siècles), Paris, 1960. Very recently we have had an excellent reevaluation by Pierre Vilar, from a different, Marxist point of view, in La Catalogne dans l'Espagne moderne, Paris, Sevpen, 1962, vol. I, pp. 16-20.
2 On this subject see Huguette and Pierre Chaunu, "Psychologie collective et histoire sérielle. L'atmosphère des rapports français à Cádiz dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIe siècle," Bulletin Hispanique, 1962, Hommage à Marcel Bataillon. Also P. Chaunu, "Minorités et Conjoncture," Revue Historique, 1961, No. 1.
3 Limiting oneself to the earliest America, we have the superior study of the exportation of precious metals worked out by Earl J. Hamilton, reprinted in American Treasure and Price Revolution in Spain (1500-1650), Cambridge (Mass.), 1934, XXXV-428 p. Also the work of Frédéric Mauro on Brasil, Le Portugal et L'Atlantique au XVIIe siècle (1570-1670), Etude économique, Paris, Sevpen, 1960, LXII-550 p. and our own study, H., et P. Chaunu, Séville et l'Atlantique (1504-1650), Paris, 1955-1959, 12 vols., 7353 p., and Les Philippines cit., 302 p. Also, all the remarkable work of the demographic historians in Berkeley of which we gave an account in the Revue Historique, 1960, No. 3. pp. 339-368.
4 In France, around the work and the teachings of Ernest Labrousse.
5 On this particular point and a broader question, see our articles, "Le XVIIe siècle. Problèmes de conjoncture. Conjoncture globale et conjonctures rurales françaises," Mélanges Antony Babel, Geneva, 1963, 20 p., and "Le renversement de la tendance majeure des prix et des activités au XVIIe siècle," Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani, Milan, 1962, vol. IV, pp. 221-257.
6 Dear to the North American economy of the 20th century.
7 At the heart of the history of prices since its beginning.
8 Extremely well put forward by Ernest Labrousse.
9 The focus of attention of the French school.
10 Guy Beaujouan expressed himself clearly concerning the quadricyclical hypothesis when writing about our own research in the Journal des Savants, 1960, No. 2, pp. 86-91.
11 American Treasure and Price Revolution in Spain cit.
12 We mention the most significant in Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani, IV, pp. 221-257, and in Mélanges Antony Babel cit.
13 Ibid. Also our "Brasil et l'Atlantique au XVIIe siècle," Annales E.S.C., 1961, No. 6, pp. 1176-1207.
14 Paris, Sevpen, 1961, 840 p. Atlas. Reservations, however, have been expressed.
15 For a conceptual view of the effect of domination, see almost all the works of François Perroux.
16 We believe that we can rejuvenate through this approach the old pro blematic of the "frontier," which has been highly prized by North American historiography ever since the period of Frederic Jackson Turner.
17 The idea of a closed world everywhere replacing that of a world which remained opened in South America as late as 1940 has been developed by Claude Lévi Strauss in the first chapters of Tristes Tropiques.
18 This, at least, was what we tried to demonstrate in the last volumes of Séville et l'Atlantique.
19 Information Historique cit., 1960, No. 5.
20 As may be considered, for example, in the index of Leonard P. Ayres and Cleveland Trust Co., in Harold Underwood Faulkner, Histoire économique des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, Paris, P.U.F., 1958, vol. II, pp. 644-645.
21 Along the line of thinking of Francois Simiand and for a perfect for mulation, that of Ernest Labrousse, see La Crise de l'Economie Française, Paris, P.U.F., 1944.
22 And very recently also in the Programa de Historia Colonial, Mexico, out of print, 2 vols., multigraphed, xxi-1036 p.
23 Portugal et Atlantique cit.
24 José Honorio Rodriguez, Brasil, periodo colonial, Mexico, 1953, p. 98.
25 Alexander von Humboldt, Essai politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne, Paris, 2d. ed., Renouard, 4 vols., vol. I, pp. 320-321.
26 Paul A. Samuelson, L'Economique. Techniques modernes de l'Analyse éco nomique, Paris, A. Colin, 2 vols., 1953, vol. I, p. 133.
27 From Dos Passos to Steinbeck, from Thomas Wolfe to Eliot and Faulkner.
28 Frank Freidel, America in the Twentieth Century, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1960, xxii, 594 p.
29 Cited by Paul A. Samuelson, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 42.
30 Statistics calculated according to M. Hernandez Sanchez Barba (vol. IV and V of the Historía social y económica de España y América of J. Vicens Vives, Barcelona, 1958-1959), Marcel Reinhard and André Armengaud, Histoire générale de la population mondiale, Paris, Montchrestien, 1960, V, 547 p. Statistical year books and Images économiques du monde 1961, by J. Beaujeu Garnier and A. Gamblin, Paris, Sedes, 1962.
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