Pathologic Aerophagia in Patients with Intellectual Disability: A Review of its Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Management

Abstract

Background

Pathologic aerophagia is characterised by excessive swallowing of air resulting in significant abdominal distension or belching. This is a relatively rare condition in general population but has been reported in up to 8.8% of institutionalized patients with intellectual disability (ID). In severe cases, this can cause volvulus and ileus, and even intestinal perforation. Currently, there is limited information on this potentially life-threatening condition, particularly for people with ID.

Aim

To review the up to date literature on the pathophysiology, clinical features and management strategies of pathologic aerophagia in relation to people with ID.

Methods

A literature search of electronic database was performed using specific keywords. Review articles were selected using pre-defined criteria.

Results

Apart from a few small controlled trials on pharmacotherapy, most of the studies were case series or uncontrolled studies. The understanding on pathophysiology is incomplete but is thought to involve a reflex-induced movement of upper oesophageal sphincter and may be associated with anxiety or stress. A comprehensive history and physical examination as well as an abdominal radiograph may be helpful in diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment is reassurance and behaviour therapy. Medications that are helpful include antacids, anti-reflux drugs and benzodiazepines. Surgical treatment is recommended for patients who do not respond to conservative treatment.

Conclusions

Pathologic aerophagia is not uncommon in people with ID and can present with severe challenges in the assessment and management. Further studies are necessary to provide evidence-based treatment guidelines for the management of this condition particularly in patients with ID.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.