Risk factors for suicide behaviors in bipolar disorder: A closer look

Abstract

Introduction

Suicide behaviors (suicide acts and suicide attempts) are a major concern for clinicians treating patients with psychiatric disorders. Among them, patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have the highest prevalence of suicide behaviors, accounting for up to one-quarter of all completed suicides. Additionally, suicide remains the leading cause of avoidable death in patients with BD.

Aims

This work aims to review the main risk factors for suicide behaviors in patients with BD.

Methods

The MEDLINE/Pubmed database was searched using the keywords “bipolar disorder” with: “suicide”; “suicide attempt”; and “suicide risk factors”. Articles published in the last 10 years were considered.

Results

It is estimated that 25% to 50% of patients with BD will attempt suicide at least once in their lifetime and, that 10% to 15% will die. The risk factors for suicide behaviors in patients with BD have been widely studied and their knowledge is crucial for identifying patients at risk.

The main risk factors include previous suicide attempts, family history of suicide and hopelessness. Other risk factors have also been identified: depressive polarity of first mood episode; rapid cycling; increasing severity of affective episodes; depressive polarity of the latest mood episode; mixed affective states; early age of onset; and comorbid anxiety disorders, substance use disorders and cluster B personality disorders.

Conclusions

Prevention of suicide behaviors is crucial when treating patients with BD. Therefore, the knowledge of these risk factors is of extreme importance in order to promptly identify patients at risk and adopt the proper preventive therapeutic interventions.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.