Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:33:23.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

POST-INTERSECTIONALITY

The Curious Reception of Intersectionality in Legal Scholarship1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2014

Sumi Cho*
Affiliation:
DePaul University College of Law
*
Professor Sumi Cho, DePaul University College of Law, 25 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60605. E-mail: scho@depaul.edu

Abstract

Although intersectionality analysis originates in a critique of legal doctrine and its confining approach to subject formation, intersectionality has been adopted widely outside of legal scholarship—nationally and internationally—to explain how fields of power operate and interact to produce hierarchy for any limitless combination of identities. Yet, within law, some scholars have raised questions precisely about the capacity of intersectionality to grapple with subjects who occupy multiple social positions and those with “partially privileged” identities in particular. Thus, over roughly a decade, a critique took shape about the theoretical capacity and normative commitment of intersectionality theory to address particular subgroups.

This essay tells part of the curious story about how a race-sexuality critique of intersectionality emerged, what may have motivated it, and how it has facilitated an emerging progressive masculinities literature that is “post-intersectional,” i.e., positioned over and against intersectionality. Like other post-intersectionality approaches, multidimensionality theorists decidedly seek to ‘get beyond’ something, and that ‘something’ that underwrites the turn away from intersectionality appears not as substantive theoretical or analytical content, or as political strategy, but rather, as identity-driven and engendered.

Type
Intersectionality
Copyright
Copyright © W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

I thank the Du Bois Review editors for their helpful feedback on this piece. I also thank the African American Policy Forum for its generous support to present an early version of this paper in at the Social Justice Writers workshop, and for comments received there, particularly from Barbara Tomlinson, George Lipsitz, Alvin Starks, and Luke Harris. This work was strengthened due to conversations with my friend, Athena Mutua, who is a gracious and challenging dialogue partner. Of course, this work would not be possible without the inspiration of the author originating intersectionality theory, Kimberlé Crenshaw.

References

REFERENCES

Abrams, Kathryn (1994). Title VII and the Complex Female Subject. Michigan Law Review, 92(8): 24792540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, Kathryn (1995). Complex Claimants and Reductive Moral Judgments: New Patterns in the Search for Equality. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 57(2): 337362.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis (1971). Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation). In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. London: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Arriola, Elvia (1994). Gendered Inequality: Lesbians, Gays and Feminist Legal Theory. Berkeley Women's Law Journal, 9(1): 103143.Google Scholar
Banks, Taunya Lovell (1999). Toward a Global Critical Feminist Vision: Domestic Work and the Nanny Tax Debate. Gender, Race & Justice, 3(1): 144.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Paulette M. (1991). A Hair Piece: Perspectives on the Intersection of Race and Gender. Duke Law Journal, 1991(2): 365396.Google Scholar
Carbado, Devon W. (2002). Race to the Bottom. UCLA Law Review, 49(5): 12831312.Google Scholar
Carbado, Devon W. (2011). Afterword: Critical What What? Connecticut Law Review, 43(5): 15931644.Google Scholar
Carbado, Devon W. (2013). Colorblind Intersectionality. Signs, 38(4): 811845.Google Scholar
Chang, Robert S. and Culp, Jerome McCristal Jr. (2002). After Intersectionality. UMKC Law Review, 71(2): 485492.Google Scholar
Cho, Sumi (2009). Post-racialism. Iowa Law Review, 94(5): 15891650.Google Scholar
Cho, Sumi K. (1997). Converging Stereotypes in Racialized Sexual Harassment: Where the Model Minority Meets Suzie Wong. Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, 1(1): 177212.Google Scholar
Cho, Sumi and Westley, Robert (2000). Critical Race Coalitions: Key Movements that Performed the Theory. UC Davis Law Review, 33(4): 13771428.Google Scholar
Chun, Jennifer, Lipsitz, George, and Shin, Young (2013). Intersectionality as a Social Movement Strategy: Asian Immigrant Women Advocates. Signs, 38(4): 917940.Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill (1991). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Combahee River Collective (1978). Combahee River Collective Statement. ⟨http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html⟩ (accessed November 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Cooper, Frank Rudy and McGinley, Ann C. (2012). Masculinities and the Law: A Multidimensional Approach. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frank Rudy and McGinley, Ann C. (2013). Identities Cubed: Perspectives on Multidimensional Masculinities Theory. Nevada Law Journal, 13(2): 326340.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989: 139168.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity, and Violence Against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6): 12411300.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1993). Beyond Racism and Misogyny: Black Feminism and 2 Live Crew. In Matsuda, Mari J., Gordon, Robert W., and Radin, Margaret Jane (Eds.), Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment, pp. 111132. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (2002). The First Decade: Critical Reflections, or “A Foot in the Closing Door.” In Valdes, Francisco, Culp, Jerome McCristal, and Harris, Angela P. (Eds.), Crossroads, Directions, and a New Critical Race Theory, pp. 931. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (2011). Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking Back to Move Forward. Connecticut Law Review, 43(5): 12531354.Google Scholar
Crooms, Lisa A. (1997). Indivisible Rights and Intersectional Identities: or What do Women's Rights Have to Do with the Race Convention? Howard Law Journal, 40(3): 619640.Google Scholar
Danielson, Dan and Engle, Karen (Eds.) (1995). After Identity: A Reader in Law and Culture. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Davis, Angela (1981). Women, Race and Class. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Nancy (2002). Subordination and Symbiosis: Mechanisms of Mutual Support Between Subordinating Systems. UMKC Law Review, 71(2): 251324.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard T. (2002). Beyond “Difference”: A Reluctant Critique of Legal Identity Politics. In Brown, Wendy and Halley, Janet (Eds.), Left Legalism, Left Critique, pp. 3879. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Giddings, Paula (1984). When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Gilmore, Angela (1990). It Is Better to Speak. Berkeley Women's Law Journal, 6(1): 7480.Google Scholar
Guinier, Lani and Torres, Gerald (2003). The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gunning, Isabelle R. (1992). Arrogant Perception, World Traveling, and Multicultural Feminism: The Case of Female Genital Surgeries. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 23(2): 189248.Google Scholar
Han, Sora (2006). The Politics of Race in Asian American Jurisprudence. UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal, 11(1): 140.Google Scholar
Hernandez-Truyol, Berta Esperanza (1997). Borders (En)Gendered: Normativities, Latinas, and a LatCrit Paradigm. NYU Law Review, 72(4): 882927.Google Scholar
hooks, bell (1984). Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. New York: South End Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, Darren Lenard (1998). Out Yet Unseen: A Racial Critique of Gay and Lesbian Legal Theory and Political Discourse. Connecticut Law Review, 29(2): 561646.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, Darren Lenard (1999). Ignoring the Sexualization of Race: Heteronormativity, Critical Race Theory, and Anti-Racist Politics. Buffalo Law Review, 47(1): 1116.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, Darren Lenard (2001). Identity Crisis: “Intersectionality,” “Multidimensionality,” and the Development of an Adequate Theory of Subordination. Michigan Journal of Race & Law, 6(2): 285318.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, Darren Lenard (2002). New Complexity Theories: From Theoretical Innovation to Doctrinal Reform. UMKC Law Review, 71(2): 431446.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, Darren Lenard (2004). Foreword to Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution and New Frontiers Symposium: Critical Race Histories In and Out. American University Law Review, 53(6): 11881215.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Theresa Raffaele (1998). Towards a Black Lesbian Jurisprudence. Boston College Third World Law Journal, 18(2): 263292.Google Scholar
Jesperson v. Harrahs (2006). 444 F.3d 1104.Google Scholar
Johnson, Paula C. (1995). At the Intersection of Injustice: Experiences of African American Women in Crime and Sentencing. American University Journal of Gender & Law, 4(1): 176.Google Scholar
Kwan, Peter (1997). Jeffrey Dahmer and the Cosynthesis of Categories. Hastings Law Journal, 48(6): 12571292.Google Scholar
Kwan, Peter (2000). Complicity and Complexity: Cosynthesis and Praxis. DePaul Law Review, 49(3): 673692.Google Scholar
Levit, Nancy (2002). Introduction: Theorizing the Connections Among Systems of Subordination, UMKC Law Review, 71(2): 227249.Google Scholar
Lowe, Lisa (1996). Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Matsuda, Mari (1987). Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 22(2): 323400.Google Scholar
Matsuda, Mari (2010). Grounding Intersectionality: Critical Foundations and Trajectories. Paper presented at the 4th Annual Critical Race Studies Annual Symposium on Intersectionalities, Los Angeles, CA, March 11.Google Scholar
McCall, Leslie (2005). The Complexity of Intersectionality. Signs, 30(3): 17711800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montoya, Margaret E. (1994). Mascaras, Trenzas y Grenas: Unmasking the Self while Un/braiding Latina Stories and Legal Discourse. Harvard Women's Law Journal, 17: 185220.Google Scholar
Montoya, Margaret E. and Valdes, Francisco (2008). Latinas/os and The Politics of Knowledge Production: LatCrit Scholarship and Academic Activism as Social Justice Action. Indiana Law Journal, 83(4): 11971234.Google Scholar
Mutua, Athena (1999). Shifting Bottoms and Rotating Centers: Reflections on LatCrit II and the Black/White Paradigm. University of Miami Law Review, 53(4): 11771218.Google Scholar
Mutua, Athena (2006). The Rise, Development and Future Directions of Critical Race Theory and Related Scholarship. Denver University Law Review, 84(2): 329394.Google Scholar
Mutua, Athena (2012). The Multidimensional Turn: Revisiting Progressive Black Masculinities in Multidimensional Masculinities and Law. In Cooper, Frank Rudy and McGinley, Ann C. (Eds.), Masculinities and the Law: A Multidimensional Approach, pp. 7895. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Mutua, Athena (2013). Multidimensionality Is to Masculinities What Intersectionality Is to Feminism. Nevada Law Journal, 13(12): 341367.Google Scholar
Ota, Nancy K. (1998). Falling from Grace. Chicano-Latino Law Review, 19: 437448.Google Scholar
Ota, Nancy K. (2000). Flying Buttresses. DePaul Law Review, 49(3): 693728.Google Scholar
Phillips, Stephanie L. (1999). The Convergence of the Critical Race Theory Workshop with LatCrit Theory: A History. University of Miami Law Review, 53(4): 12471256.Google Scholar
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989). 490 U.S. 229.Google Scholar
Puar, Jasbir (2007). Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Rogers v. American Airlines (1981). 527 F. Supp. 229.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, Darren (1994). Queer Intersectionality and the Failure of Recent Lesbian and Gay “Victories.” Law and Sexuality, 4: 83122.Google Scholar
Russell, Margaret M. (1994). Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Rights and “The Civil Rights Agenda.” African-American Law & Policy Report, 1(1): 3378.Google Scholar
Sandoval, Chela (2000). Methodology of the Oppressed. Minneappolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Spelman, Elizabeth (1990). Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Valdes, Francisco (1997). Queer Margins, Queer Ethics: A Call to Account for Race and Ethnicity in the Law, Theory, and Politics of “Sexual Orientation.” Hastings Law Journal, 48(6): 12931342.Google Scholar
Valdes, Francisco (1998). Beyond Sexual Orientation in Queer Legal Theory: Majoritarianism, Multidimensionality, and Responsibility in Social Justice Scholarship or Legal Scholars as Cultural Warriors. Denver University Law Review, 75(4): 14091464.Google Scholar
Volpp, Leti (1994). (Mis)Identifying Culture: Asian Women and the “Cultural Defense.” Harvard Women's Law Journal, 17: 57102.Google Scholar
Wing, Adrien (1997a). A Critical Race Feminist Conceptualization of Violence: South African and Palestinian Women. Albany Law Review, 60(3): 943976.Google Scholar
Wing, Adrien (Ed.) (1997b). Critical Race Feminism: A Reader. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Wing, Adrien (Ed.) (2003). Global Critical Race Feminism: An International Reader. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, Eric K. (1999). Interracial Justice: Conflict & Reconciliation in Post-Civil Rights America. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar