Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T10:54:26.019Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Interdisciplinary progress in food production, food security and environment research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2011

MIGUEL F. ACEVEDO
MIGUEL F. ACEVEDO*
Affiliation:
Electrical Engineering Department, Geography Department, and Institute of Applied Sciences (Program in Environmental Science), University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA Center for Simulation and Modeling (CESIMO), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
*
*Correspondence: Dr Miguel Acevedo e-mail: acevedo@unt.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

This review examines contributions of interdisciplinary (ID) research to understanding interactions between environmental quality, food production and food security. Global patterns of food insecurity and crop production are reviewed in relation to climate, land use and economic changes, as well as potential productivity increases compatible with environmental conservation. Interactions between food production and global processes make food insecurity a complex problem that requires ID analysis at local to global scales. Census and satellite data contribute to understanding of global cropland distribution. Analysis of land-use change exemplifies research between natural and social sciences. Quantitative modelling of global climate change impacts indicates relatively greater potential food insecurity in developing countries. International food security is increasingly interconnected through economic globalization and incentives for increased food production are required. Societies may not be able to expand available cropland without significant environmental risks; enhanced land and water productivity are the major opportunities available to increase food production. This requires renewed efforts in ID work to design and implement sound and efficient agricultural management practices. Models need to be informed by data from field experiments, long-term measurements and watershed monitoring by ground and remote sensing methods. Agricultural intensification may spare natural land but lead to increased pollution and water demand; reconciling conservation and productivity is a critical need. ID work provides many opportunities for synergies including conservation agriculture at the local level, efficient use of inputs, smarter land use taking into account spatial patterns and landscape ecology principles, and improved water management at field, system, watershed and basin levels. Goal-directed ID research is crucial, since producers, practitioners and policy makers should be involved. Geospatial, biotechnological and precision agriculture technologies linked with models can help inform strategies to achieve sustainable food production increases that maintain environmental quality. Implementation also requires ID work to overcome impediments due to human factors and facilitate adoption by farmers.

Keywords

croplandenvironmentfood productionfood securityglobal climate changeinterdisciplinaryland productivitywater productivity
Type
THEMATIC SECTION: Interdisciplinary Progress in Environmental Science & Management
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 38 , Issue 2: Thematic section. Interdisciplinary Progress in Environmental Science and Management , June 2011 , pp. 151 - 171
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acevedo, M.F., Ablan, M., Dickson, K.L., Waller, W.T., Mayer, F.L. & Morton, M. (1997) Estimating pesticide exposure in tidal streams of Leadenwah Creek, South Carolina. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 52 (4): 295–316.Google Scholar
Acevedo, M.F., Callicott, J.B., Monticino, M., Lyons, D., Palomino, J., Rosales, J., Delgado, L., Ablan, M., Davila, J., Tonella, G., Ramirez, H. & Vilanova, E. (2008) Models of natural and human dynamics in forest landscapes: Cross-site and cross-cultural synthesis. Geoforum 39 (2): 846–866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ACT (2008) Linking production, livelihoods and conservation. In: Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, eds. Mkomwa, S., Sims, B., Steiner, K., Apina, T. & Mzoba, H., Nairobi, Kenya: African Conservation Tillage Network.Google Scholar
Affholder, F., Jourdain, D., Quang, D.D., Tuong, T.P., Morize, M. & Ricome, A. (2010) Constraints to farmers’ adoption of direct-seeding mulch-based cropping systems: a farm scale modeling approach applied to the mountainous slopes of Vietnam. Agricultural Systems 103 (1): 51–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, M.D., Turral, H., Nazeer, A. & Hussain, A. (2009) Satellite-based assessment of agricultural water consumption, irrigation performance, and water productivity in a large irrigation system in Pakistan. In: Remote Sensing of Global Croplands for Food Security, ed. Thenkabail, P.S., Lyon, J.G., Turral, H. & Biradar, C.M., pp. 331–354. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Aide, T.M. & Grau, H.R. (2004) Globalization, migration, and Latin American ecosystems. Science 305 (5692): 1915–1916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alderman, J.H., Hudak, P.F. & Acevedo, M.F. (2002) Chemical ratios and groundwater contamination in East Texas. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 69 (6): 793–799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, H.J., Waller, W.T., Kennedy, J.H., Dickson, K.L., Acevedo, M.F. & Ammann, L.P. (2001) Real-time whole organisms biomonitoring: deployment, status, and future. In: AWRA Annual Spring Speciality Conference Proceedings, ed. Warwick, J. J., pp. 187–192. San Antonio, TX, USA: American Water Resources Association.Google Scholar
Bainbridge, D.A. (2001) Buried clay pot irrigation: a little known but very efficient traditional method of irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 48 (2): 79–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P. & Dugger, C.W. (2009) Obama enlists major powers to aid poor farmers with $15 billion. New York Times 8 July 2009 [www document]. URL http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/world/europe/09food.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bandara, J., Wijewardena, H.V.P., Liyanege, J., Upul, M.A. & Bandara, J. (2010) Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution. Toxicology Letters 198 (1): 33–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, R., Dawe, D. & Inocencio, A. (2003) Economics of water productivity in managing water for agriculture. In: Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement, ed. Kijne, J., Barker, R. & Molden, D., Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, MA, USA: CABI Publication.Google Scholar
Bastiaanssen, W., Mobin-ud-Din, A. & Zubair, T. (2003) Upscaling water productivity in irrigated agriculture using remote-sensing and GIS technologies. In: Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement, ed. Kijne, J., Barker, R. & Molden, D., Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, MA, USA: CABI Publication.Google Scholar
Bernknopf, R.L., Dinitz, L.B. & Loague, K. (2002) An interdisciplinary assessment of regional-scale nonpoint source ground-water vulnerability: theory and application. Report, US Geological Survey Professional Paper1645 [www document]. URL http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1645/Google Scholar
Bhaduri, B., Harbor, J., Engel, B. & Grove, M. (2000) Assessing watershed-scale, long-term hydrologic impacts of land-use change using a GIS-NPS model. Environmental Management 26 (6): 643–658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biradar, C.M., Thenkabail, P.S., Noojipady, P., Li, Y., Dheeravath, V., Turral, H., Velpuri, M., Gumma, M.K., Gangalakunta, O.R., Cai, X.L., Xiao, X., Schull, M.A., Alankara, R.D., Gunasinghe, S. & Mohideen, S. (2009 a) A global map of rainfed cropland areas (GMRCA) at the end of last millennium using remote sensing. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 11 (2): 95–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biradar, C.M., Thenkabail, P.S., Noojipady, P., Li, Y.J., Dheeravath, V., Velpuri, M., Turral, H., Cai, X.L., Gumma, M., Gangalakunta, O.R., Schull, M.A., Alankara, R.D., Gunasinghe, S. & Xiao, X. (2009 b) Global map of rainfed cropland areas (GMRCA) and statistics using remote sensing. In: Remote Sensing of Global Croplands for Food Security, ed. Thenkabail, P.S., Lyon, J.G., Turral, H. & Biradar, C.M., pp. 357–389. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Biradar, C.M., Thenkabail, P.S., Platonov, A., Xiao, X.M., Geerken, R., Noojipady, P., Turral, H. & Vithanage, J. (2008) Water productivity mapping methods using remote sensing. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 2: 23544.Google Scholar
Bonet, A. (2004) Secondary succession of semi-arid Mediterranean old-fields in south-eastern Spain: insights for conservation and restoration of degraded lands. Journal of Arid Environments 56: 213–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borlaug, N. (2007) Feeding a hungry world. Science 318: 359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boxall, A., Hardy, A., Beulke, S., Boucard, T., Burgin, L., Falloon, P., Haygarth, P., Hutchinson, T., Kovats, R., Leonardi, G., Levy, L., Nichols, G., Parsons, S., Potts, L., Stone, D., Topp, E., Turley, D., Walsh, K., Wellington, E. & Williams, R. (2009) Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture. Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (4): 508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, C. & Hansen, J. W. (2008) Agricultural Water Management and Climate Risk. Report to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Palisades, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Brown, J.A. (1983) Disciplines in agriculture. Agrologist 12 (4): 12–13.Google Scholar
Brown, L.R. (2005) Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling Water Tables and Rising Temperatures. New York, NY, USA: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Brown, L.R. (2006) Plan B 2.0 Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. New York, NY, USA: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Brussaard, L., Caron, P., Campbell, B., Lipper, L., Mainka, S., Rabbinge, R., Babin, D. & Pulleman, M. (2010) Reconciling biodiversity conservation and food security: scientific challenges for a new agriculture. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2 (1–2): 34–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, X.L., Thenkabail, P.S., Biradar, C.M., Platonov, A., Gumma, M., Dheeravath, V., Cohen, Y., Goldlshleger, N., Ben-Dor, E., Alchanatis, V., Vithanage, J. & Markandu, A. (2009) Water productivity mapping using remote sensing data of various resolutions to support ‘more crop per drop’. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 3: 33557.Google Scholar
Callicott, J.B., Rozzi, R., Delgado, L., Monticino, M., Acevedo, M. & Harcombe, P. (2007) Biocomplexity and conservation of biodiversity hotspots: three case studies from the Americas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362: 321–333.Google Scholar
Carpenter, S. R., Mooney, H. A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R. S., Díaz, S., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A. K., Oteng-Yeboah, A., Pereira, H. M., Perrings, C., Reid, W. V., Sarukhan, J., Scholes, R. J. & Whyte, A. (2009) Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106 (5): 1305–1312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castillo, G.E., Namara, R.E., Ravnborg, H.M., Hanjra, M.A., Smith, L., Hussein, M.H., Béné, C., Cook, S., Hirsch, D., Polak, P., Vallée, D. & Koppen, B. v. (2007) Reversing the flow: agricultural water management pathways for poverty reduction. In: Water for Food, Water for Life ed. Molden, D., pp. 149–191. London, UK and Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.Google Scholar
Clinton, W. (2009) Speech at closing plenary session of the Fifth Annual Meeting Clinton Global Initiative [www document]. URL http://www.clintonglobalinitiative.org/ourmeetings/2009/meeting_annual_webcasts.asp?Section=OurMeetings&PageTitle=Webcast&Video=Archive&Day=4Google Scholar
Conway, G. (1999) Doubly Green Revolution: Food for All in the 21st Century. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottingham, K.L. (2002) Tackling biocomplexity: the role of people, tools, and scale. Bioscience 52 (9): 793–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covich, A. (2000) Biocomplexity and the future: the need to unite disciplines. Bioscience 51: 908–914.Google Scholar
Dahal, B., Nyborg, I., Sitaula, B. & Bajracharya, R. (2009) Agricultural intensification: food insecurity to income security in a mid-hill watershed of Nepal. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7 (4): 249.Google Scholar
Daily, G.C. (2001) Ecological forecasts. Nature 411 (6835): 245–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daily, G.C., Ehrlich, P.R. & Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A. (2001) Countryside biogeography: use of human-dominated habitats by the avifauna of southern Costa Rica. Ecological Applications 11 (1): 1–13.Google Scholar
David, B.D., Fraser, G.H., Ed, S., Bernard, D.H. & Jim, S. (2005) Mobilization of pesticides on an agricultural landscape flooded by a torrential storm. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24 (1): 2.Google Scholar
de Fraiture, C., Wichelns, D., Rockström, J., Kemp-Benedict, E., Eriyagama, N., Gordon, L.J., Hanjra, M.A., Hoogeveen, J., Huber-Lee, A. & Karlberg, L. (2007) Looking ahead to 2050: scenarios of alternative investment approaches. In: Water for Food, Water for Life: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, ed. Molden, D., pp. 91–145. London, UK: Earthscan, and Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.Google Scholar
deVries, P., Acquay, H., Molden, D., Scherr, S. J., Valentin, C. & Cofie, O. (2003) Integrated land and water management for food and environmental security. In: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Research Report 1. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Comprehensive Assessment Secretariat.Google Scholar
Dybas, C.L. (2001) From biodiversity to biocomplexity: a multidisciplinary step toward understanding our environment. BioScience 51 (6): 426–430.Google Scholar
Easterling, W.E., Crosson, P.R., Rosenberg, N.J., McKenney, M., Katz, L.A. & Lemon, K. (1993) Agricultural impacts of and responses to climate change in the Missouri-Iowa-Nebraska-Kansas (MINK) region. Climatic Change 24: 23–61.Google Scholar
Estrada, A., Coates-Estrada, R. & Meritt, D.A. (1997) Anthropogenic landscape changes and avian diversity at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation 6 (1): 19–43.Google Scholar
Ewers, R.M., Schaarlemann, J. P. W., Balmford, A. & Green, R. E. (2009) Do increases in agricultural yield spare land for nature? Global Change Biology 15 (7): 1716–1726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faith, D.P., Magallon, S., Hendry, A.P., Conti, E., Yahara, T. & Donoghue, M.J. (2010) Evosystem services: an evolutionary perspective on the links between biodiversity and human well-being. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2 (1–2): 66–74.Google Scholar
Falkenmark, M. (2007) Shift in thinking to address the 21st century hunger gap. Moving focus from blue to green water management. Water Resources Management 21 (1): 3–18.Google Scholar
Falkenmark, M. & Rockstrom, J. (2006) The new blue and green water paradigm: breaking new ground for water resources planning and management. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management-Asce 132 (3): 129–132.Google Scholar
FAO (2006) Water for food, agriculture and rural livelihoods. In: Water. A Shared Responsibility. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2, ed. FAO. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).Google Scholar
FAO, ed. (2008) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008. High Food Prices and Food Security: Threats and Opportunities. Rome, Italy: FAO.Google Scholar
FAO, ed. (2009) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009. Economic Crises: Impacts and Lessons Learned. Rome, Italy: FAO.Google Scholar
Fisher, C.T., Pollard, H.P., Israde-Alcántara, I., Garduño-Monroy, V.H. & Banerjee, S.K. (2003) A reexamination of human-induced environmental change within the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin, Michoacán, Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 (8): 4957–4962.Google Scholar
Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin, F.S., Coe, M.T., Daily, G.C., Gibbs, H.K., Helkowski, J.H., Holloway, T., Howard, E.A., Kucharik, C.J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J.A., Prentice, I.C., Ramankutty, N. & Snyder, P.K. (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309 (5734): 570–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritsche, U.R., Sims, R.E.H. & Monti, A. (2010) Direct and indirect land-use competition issues for energy crops and their sustainable production: an overview. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 4 (6): 692–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garen, D.C. & Moore, D.S. (2005) Curve number hydrology in water quality modeling: uses, abuses, and future directions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41: 377–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gassman, P.W., Williams, J.R., Benson, V.W., Izaurralde, R.C., Hauck, L.M., Jones, C.A., Atwood, J.D., Kiniry, J. R. & Flowers, J.D. (2005) Historical Development and Applications of the EPIC and APEX Models. Ames, Iowa, USA: Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University: 43 pp.Google Scholar
Gauder, M., Graeff-Honninger, S. & Claupein, W. (2011) The impact of a growing bioethanol industry on food production in Brazil. Applied Energy 88 (3): 672–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gebbers, R. & Adamchuk, V.I. (2010) Precision agriculture and food security. Science 327 (5967): 828–831.Google Scholar
Geerken, R.A., Smith, R.B., Masri, Z. & Pauw, E.D. (2009) Assessment of water resources and demands of agriculture in the semiarid Middle East. In: Remote Sensing of Global Croplands for Food Security, ed. Thenkabail, P.S., Lyon, J.G., Turral, H. & Biradar, C.M., pp. 299–315. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Gordon, L.J., Falkenmark, M. & Finlayson, C.M. (2010) Managing water in agriculture for food production and other ecosystem services. Agricultural Water Management 97 (4): 512–519.Google Scholar
Grainger, A. (2009) Measuring the planet to fill terrestrial data gaps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106 (49): 20557–20558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grebmer, K.v., Ruel, M.T., Menon, P., Nestorova, B., Olofinbiyi, T., Fritschel, H., Yohannes, Y., Oppeln, C. v., Towey, O., Golden, K. & Thompson, J. (2010) 2010 Global Hunger Index. The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on the Crisis of Child Undernutrition. Bonn, Germany, Washington, DC, USA, and Dublin, Ireland: IFPRI.Google Scholar
Green, R.E., Cornell, S.J., Scharlemann, J.P.W. & Balmford, A. (2005) Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science 307 (5709): 550–555.Google Scholar
Gregory, P.J., Ingram, J.S.I. & Brklacich, M. (2005) Climate change and food security. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 360 (1463): 2139–2148.Google Scholar
Headey, D., Malaiyandi, S. & Fan, S.G. (2010) Navigating the perfect storm: reflections on the food, energy, and financial crises. Agricultural Economics 41: 217–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel, T.W., Tyner, W.E. & Birur, D.K. (2010) The global impacts of biofuel mandates. Energy Journal 31 (1): 75–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J., Nelson, E., Tilman, D., Polasky, S. & Tiffany, D. (2006) Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 (30): 11206–11210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, M., Kelly, H. & Evans, T. (2002) Simulating land-cover change in Indiana: an agent-based model of de/reforestation. In: Complexity and Ecosystem Management: The Theory and Practice of Multi-agent Systems, ed. Janssen, M. A., pp. 218–247. Northampton, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Hossain, M. & Singh, V. P. (2000) Fertilizer use in Asian agriculture: implications for sustaining food security and the environment. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 57 (2): 155–169.Google Scholar
Houghton, R.A. (1994) The worldwide extent of land-use change. Bioscience 44: 305–313.Google Scholar
House, A.P.N., MacLeod, N.D., Cullen, B., Whitbread, A.M., Brown, S.D. & McIvor, J.G. (2008) Integrating production and natural resource management on mixed farms in eastern Australia: the cost of conservation in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 127 (3–4): 153–165.Google Scholar
Huang, Q., Dawe, D., Rozelle, S., Huang, J. & Wang, J. (2005) Irrigation, poverty and inequality in rural China. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 49: 159–175.Google Scholar
Huston, M.A. (2005) The three phases of land-use change: implications for biodiversity. Ecological Applications 15 (6): 1864–1878.Google Scholar
IPCC (2007 a) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J. and Hanson, C.E.. In: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 996 pp.Google Scholar
IPCC (2007 b) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L.. In: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 996 pp.Google Scholar
Jackson, L., van Noordwijk, M., Bengtsson, J., Foster, W., Lipper, L., Pulleman, M., Said, M., Snaddon, J. & Vodouhe, R. (2010) Biodiversity and agricultural sustainagility: from assessment to adaptive management. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2 (1–2): 80–87.Google Scholar
Jaimez, R., Tonella, G. & Acevedo, M.F. (1994) Modeling the impact of climate change on yield of black beans in western Venezuela. Revista Forestal Latinoamericana 13 (93): 11–38.Google Scholar
Jha, S. & Bawa, K.S. (2006) Population growth, human development, and deforestation in biodiversity hotspots. Conservation Biology 20 (3): 906–912.Google Scholar
Jiang, Y. & Swinton, S.M. (2009) Market interactions, farmers’ choices, and the sustainability of growing advanced biofuels: a missing perspective? International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 16 (6): 438–450.Google Scholar
Jones, J.W., Hoogenboom, G., Porter, C.H., Boote, K.J., Batchelor, W.D., Hunt, L.A., Wilkens, P.W., Singh, U., Gijsman, A.J. & Ritchie, J.T. (2003) The DSSAT cropping system model. European Journal of Agronomy 18 (3): 235–265.Google Scholar
Joshi, P.K., Jha, A.K., Wani, S.P., Joshi, L. & Shiyani, R.L. (2005) Meta-analysis to assess impact of watershed program and people's participation. In: Comprehensive Assessment Research Report 8. Comprehensive Assessment Secretariat, Colombo, Sri Lanka.Google Scholar
Kedwards, T. J., Maund, S.J. & Chapman, P.F. (1999) Community level analysis of ecotoxicological field studies: I. Biological monitoring. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (2): 149–157.Google Scholar
Kendall, R.J. & Akerman, J. (1992) Terrestrial wildlife exposed to agrochemicals: an ecological risk assessment perspective. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11 (12): 1727–1749.Google Scholar
Kerr, Y. (2007) Soil moisture from Space, where are we? Hydrogeology Journal 15: 117–120.Google Scholar
Kiersch, B. (2000) Discussion paper 1. Land use impacts on water resources: a literature review. In: Land-Water Linkages in Rural Watersheds, Electronic Workshop, p. 10. Rome, Italy: Land and Water Development Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Krasuska, E., Cadorniga, C., Tenorio, J.L., Testa, G. & Scordia, D. (2010) Potential land availability for energy crops production in Europe. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 4 (6): 658–673.Google Scholar
Kullander, S. (2010) Food security: crops for people not for cars. Ambio 39 (3): 249–256.Google Scholar
Lam, W.F. & Ostrom, E. (2010) Analyzing the dynamic complexity of development interventions: lessons from an irrigation experiment in Nepal. Policy Sciences 43 (1): 1–25.Google Scholar
Langley-Turnbaugh, S.J. & Keirstead, D.R. (2005) Soil properties and land use history: a case study in New Hampshire. Northeastern Naturalist 12 (4): 391–402.Google Scholar
Lapola, D.M., Schaldach, R., Alcamo, J., Bondeau, A., Koch, J., Koelking, C. & Priess, J.A. (2010) Indirect land-use changes can overcome carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107 (8): 3388–3393.Google Scholar
Larigauderie, A. & Mooney, H.A. (2010) The Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: moving a step closer to an IPCC-like mechanism for biodiversity. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2 (1–2): 9–14.Google Scholar
Le, Q.B., Park, S.J. & Vlek, P.L.G. (2010) Land use dynamic simulator (LUDAS): a multi-agent system model for simulating spatio-temporal dynamics of coupled human-landscape system 2. Scenario-based application for impact assessment of land-use policies. Ecological Informatics 5 (3): 203–221.Google Scholar
Leff, B., Ramankutty, N. & Foley, J.A. (2004) Geographic distribution of major crops across the world. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18: GB1009.Google Scholar
Lélé, S. & Norgaard, R.B. (2005) Practicing interdisciplinarity. Bioscience 55 (11): 967–975.Google Scholar
Lepers, E., Lambin, E.F., Janetos, A.C., DeFries, R., Achard, F., Ramankutty, N. & Scholes, R.J. (2005) A synthesis of information on rapid land-cover change for the period 1981–2000. Bioscience 55 (2): 115–124.Google Scholar
Liu, J., Wiberg, D., Zehnder, A.J.B. & Hong, Y. (2007) Modeling the role of irrigation in winter wheat yield, crop water productivity, and production in China. Irrigation Science 26 (1): 21–33.Google Scholar
Lomborg, B. (2007) Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming. London, UK: Random House.Google Scholar
Longo, S. & York, R. (2008) Agricultural exports and the environment: a cross-national study of fertilizer and pesticide consumption. Rural Sociology 73 (1): 82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, N.D. & McIvor, J.G. (2006) Reconciling economic and ecological conflicts for sustained management of grazing lands. Ecological Economics 56 (3): 386–401.Google Scholar
Mangisoni, J.H. (2006) Impact of treadle pump irrigation technology on smallholder poverty and food security in Malawi: a case study of Blantyre and Mchinji Districts. Report. International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.Google Scholar
Mathews, J.A. (2009) From the petroeconomy to the bioeconomy: integrating bioenergy production with agricultural demands. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 3 (6): 613–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matson, P.A. & Vitousek, P.M. (2006) Agricultural intensification: will land spared from farming be land spared for nature? Conservation Biology 20 (3): 709–710.Google Scholar
Maytin, C.E., Acevedo, M.F., Jaimez, R., Andressen, R., Harwell, M.A., Robock, A. & Azocar, A. (1995) Potential effects of global climatic-change on the phenology and yield of maize in Venezuela. Climatic Change 29 (2): 189–211.Google Scholar
Meinzen-Dick, R., Adato, M., Haddad, L. & Hazell, P. (2004) Science and poverty. An interdisciplinary assessment of the impact of agricultural research. In: Food Policy Report, 22 pp. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Miller, J.R. & Hobbs, R.J. (2002) Conservation where people live and work. Conservation Biology 16 (2): 330–337.Google Scholar
Molden, D., Murray-Rust, H., Sakthivadivel, R. & Makin, I. (2003) A water-productivity framework for understanding and action. In: Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement, ed. Kijne, J., Barker, R. & Molden, D., Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, MA, USA: CABI Publication.Google Scholar
Molden, D., Oweis, T.Y., Steduto, P., Kijne, J.W., Hanjra, M.A. & Bindraban, P.S. (2007) Pathways for increasing agricultural water productivity. In: Water for Food, Water for Life, ed. Molden, D., pp. 279–310. London, UK and Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.Google Scholar
Molle, F. (2006) Planning and managing water resources at the river-basin level: emergence and evolution of a concept. IWMI Comprehensive Assessment Research Report 16, Colombo, Sri Lanka: 38 pp.Google Scholar
Monfreda, C., Ramankutty, N. & Foley, J. A. (2008) Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22 (1): GB1022.Google Scholar
Mooney, H. & Mace, G. (2009) Biodiversity policy challenges. Science 325 (5947): 1474–1474.Google Scholar
Morton, M.G., Dickson, K.L., Waller, W.T., Acevedo, M.F., Mayer, F.L. Jr & Ablan, M. (2000) Methodology for the evaluation of cumulative episodic exposure to chemical stressors in aquatic risk assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 (4 Part 2): 1213–1221.Google Scholar
Moss, M.R. (2000) Interdisciplinarity, landscape ecology and the ‘Transformation of Agricultural Landscapes’. Landscape Ecology 15 (3): 303–311.Google Scholar
Muir, D.C.G., Teixeira, C. & Wania, F. (2004) Empirical and modeling evidence of regional atmospheric transport of current-use pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23 (10): 2421–2432.Google Scholar
Najam, A., Runnalls, D. & Halle, M. (2007) Environment and Globalization Five Propositions. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development.Google Scholar
Nelson, G.C., Rosegrant, M.W., Koo, J., Robertson, R., Sulser, T., Zhu, T., Ringler, C., Msangi, S., Palazzo, A., Batka, M., Magalhaes, M., Valmonte-Santos, R., Ewing, M. & Lee, D. (2009) Climate Change. Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Nelson, G.C., Rosegrant, M.W., Palazzo, A., Gray, I., Ingersoll, C., Robertson, R., Tokgoz, S., Zhu, T., Sulser, T., Ringler, C., Msangi, S. & You, L. (2010) Food Security, Farming, and Climate Change to 2050: Scenarios, Results, Policy Options. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. (1992) Crafting Institutions for Self-governing Irrigation Systems. San Francisco, CA, USA: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Oweis, T., Hachum, A. & Kijne, J. (1999) Water Harvesting and Supplemental Irrigation for Improved Water Use Efficiency in Dry Areas. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.Google Scholar
Ozdogan, M., Rodell, M., Beaudoing, H.K. & Toll, D. L. (2010) Simulating the effects of irrigation over the United States in a land surface model based on satellite-derived agricultural data. Journal of Hydrometeorology 11 (1): 171–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pain, D.J., Hill, D. & McCracken, D.I. (1997) Impact of agricultural intensification of pastoral systems on bird distributions in Britain 1970–1990. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 64 (1): 19–32.Google Scholar
Pannell, D.J., Marshall, G.R., Barr, N., Curtis, A., Vanclay, F. & Wilkinson, R. (2006) Understanding and promoting adoption of conservation practices by rural landholders. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46: 1407–1424.Google Scholar
Parry, M., Rosenzweig, C., Iglesias, A., Fischer, G. & Livermore, M. (1999) Climate change and world food security: a new assessment. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 9: S51–S67.Google Scholar
Pennington, D.D. (2008) Cross-disciplinary collaboration and learning. Ecology and Society 13 (2): 8 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art8/Google Scholar
Pereira, H.M., Daily, G.C. & Roughgarden, J. (2004) A framework for assessing the relative vulnerability of species to land-use change. Ecological Applications 14 (3): 730–742.Google Scholar
Pickett, S.T.A., Cadenasso, M.L. & Grove, J.M. (2005) Biocomplexity in coupled natural-human systems: a multidimensional framework. Ecosystems 8 (3): 225–232.Google Scholar
Platonov, A., Thenkabail, P.S., Biradar, C., Cai, X., Gumma, M., Dheeravath, V., Cohen, Y., Alchanatis, V., Goldshlager, N., Ben-Dor, E., Vithanage, J., Manthrithilake, H., Kendjabaev, S. & Isaev, S. (2008) Water productivity mapping (WPM) using Landsat ETM+ data for the irrigated croplands of the Syrdarya river basin in Central Asia. Sensors Journal 8 (12): 8156–8180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Portmann, F.T., Siebert, S. & Döll, P. (2010) MIRCA2000. Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: a new high-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 24: GB1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramankutty, N., Evan, A.T., Monfreda, C. & Foley, J.A. (2008) Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22 (1): GB1003.Google Scholar
Redfearn, H. (2005) Rainfall-runoff changes due to urbanization: a comparison of different spatial resolutions for lumped surface water hydrology models using HEC-HMS. Environmental Science, MS Thesis. 182 pp Denton, TX, USA: University of North Texas.Google Scholar
Reinert, K.H., Giddings, J.M. & Judd, L. (2002) Effects analysis of time-varying or repeated exposures in aquatic ecological risk assessment of agrochemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21 (9): 1977–1992.Google Scholar
Ribaudo, M., Hellerstein, D., Hansen, L. & Greene, C. (2010) Ecosystem services from agriculture: steps for expanding markets. Ecological Economics 69 (11): 2085–2092.Google Scholar
Robertson, G.P. & Swinton, S.M. (2005) Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity: a grand challenge for agriculture. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3 (1): 38–46.Google Scholar
Rockström, J., Bruggeman, A., Oweis, T., Qiang, Z., Farahani, J., Wani, S. P., Karlberg, L., Hatibu, N. & Barron, J. (2010) Managing water in rainfed agriculture. The need for a paradigm shift. Agricultural Water Management 97 (4): 543–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockström, J., Hatibu, N., Oweis, T.Y., Wani, S., Barron, J.A. Bruggeman, Farahani, J., Karlberg, L., and Qiang, Z. (2007) Managing Water in Rainfed Agriculture. In: Water for Food, Water for Life: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, ed. Molden, D., pp. 315–352. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute.Google Scholar
Rosegrant, M.W., Msangi, S., Ringler, C., Sulser, T.B., Zhu, T. & Cline, S.A. (2008) International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT): Model description. Report.International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Rudel, T.K., Schneider, L., Uriarte, M., Turner, B. L., DeFries, R., Lawrence, D., Geoghegan, J., Hecht, S., Ickowitz, A., Lambin, E.F., Birkenholtz, T., Baptista, S. & Grau, R. (2009) Agricultural intensification and changes in cultivated areas, 1970–2005. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (49): 20675–20680.Google Scholar
Rudorff, B.F.T., Aguiar, D.A., Silva, W.F., Sugawara, L.M., Adami, M. & Moreira, M.A. (2010) Studies on the rapid expansion of sugarcane for ethanol production in São Paulo State (Brazil) using Landsat data. Remote Sensing 2 (4): 1057–1076.Google Scholar
Scanlan, S.J. (2001) Food availability and access in lesser-industrialized societies: a test and interpretation of neo-Malthusian and technoecological theories. Sociological Forum 16 (2): 231–262.Google Scholar
Scarborough, V.L. (2003) How to interpret an ancient landscape. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 (8): 4366–4368.Google Scholar
Scherr, S.J. & McNeely, J.A. (2008) Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of ‘ecoagriculture’ landscapes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363 (1491): 477–494.Google Scholar
Schmidhuber, J. & Tubiello, F.N. (2007) Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 (50): 19703–19708.Google Scholar
Schriever, C.A., Ball, M.H., Holmes, C., Maund, S. & Liess, M. (2007) Agricultural intensity and landscape structure: Influences on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of small streams in northern Germany. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26 (2): 346–357.Google Scholar
Shivakoti, G. & Ostrom, E. (2001) Improving Irrigation Governance and Management in Nepal. Oakland, CA, USA: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Shivakoti, G. P., Vermillion, D., Lam, W.-F., Ostrom, E., Pradhan, U. & Yoder, R., eds (2005) Asian Irrigation in Transition: Responding to Challenges. New Delhi, India: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Solomon, K., Giesy, J. & Jones, P. (2000) Probabilistic risk assessment of agrochemicals in the environment. Crop Protection 19 (8–10): 649–655.Google Scholar
Suryanarayana, M.H. (1997) Uruguay round and global food security. Economic and Political Weekly 32 (43): 2821–2828.Google Scholar
Thenkabail, P.S., Biradar, C.M., Noojipady, P., Dheeravath, V., Gumma, M., Li, Y.J., Velpuri, M. & Gangalakunta, O.R. (2009 a) Global irrigated area maps (GIAM) and statistics using remote sensing. In: Remote Sensing of Global Croplands for Food Security, ed. Thenkabail, P.S., Lyon, J.G., Turral, H. & Biradar, C.M., pp. 41–117. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Thenkabail, P.S., Biradar, C.M., Noojipady, P., Dheeravath, V., Li, Y.J., Velpuri, M., Gumma, M., Gangalakunta, O.R.P., Turral, H., Cai, X.L., Vithanage, J., Schull, M.A. & Dutta, R. (2009 b) Global irrigated area map (GIAM), derived from remote sensing, for the end of the last millennium. International Journal of Remote Sensing 30 (14): 3679–3733.Google Scholar
Thenkabail, P.S. & Lyon, J.G. (2009) Remote sensing of global croplands for food security: way forward. In: Remote Sensing of Global Croplands for Food Security, ed. Thenkabail, P.S., Lyon, J.G., Turral, H. & Biradar, C.M., pp. 461–466. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Thiombiano, L. & Meshack, M., eds (2009) Scaling-up Conservation Agriculture in Africa: Strategy and Approaches Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FAO Subregional Office for Eastern Africa.Google Scholar
Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Alagarswamy, G., Andresen, J. & Herrero, M. (2010) Adapting to climate change: agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa. Agricultural Systems 103 (2): 73–82.Google Scholar
Travis, K.Z. & Hendley, P. (2001) Probabilistic risk assessment of cotton pyrethroids: IV. Landscape-level exposure characterization. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20 (3): 679–686.Google Scholar
Turner, B.L., Matson, P.A., McCarthy, J.J., Corell, R.W., Christensen, L., Eckley, N., Hovelsrud-Broda, G.K., Kasperson, J.X., Kasperson, R.E., Luers, A., Martello, M.L., Mathiesen, S., Naylor, R., Polsky, C., Pulsipher, A., Schiller, A., Selin, H. & Tyler, N. (2003) Illustrating the coupled human-environment system for vulnerability analysis: three case studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 (14): 8080–8085.Google Scholar
UN (2010 a) The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010. New York, NY, USA: United Nations.Google Scholar
UN (2010 b) World population prospects: the 2008 revision population database [www document]. URL http://esa.un.org/unpp/Google Scholar
UNDP (2007) Human Development Report 2007/2008 Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. New York, NY, USA: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
Vallejo, R., Steinitz, C., Rojo, L., Luizao, F., Millán, M., Pulido, A., Schemenauer, R., Gracia, C., Ruíz-de-la-Torre, J., Ramírez, J.J., Cortina, J., Acevedo, M., Prieto, F., Kirketerp, C., Bosco-Senra, J., Botey, J., Gómez-Orea, D., Bellot, J.F. & González-Alonso, S. (2009) Semana tematica 1 agua y tierra [planificación territorial, forestación] documento de sintesis. In: Tribuna del Agua. Expo Zaragoza 2008, pp. 25–78. Zaragoza, Spain: Expoagua Zaragoza.Google Scholar
von Braun, J., ed. (1995) Employment for Poverty Reduction and Food Security. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).Google Scholar
von Braun, J. & Díaz-Bonilla, E. (2008) Globalization of agriculture and food: causes, consequences, and policy implications. In: Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor, ed. von Braun, J. & Díaz-Bonilla, E., pp. 1–45. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vorosmarty, C.J., McIntyre, P.B., Gessner, M.O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S.E., Sullivan, C.A., Liermann, C.R. & Davies, P.M. (2010) Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 467 (7315): 555–561.Google Scholar
Waggoner, P. & Ausubel, J. (2001) How much will feeding more and wealthier people encroach on forests? Population and Development Review 27: 239–257.Google Scholar
WFP (2009) World Hunger Series: Hunger and Markets. London, UK: World Food Programme/Earthscan.Google Scholar
Williams, J.R. (1990) The erosion-productivity impact calculator (EPIC) model: a case history. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 329 (1255): 421–428.Google Scholar
Williams, J.R. & Izaurralde, R.C. (2005) The APEX Model. In: Watershed Models, ed. Singh, V.P. & Frevert, D.K., pp. 437–482. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.Google Scholar
Wood, S., Ehui, S., Alder, J., Benin, S., Cassman, K.G., Cooper, H.D., Johns, T., Gaskell, J., Grainger, R., Kadungure, S., Otte, J., Rola, A., Watson, R., Wijkstrom, U., Devendra, C., Kanbar, N., Khan, Z., Masters, W., Porter, S., Vannuccini, S., Wood-Sichra, U., Balisacan, A.M. & Gardiner, P. (2005) Food. In: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends Assessment, ed. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Hassan, R., Scholes, R. & Ash, N., pp. 209–241. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
World Bank (2007) World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank (2008) World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank (2009) Managing land and water to feed nine billion people and protect natural systems. In: World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change, pp. 133–187. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.Google Scholar
Wu, J.G. (2006) Landscape ecology, cross-disciplinarity, and sustainability science. Landscape Ecology 21 (1): 1–4.Google Scholar
Yang, J., Zhang, C., Li, X., Huang, Y., Fu, S. & Acevedo, M. (2009) Integration of wireless sensor networks in environmental monitoring cyber infrastructure. Wireless Networks 16 (4): doi 10.1007/s11276-009-0190-1.Google Scholar
Ziervogel, G. & Ericksen, P.J. (2010) Adapting to climate change to sustain food security. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1 (4): 525–540.Google Scholar