Interferon-gamma- and perforin-mediated immune responses for resistance against Toxoplasma gondii in the brain

Yasuhiro Suzuki; Qila Sa; Marie Gehman; Eri Ochiai

doi:10.1017/S1462399411002018

Interferon-gamma- and perforin-mediated immune responses for resistance against Toxoplasma gondii in the brain

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 October 2011

Yasuhiro Suzuki ,

Qila Sa ,

Marie Gehman and

Eri Ochiai

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Yasuhiro Suzuki*: Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
Qila Sa: Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
Marie Gehman: Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
Eri Ochiai: Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
*: *Corresponding author: Yasuhiro Suzuki, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. E-mail: yasu.suzuki@uky.edu

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Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes various diseases, including lymphadenitis, congenital infection of fetuses and life-threatening toxoplasmic encephalitis in immunocompromised individuals. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated immune responses are essential for controlling tachyzoite proliferation during both acute acquired infection and reactivation of infection in the brain. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produce this cytokine in response to infection, although the latter has more potent protective activity. IFN-γ can activate microglia, astrocytes and macrophages, and these activated cells control the proliferation of tachyzoites using different molecules, depending on cell type and host species. IFN-γ also has a crucial role in the recruitment of T cells into the brain after infection by inducing expression of the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 on cerebrovascular endothelial cells, and chemokines such as CXCL9, CXCL10 and CCL5. A recent study showed that CD8+ T cells are able to remove T. gondii cysts, which represent the stage of the parasite in chronic infection, from the brain through their perforin-mediated activity. Thus, the resistance to cerebral infection with T. gondii requires a coordinated network using both IFN-γ- and perforin-mediated immune responses. Elucidating how these two protective mechanisms function and collaborate in the brain against T. gondii will be crucial in developing a new method to prevent and eradicate this parasitic infection.

Type: Review Article
Information: Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine , Volume 13 , March 2011 , e31

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1462399411002018 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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Interferon-gamma- and perforin-mediated immune responses for resistance against Toxoplasma gondii in the brain

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Interferon-gamma- and perforin-mediated immune responses for resistance against Toxoplasma gondii in the brain

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