Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T07:03:39.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Lifeboat Ethics: Considerations in the Discharge of Inpatients for the Creation of Hospital Surge Capacity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2013

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Special Focus
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Hardin G. Lifeboat ethics: the case against helping the poor. Garrett Hardin Society Web site. http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_lifeboat_ethics_case_against_helping_poor.html. Accessed February 12, 2007.Google Scholar
2. Hines, SW On the relations of medical triage to world famine: an historical survey.Lucas GR, Olgetree TW. Lifeboat Ethics: The Moral Dilemmas of World Hunger. New York: Harper & Row; 1976 2951.Google Scholar
3. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Health care at the crossroads: strategies for creating and sustaining community-wide emergency preparedness systems. National Conference of State Legislatures Web site. http://www.ncsl.org/programs/health/ep3-12-03.pdf. Accessed Febrauary 19, 2007.Google Scholar
4. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Surge hospitals: providing safe care in emergencies. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Web site. http://www.jointcommission.org/NR/rdonlyres/802E9DA4-AE80-4584-A205-48989C5BD684/0/surge_hospital.pdf. Accessed February 12, 2007.Google Scholar
5. National Academies, Institute of Medicine (IOM): Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. The future of emergency medical care in the United States health System. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48:115120.Google Scholar
6. Hospital Preparedness: Most Urban Hospitals Have Emergency Plans but Lack Certain Capacities for Bioterrorism Repsonse. US Government Accountability Office; 2003. GAO-03-924.Google Scholar
7. Kelen, GD, Kraus, CK, McCarthy, ML, et al Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multi-phase study. Lancet. 2006;368 (9551):19841990.Google Scholar
8. Davis, DP, Poste, JC, Hicks, T, Polk, D, Rymer, TE, Jacoby, I. Hospital bed surge capacity in the event of a mass-casualty incident. Prehospital Disaster Med. 2005;20:169176.Google Scholar
9. Hick, JL, Hanfling, D, Burstein, JL, et al Health care facility and community strategies for patient care surge capacity. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44:253261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10. Hick, JL, O'Laughlin, DT. Concept of operations for triage of mechanical ventilation in an epidemic. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:223229.Google Scholar
11. Cocanour, CS, Allen, SJ, Mazabob, J, et al Lessons learned from the evacuation of an urban teaching hospital. Arch Surg. 2002;137:11411145.Google Scholar
12. Shultz, CH, Koenig, KL, Lewis, RJ. Implications of hospital evacuation after the Northridge, California, earthquake. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:13491355.Google Scholar
13. Hayes, BE, et al A prehospital approach to multiple-victim incidents. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:458462.Google Scholar
14. Griffin D. New Orleans hospital deaths still stump coroner. CNN Web site. http://www.cnn.com/2007/LAW/02/01/katrina.hospital/index.html. Accessed February 12, 2007.Google Scholar
15. Nossiter A, Hauser C. 3 arrested in hospital deaths after Katrina. New York Times Web site. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/US/18cndorleans.html?ex=1179115200&en=d24cl8657_40fd3fc&ei=5070. Accessed February 19, 2007.Google Scholar
16. Roig-Franzia M, Connolly C. Louisiana investigates allegations of euthanasia at hospital. Washington Post. October 15, 2005:A03.Google Scholar
17. Beauchamp, TL, Childress, JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.Google Scholar
18. Society of Critical Care Medicine Ethics Committee. Consensus statement on the triage of critically ill patients. JAMA. 1994;271:12001203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Kessel, R. Triage: philosophical and cross-cultural perspectives. Ethics and Critical Care Medicine.Moskop JC, Kopelman LDordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel; 1985.Google Scholar
20. Bell, NK. Triage in medical practices: an unacceptable model? Soc Sci Med. 1981;15F (4):151156.Google Scholar
21. Hardin, G. Triage. Promethean Ethics: Living with Death, Competition, and Triage. Seattle: University of Washington Press; 1980 5671.Google Scholar
22. Winslow Gerald, R. Triage and Justice. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1982.Google Scholar
23. Sinuff, T, Kahnamoui, K, Cook, DJ, et al Rationing critical beds: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:15881597.Google Scholar
24. Hartman, RG. Tripartite triage concerns: issues for law and ethics. Crit Care Med. 2003;31 (Suppl):S358S361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Rubinson, L, Nuzzo, JB, Talmor, DS, et al Augmentation of hospital critical care capacity after bioterrorist attacks or epidemics: recommendations of the Working Group on Emergency Mass Critical Care. Crit Care Med. 2005;33 (Suppl):E2393.Google Scholar
26. Truog, RD. Triage in the ICU. Life Choices: A Hastings Center Introduction to Bioethics. 2nd ed. Howell JH, Sale WF Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press; 2002.Google Scholar
27. Wise, RA. The creation of emergency health care standards for catastrophic events. Acad Emerg Med. 2006 13.Google Scholar
28. Levin, PD, Sprung, CL. Withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining therapies are not the same. Crit Care. 2005;9 (3):230232.Google Scholar
29. Vincent, JL. Withdrawing may be preferable to withholding. Crit Care. 2005;9 (3):226229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Tallgren, M, Klepstad, P, Petersson, J, Skram, U, Hynninen, M. Ethical issues in intensive care: a survey among Scandanavian intensivists. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:10921100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Koenig, KL, Cone, DC, Burstein, JL, Camargo, CA. Surging to the right standard of care. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13 (2):195197.Google Scholar
32. Kalb, PE, Miller David, H. Utilization strategies for intensive care units. JAMA. 1989;261:23892395.Google Scholar
33. Parker, MM. Critical care and disaster management. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:S52S55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Kelen, GD, Kraus, CK, et al Creation of health system surge capacity by the immediate discharge of inpatients. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13 (5):S94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Zawacki, BE. ICU physician's ethical role in distributing scarce resources. Crit Care Med. 1985;13 (1):5760.Google Scholar
36. Cookson, R, Dolan, P. Principles of justice in health care rationing. J Med Ethics. 2000;26:323329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37. Hiatt, HH. Protecting the medical commons: who is responsible? N Engl J Med. 1975;293:235241.Google Scholar
38. Veatch, RM. Disaster preparedness and triage: justice and the common good. Mt Sinai J Med. 2005;72 (4):236241.Google Scholar
39. Marsh, FH. On the allocation of critical care resources. J Crit Care. 1993;8 (1):6063.Google Scholar
40. Lo, B. Bedside rationing of health care. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: A Guide for Clinicians. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005 189205.Google Scholar
41. Forster, AJ, Murff, HJ, Peterson, JF, Gandhi, TK, Bates, DW. The incidence and severity of adverse events affecting patients after discharge from the hospital. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:161167.Google Scholar
42. Hines, B. Health policy on the town meeting agenda. Hastings Cent Rep. 1986;16 (2):57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Guidelines for intensive care unit admission, discharge, and triage. Crit Care Med. 1999;27 (3):633638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Sprung, CL, Geber, D, Eidelman, LA, et al Evaluation of triage decisions for intensive care admission. Crit Care Med. 1999;27 (6):10731079.Google Scholar
45. Phillips SJ, Knebel A, eds. Providing Mass Medical Care with Scarce Resources: A Commmunity Planning Guide. Prepared by Health Systems Research Inc. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2006. AHRQ Publ No. 07-0001.Google Scholar
46. Norheim, OF. Healthcare rationing—are additional criteria needed for assessing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines? BMJ. 1999;319:14261429.Google Scholar
47. Heidegger, CP, Treggiari, MM, Romand, JA, et al A nationwide survey of intensive care unit discharge practices. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31 (12):16761682.Google Scholar
48. Larkin, GL, Arnold, J. Ethical considerations in emergency planning, preparedness, and response to acts of terrorism. Prehospital Disast Med. 2003;18 (3):170178.Google Scholar
49. Pesik, N, Keim, M, Iserson, K. Terrorism and the ethics of emergency medical care. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:642646.Google Scholar
50. Domres, B, Koch, M, Manger, A, Becker, HD. Ethics and triage. Prehospital Disast Med. 2001;16 (1):5358.Google Scholar