Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T19:43:58.188Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evaluating the Impact of Pharmacies on Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Administration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 February 2017

Joy Schwerzmann ,
Samuel B. Graitcer ,
Barbara Jester ,
David Krahl ,
Daniel Jernigan ,
Carolyn B. Bridges  and
Joseph Miller
Joy Schwerzmann
Affiliation:
Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
Samuel B. Graitcer
Affiliation:
Immunization Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Barbara Jester
Affiliation:
Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
David Krahl
Affiliation:
Kromite LLC, Lambertville, New Jersey
Daniel Jernigan
Affiliation:
Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Carolyn B. Bridges
Affiliation:
Immunization Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Joseph Miller*
Affiliation:
Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to Joseph Miller, Mail Stop C-17, Division of Scientific Resources/National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 (e-mail: FAZ9@cdc.gov).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study was to quantify the potential retail pharmacy vaccine administration capacity and its possible impact on pandemic influenza vaccine uptake.

Methods

We developed a discrete event simulation model by use of ExtendSim software (Imagine That Inc, San Jose, CA) to forecast the potential effect of retail pharmacy vaccine administration on total weekly vaccine administration and the time needed to reach 80% vaccination coverage with a single dose of vaccine per person.

Results

Results showed that weekly national vaccine administration capacity increased to 25 million doses per week when retail pharmacist vaccination capacity was included in the model. In addition, the time to achieve 80% vaccination coverage nationally was reduced by 7 weeks, assuming high public demand for vaccination. The results for individual states varied considerably, but in 48 states the inclusion of pharmacies improved time to 80% coverage.

Conclusions

Pharmacists can increase the numbers of pandemic influenza vaccine doses administered and reduce the time to achieve 80% single-dose coverage. These results support efforts to ensure pharmacist vaccinators are integrated into pandemic vaccine response planning. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:587–593)

Keywords

influenzapandemic vaccine administrationpharmacies
Type
Original Research
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 11 , Issue 5 , October 2017 , pp. 587 - 593
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Comments from the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC on the National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza: implementation Plan. Biosecur Bioterror. 2006;4(3):320-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2006.4.320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Grohskopf, LA, Sokolow, LZ, Olsen, SJ, et al. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015-16 Influenza Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(30):818-825.Google Scholar
3. Flu Vaccination Coverage, United States, 2015-2016 Influenza Season. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/coverage-1516estimates.htm. Accessed January 11, 2017.Google Scholar
4. Appiah, GD, Blanton, L, D’Mello, T, et al. Influenza activity — United States, 2014-15 season and composition of the 2015-16 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:583-590.Google ScholarPubMed
5. Estimated Influenza Illnesses and Hospitalizations Averted by Vaccination — United States, 2014–2015 Influenza Season. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/2014-15.htm. Accessed November 29, 2016.Google Scholar
6. Lu, PJ, O’Halloran, A, Ding, H, et al. National and state-specific estimates of place of influenza vaccination among adult populations - United States, 2011-12 influenza season. Vaccine. 2014;32(26):3198-3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.003.Google Scholar
7. National Early Season Flu Vaccination coverage, United States, November 2015. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/nifs-estimates-nov2015.htm. Accessed January 11, 2017.Google Scholar
8. Vaccines for Children Program (VFC). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/index.html. Accessed January 11, 2017.Google Scholar
9. Goad JA. Pharmacist Challenges in Providing Immunizations. NFID News website. https://nfid.wordpress.com/2015/05/15/pharmacist-challenges-providing-immunizations/. Published May 15, 2015. Accessed January 11, 2017.Google Scholar
10. Howden, LM, Meyer, JA. Age and sex composition: 2010. 2010 Census Briefs. 2010;2011:1-15. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf. Accessed January 11, 2017.Google Scholar
11. Davila-Payan, C, Swann, J, Wortley, PM. System factors to explain 2009 pandemic H1N1 state vaccination rates for children and high-risk adults in US emergency response to pandemic. Vaccine. 2014;32(2):246-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Krahn, M, Guasparini, R, Sherman, M, et al. Costs and cost-effectiveness of a universal, school-based hepatitis B vaccination program. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(11):1638-1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.11.1638.Google Scholar
13. Schmier, J, Li, S, King, JC, et al. Benefits and costs of immunizing children against influenza at school: an economic analysis based on a large-cluster controlled clinical trial. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008;27(2):w96-w104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.w96.Google Scholar
14. Szilagyi, PG, Iwane, MK, Schaffer, S, et al. Potential burden of universal influenza vaccination of young children on visits to primary care practices. Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):821-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.4.821.Google Scholar
15. Mercer, NJ. Cost analysis of public health influenza vaccine clinics in Ontario. Can J Public Health. 2009;100:340-343.Google Scholar
16. Caum, J, Alles, S. Ready or not: analysis of a no-notice mass vaccination field response in Philadelphia. Biosecur Bioterror. 2013;11(4):262-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2013.0064.Google Scholar
17. Szilagyi, PG, Iwane, MK, Humiston, SE, et al. Time spent by primary care practices on pediatric influenza vaccination visits: implications for universal influenza vaccination. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(2):191-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.2.191.Google Scholar
18. Washington, ML, Humiston, SG, Fauerbach, PB, et al. A personnel time-motion study of intranasal influenza vaccination in healthy children. Vaccine. 2005;23(40):4879-4885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.05.006.Google Scholar
19. Hogue, MD, Grabenstein, JD, Foster, SL, et al. Pharmacist involvement with immunizations: a decade of professional advancement. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2006;46(2):168-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/154434506776180621.Google Scholar
20. Westrick, SC, Watcharadamrongkun, S, Mount, JK, et al. Community pharmacy involvement in vaccine distribution and administration. Vaccine. 2009;27(21):2858-2863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Rosenfeld, LA, Etkind, P, Grasso, A, et al. Extending the reach: local health department collaboration with community pharmacies in Palm Beach County, Florida for H1N1 influenza pandemic response. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2011;17(5):439-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0b013e31821138ae.Google Scholar
22. Murphy, PA, Frazee, SG, Cantlin, JP, et al. Pharmacy provision of influenza vaccinations in medically underserved communities. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2012;52(1):67-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2012.10070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Goad, JA, Taitel, MS, Fensterheim, LE, et al. Vaccinations administered during off-clinic hours at a national community pharmacy: implications for increasing patient access and convenience. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(5):429-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.1542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Deshpande, M, Schauer, J, Mott, DA, et al. Parents’ perceptions of pharmacists as providers of influenza vaccine to children. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2013;53(5):488-495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2013.13017.Google Scholar
25. Ndiaye, SM, Madhavan, S, Washington, ML, et al. The use of pharmacy immunization services in rural communities. Public Health. 2003;117(2):88-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(02)00022-7.Google Scholar
26. Gallup. Honesty/Ethics in Professions. Vol 2014. www.gallup.com/poll2013.Google Scholar
27. Miller, S, Patel, N, Vadala, T, et al. Defining the pharmacist role in the pandemic outbreak of novel H1N1 influenza. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2012;52(6):763-767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2012.11003.Google Scholar
28. Hurley, LP, Wortley, P, Allison, MA, et al. Seasonal influenza vaccination in adults: practice and attitudes about collaborative delivery with community vaccinators. Vaccine. 2011;29(47):8649-8655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29. Hurley, LP, Bridges, CB, Harpaz, R, et al. U.S. physicians’ perspective of adult vaccine delivery. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(3):161-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M13-2332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Rothholz, MC; American Pharmacists Association, Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Pharmacist-provided immunization compensation and recognition: white paper summarizing APhA/AMCP stakeholder meeting. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2011;51(6):704-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2011.11544.Google Scholar
31. Fitzgerald, TJ, Kang, Y, Bridges, CB, et al. Integrating pharmacies into public health program planning for pandemic influenza vaccine response. Vaccine. 2016;34(46):5643-5648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.020.Google Scholar
32. Klepser, ME. Seasonal and pandemic influenza: preparing pharmacists for the frontline. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008;48(2):312-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.08508.Google Scholar
33. Resources and Tools to Improve Collaboration Between Public Health and Pharmacies to Prepare for and Respond to a Pandemic. Pandemic Influenza page. Association of State and Territorial Health Officials website. http://www.astho.org/Programs/Infectious-Disease/Pandemic-Influenza/. Accessed November 29, 2016.Google Scholar
34. Pharmacy and Public Health Collaboration. American Pharmacists Association website. www.pharmacist.com/pharmacy-and-public-health-collaboration. Accessed November 29, 2016.Google Scholar