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Psychiatric and hostility factors related to use of anabolic steroids in monozygotic twins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Thomas A. Pagonis ,
Nikiforos V. Angelopoulos ,
George N. Koukoulis ,
Christos S. Hadjichristodoulou  and
Paraskevi N. Toli
Thomas A. Pagonis*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Thessaly University Medical School, Panagouli 12, 41222Larissa, Greece
Nikiforos V. Angelopoulos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Thessaly University Medical School, Panagouli 12, 41222Larissa, Greece
George N. Koukoulis
Affiliation:
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Thessaly University Medical School, Larissa, Greece
Christos S. Hadjichristodoulou
Affiliation:
Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Thessaly University Medical School, Larissa, Greece
Paraskevi N. Toli
Affiliation:
Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Thessaly University Medical School, Larissa, Greece
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address: tpsportmed@the.forthnet.gr (T.A. Pagonis).
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Abstract

Introduction

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are derived by chemical manipulation of the testosterone molecule. The specified category of drugs produces anabolic, androgenic and psycho-active effects including elevated aggressive, hostile, violent and anti social behavior.

Objective

The objective of this case report observational study was to evaluate the possible psychological consequences of AS use in the twin user of each pair, compared with the non-user twin.

Methodology

We studied two pairs of male monozygotic twins: one pair 24 years old and the other 31 years old, with absolute genome and phenotype similarity. One of the twins of each pair used AAS while the other did not. Both pairs lived in Hellenic provincial towns and followed a common training and nutrition regime. The psychometric instruments used were the Symptoms Check List-90 (SCL-90) and the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). The psychometric evaluations took place within a time interval of 6 months.

Results

The study found high levels of aggressiveness, hostility, anxiety and paranoid ideation in the twins who used AS. The non-user twins showed no deviation from their initial status.

Conclusion

The use of AAS induced several important psychiatric changes in monozygotic twins which were not present in the twin who did not use AAS.

Keywords

Anabolic steroidsAbuse correlationPsychopathologyPsychiatric side effects
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 21 , Issue 8 , December 2006 , pp. 563 - 569
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2006

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