Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T08:15:08.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A preliminary investigation of parenting attributes of Australian foster carers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 October 2015

Monica Cuskelly*
Affiliation:
School of Education, University of Queensland
Ian Hay
Affiliation:
School of Education, University of Queensland
Melissa Winchcomb
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Queensland
Kate Cervetto
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Queensland
Johanna Walker
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Queensland
Jimmy Chu
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Queensland
*
School of Education, The University of Queensland, BRISBANE, Q4072, Email: m.cuskelly@uq.edu.au
Get access

Abstract

Utilising a comparison research design of mothers involved in fostering (N = 28) and their peers (N = 28), the major findings were that within the fostering group, those who had been fostering the longest had the lowest sense of efficacy, reflecting that the experience of providing foster care eroded parents' sense of their own skill. In terms of attachment to the children, the data suggested that foster carers may resist becoming too close to the children in their care in order to limit the emotional cost of subsequent separation. Importantly, there was no significant correlation between the length of time in providing foster care and marital satisfaction, which supports the notion that providing foster care does not, in itself, cause marital stress. While formal support services were more utilised by foster carers there was some indication that this group is not well integrated into the broader community. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that over the long-term providing fostering care has some negative consequences for the carers in terms of their self-confidence. Agencies designated to work with carers need to consider proactive strategies to reduce this consequence.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Australian Psychological Society 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abidin, R.R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index, 3rd ed: Test Manual. Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2003). Australian Social Trends. Retrieved 18th August, 2005, from http:www.abs.gov.au. Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Criminology (2005). Children on care and protection orders in Australia, fact sheet 101, Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology, Australian Government. Retrieved 15th September, 2005 from http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/cfi/cfil01.html Google Scholar
Barber, J.G. (2001). The slow demise of foster care in South Australia. journal of Social Policy, 30, 115.Google Scholar
Barth, R.P. (2001). Policy implications of foster family characteristics. Family Relations, 50, 1620.Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4, 1103.Google Scholar
Beckman, P.J. (1991). Comparison of mother’ and fathers’ perceptions of young children with and without disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 585595.Google ScholarPubMed
Berk, L.E. (2003). Child Development (6th ed.). Boston, MA : Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Benasich, A.A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1996). Maternal attitudes and knowledge of child-rearing: Associations with family and child outcomes. Child Development, 67, 11861205 Google Scholar
Butcher, A. (2004). Foster care in Australia in the 21st century. Developing Practice, 11, 4253.Google Scholar
Caprara, G.V., Regalia, C., Scabini, E., Barbaranelli, C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Assessment of filial, parental, marital and collective family efficacy beliefs. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20, 247261.Google Scholar
Carter, J. (2002). Towards better foster care: Reducing the risk in caring for other people’s children. Melbourne, Vic: The Children’s Foundation.Google Scholar
Chao, R.K. (2001). Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for Chinese Americans and European Americans. Child Development, 72, 18321843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, P.K., & Karraker, K.H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18, 4785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, M.J., Paley, B., Payne, C.C., & Bruchinal, M. (1999). The transition to parenthood: Marital conflict and withdrawal and parent-infant interaction. In Cox, M.J. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.), Conflict and cohesion in families: Causes and consequences (pp.87104). New Jersey: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
CREATE Foundation (2005). Australian children and young people in care: Report card on Education. Strawberry Hills, NSW: CREATE. Retrieved 9th November, 2005 from http://www.create.org.au Google Scholar
Crosson-Tower, C. (2005) Understanding child abuse and neglect (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.Google Scholar
Cuskelly, M., Jobling, A., Chant, D., Bower, A., & Hayes, A. (2002). Multiple perspectives of family life. In Cuskelly, M., Jobling, A., & Buckley, S. (Eds.), Down syndrome: Across the life span (pp. 159173). London: Whurr Publishers.Google Scholar
Davis, P.T., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). Toward an integration of family systems and developmental psychopathology approaches. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 477481.Google Scholar
Department of Families and Communities (2001). Consultation paper on the future provision of child placement services within the Queensland Child Protection service system. Retrieved 21st August 2005, from www.communities.qld.gov.au/childprotection/publications.Google Scholar
de Lemos, M. (1997). Educational needs of children in care: Report on a research study of children in residential and home base care in Australia. Camberwell, Vic: Australian Council for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Dozier, M. (2005). Challenges of foster care. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 2730.Google Scholar
Dunst, C.J., Trivette, C.M., & Jenkins, V. (1986). Family Support Scale. Ashville, N.C.: Winterberry press.Google Scholar
Farmer, E., Lipscombe, J., & Moyers, S. (2005). Foster carer strain and its impact on parenting and placement outcomes for adolescents. British Journal of Social Work, 35, 237253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forste, R. (2002) Where are all the men? A conceptual analysis of the role of men in family information. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 579600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowers, B.J., & Olson, D.H. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Research, 7, 176183.Google Scholar
Friesen, B.J., Pullmann, M., Koroloff, N.M., & Rea, T. (2005). Multiple perspectives on family outcomes in children’s mental health. In Epstein, M.H., Kutash, K., & Duchnowski, A.J. (Eds.), Outcomes for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders and their families: Programs and evaluation best practices (2nd ed.) (pp. 101124). Austin, TX: ProEd.Google Scholar
Gilbertson, R., & Barber, J.G. (2003). Breakdown of foster care placement: Carer perspectives and system factors. Australian Social Work, 56, 329339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilmore, L., & Campbell, J. (2004). Measuring knowledge of child development: Differences between parents according to gender, generation and education. Children Australia, 29, 411.Google Scholar
Gottfried, A.W., Gottfried, A.E., Bathurst, K., Guerin, D.W., & Parramore, M. (2003). Socioeconomic status in children’s development and family environment: Infancy through adolescence. In Bornstein, M.H. & Bradley, R.H. (Eds.), Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 189207). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Hay, I., & Ashman, A.F. (2003). The development of adolescents’ emotional stability and general self-concept: The interplay of parents, peers and gender. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 50, 7993.Google Scholar
Hay, I., & Cuskelly, M. (in press). School counsellors and young people in care. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling.Google Scholar
Hay, I., & Cuskelly, M. (2005) Children and youth in foster care: A multidimensional issue for educators. In Bartlett, B., Bryer, F., & Roebuck, D. (Eds.), Stimulating the “action” as participants in participatory research (Vol 2, pp 179189). Brisbane: Griffith University.Google Scholar
Heflinger, C.A., Simpkins, C.G. & Combs-Orme, T. (2000). Using the CBCL to determine the clinical status of children in state custody. Children and Youth Services Review, 21, 5573.Google Scholar
Johnson, P.R., Yoken, C., & Voss, R. (1995). Family foster care placement: The child’s perspective. Child Welfare, 74, 959974.Google Scholar
Jones, T.L., & Prinz, R.J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 341363.Google Scholar
Kelly, S. (2005). Child protection data in Australia: Current issues and future improvement, paper presented at Families Matter: 9th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference. Melbourne, 9-11, February, 2005. Retrieved 12th November, 2005 from http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/afrc9/kelly.html Google Scholar
Lonne, B., & Thomson, J. (2005). Critical review of Queensland’s crime and misconduct commission of inquiry into abuse of children in foster care: Social work’s contribution to reform. Australian Social Work, 58, 8699.Google Scholar
Margoline, G., Christensen, A., & John, R.S. (1996). The continuance and spillover of everyday tensions in distressed and non-distressed families. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 304321.Google Scholar
Mauro, C.F., & Harris, Y.R. (2000). The influence of maternal child-rearing attitudes and teaching behaviours on preschoolers’ delay of gratification. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 161, 293308.Google Scholar
McInerney, D.M., & McInerney, V. (2006). Educational psychology (4th ed.). Frenchs Forests, NWS: Pearson.Google Scholar
Orme, J.G., & Buehler, C. (2001). Foster family characteristics and behavioral and emotional problems of foster children: A narrative review. Family Relations, 50, 316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orme, J.G., Buehler, C., McSurdy, M., Rhodes, K.W., Cox, M.E., & Patterson, D.A. (2004). Parental and familial characteristics of family foster care applicants. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 307329.Google Scholar
Osborne, A., & Delfabbro, P. (2005). Children with high support needs in Australian out-of-home care: A national comparative study. Paper presented at Families Matter: 9th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference. Melbourne, Vic.Google Scholar
Oxer, E.M., & Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms governing empowerment effects: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 472486.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. (1997). Meeting the psychiatric needs of children in foster care. Psychiatric Bulletin, 21, 609611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pilowsky, D.J., & Kates, W.G. (1996). Foster children in acute crisis: Assessing critical aspects of attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 10951097.Google Scholar
Piatt, D. (2001). Refocussing children’s services: An evaluation of an initial assessment process. Child and Family Social Work, 6, 139148.Google Scholar
Quinton, D., Rushton, A., Dance, C., & Mayers, D. (1998). Joining new families: A study of adoption and fostering in middle childhood. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Raver, C.C., & Leadbeatter, B.J. (1999). Mothering under pressure: Environmental, child, and dyadic correlates of maternal self-efficacy among low-income women. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 523534.Google Scholar
Reitman, D., Rhode, P.C., Hupp, S.D.A., & Altobello, C. (2002). Development and validation of the Parental Authority Questionnaire-Revised. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 119l127.Google Scholar
Richardson, N. (2004). Foster Care: Resource sheet number 8. Australian Institute of Family Studies: Natational Child Protection Clearing House. Retrieved 25th August, 2005, from http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/ Google Scholar
Rhodes, K.W., Orme, J.G., & Buehler, C. (2001). A comparison of family foster parents who quit, consider quitting, and plan to continue fostering. Social Service Review, 75, 85193.Google Scholar
Rhodes, K.W., Orme, J.G., Cox, M.E., & Buehler, C. (2003). Foster family resources, psychosocial functioning, and retention. Social Work Research, 27, 135Google Scholar
Roach, M., Orsmond, G.I., & Barratt, M.S. (1999). Mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome: Parental stress and involvement in childcare. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 104, 422436.Google Scholar
Sanders, M.R., & Woolley, M.L. (2004). The relationship between maternal self-efficacy and parenting practices: Implications for parent training. Health & Development, 31, 6573.Google Scholar
Seaberg, J.R., & Harrigan, M.P. (1997). Family functioning in foster care. Families in Society, 78, 463470.Google Scholar
Shepard, S.A., & Chamberlain, P. (2005). The Oregon multidimensional treatment foster care model. In Epstein, M.H., Kutash, K., & Duchnowski, A.J. (Eds.), Outcomes for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders and their families: Programs and evaluation best practices (2nd ed.) (pp. 551772). Austin, TX: ProEd.Google Scholar
Siminski, P., Chalmers, K., & McHugh, M. (2005). Foster carers in New South Wales: Profile and projections based on ABS data. Discussion paper, No. 139. NSW: Social Policy and Research Centre.Google Scholar
Sinclair, I., Gibbs, I., & Wilson, K. (2004). Foster carers: Why they stay and why they leave. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Pub.Google Scholar
Social Policy and Research Centre. (2004). The availability of foster carers: Main report. New South Wales: Social Policy and Research Centre.Google Scholar
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, MA. Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Troester, H. (2001). Sources of stress in mothers of young children with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 95, 623637.Google Scholar
Warfield, M.E. (2005). Family and work predictors of parenting role stress among two-earner families of children with disabilities. Infant and Child Development, 14,155176.Google Scholar
Weiss, M.J. (2002). Hardiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism, 6, 115130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, K., Sinclair, I., & Gibbs, I. (2000). The trouble with foster care: The impact of stressful events on foster carers. British Journal of Social Work, 30, 193209.Google Scholar
Wilson, L., & Conroy, J. (1999). Satisfaction of children in out-of-home care. Child Welfare, 83, 5369.Google Scholar
Wise, S. (2003). The child in family services: Expanding child abuse prevention. Australian Social Work, 56, 183196.Google Scholar