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William Harrison and Holinshed'S Chronicles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

G. J. R. Parry
G. J. R. Parry
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
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Extract

Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotlande and Irelande are an impressive monument to the fruitful co-operation of sixteenth-century scholars. This paper explores part of the creation of the Chronicles and examines some of the complex evidence about the involvement of William Harrison, author of the informative and entertaining Description of Britain published in the Chronicles. For the discovery of a manuscript of Harrison's ‘Great English chronology’ allows a fuller appreciation of his role in the Holinshed group, and reveals tensions within the intellectual milieu from which the Chronicles emerged. The ‘Chronology’ demonstrates that Harrison's Description, written to a commission in 1576, was a deviation from the main thrust of his own work, and together with his other contributions was a late and complicating development in the genesis of the Chronicles. The ‘Chronology’ also shows that some of Harrison's work was censored by Holinshed where it offended his sense of legitimate historical discussion. Before the second edition of the Chronicles in 1587, there was further disagreement about the value of Harrison's contribution.

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Articles
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The Historical Journal , Volume 27 , Issue 4 , December 1984 , pp. 789 - 810
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

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References

1 Parry, G. J. R., ‘William Harrison (1535–93) and “The great English chronology”: puritanism and history in the reign of Elizabeth’ (unpublished Cambridge Ph.D. dissertation 1981), esp. pp. 124–39Google Scholar. Hereafter ‘Puritanism and history’. The lengthy title of ‘The great English chronology’, T.C.D. MS 165, is given fully in ibid. p. 1.

2 (Basileae, apud Ioannem Oporinum, Feb. 1559), shelf-mark D.ii d.7. Harrison's signature appears on the title page and there are many of his notes throughout the volume.

3 Edelen, G., ‘William Harrison’, Studies in the Renaissance, IX (1962), 258–9Google Scholar. Professor Edelen was uncertain whether this entry was in Harrison's hand (ibid. p. 258 n.7), but comparison with an autograph Chancery deposition (P.R.O. C24/177/52) and extensive familiarity with Harrison's hand in T.C.D. MS 165 puts it beyond doubt.

4 Parry, , ‘Puritanism and history’, p. 1Google Scholar. n. 1.

5 I have used Edelen's translation of the Latin autobiography (‘William Harrison’, p. 258) together with a photocopy of the original.

6 Some indication of the nature of T.C.D. MS 165 can be gained from Parry, ‘Puritanism and history’, passim.

7 ‘Historam britanniae’ (sic) and a ‘Chronologia in brevem’ with another work, now illegible but not a description. These three works were omitted by Edelen.

8 Edelen, , ‘William Harrison’, p. 259Google Scholar. On the development of Harrison's studies and their significance for his puritan interpretation of contemporary society, see Parry, ‘Puritanism and history’, chapters 3 and 4.

9 Harrison, W., An historical description of the Iland of Britaine… in Holinshed, R., The first and second volume of chronicles (at the expenses of John Harrison et al. London, 01 1587), p. 14Google Scholar; ibid., in Holinshed, The firste ( – laste) volume of the chronicles of England Scotlande and Irelande (for Hunne, John, London 1577)Google Scholar, fo. 14 r. The map detailed the isles of Scilly.

10 Parry, , ‘Puritanism and history’, pp. 105–12Google Scholar.

11 Including a map of Britain ‘not yet finished, nor lykely to be published’ (Description (1577), fo. 17 r), perhaps because by the time Harrison saw it Wolfe was dead and his maps superseded by Christopher Saxton's (Holinshed, to Burghley, , Chronicles (1577)Google Scholar, sig. iiv).

12 ‘For my part I thinke my dutie discharged, if I shew the opinions of the writers: for if I should thereto ad mine owne I should but increase coniectures, whereof alreadie we have superfluous store’ (Historic of England in The firste volume … (1577), p. 125).

13 Parry, , ‘Puritanism and history’, pp. 180–312Google Scholar.

14 Historic of England (1577) ‘The preface to the reader’, sig. 5r. Wolfe died in December 1573.

15 E.g. Castanien, A. T., ‘Censorship and historiography in Elizabethan England: the expurgation of Holinshed's chronicles’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis 1970)Google Scholar and Benbow, R. M., ‘The providential theory of historical causation in Holinshed's chronicles 1577 and 1587’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 1, no. 2 (1959), 264–76Google Scholar.

16 Dedication to Burghley, The firste volume of the chronicles … sig. 2r – v, and preface to The laste volume …sig. 2r. This division was made in the MS, for although the Historic of England has continuous pagination and signatures in both volumes, the part in The firste volume ends half-way down p. 289 (sig. t1r) with a deliberate postscript, The laste volume begins p. 290 (sig. t2r) with a new title. See below p. 806.

17 Information on English weights and measures before the regulations of 1197 ‘appereth in thend of Rad. Niger (which laie sometime in Excester college) by a note written in Frenche…The booke is to be seene not and Raphaell Hollingshede…showed me the same to my great contentation’ (T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 301 r).

18 Ibid. fo. 284r. I have found no other reference to this work by Holinshed. B.L. MS Harl. 563 is his translation of Florence of Worcester's chronicle, transcribed by Stow in February 1572.

19 , T.C.D. MS 165 fo. 276r, Cf. Historic of England (1577), pp. 330–3Google Scholar.

20 , T.C.D. MS 165 fo. 295V, cf. Historic of England (1577), pp. 440–1Google Scholar. This qualification was also cancelled.

21 Harrison's undated dedicatory epistle to Cobham, Lord, Description (1577)Google Scholar, sig. * 2r-v and The description of England by William Harrison, ed. Edelen, Georges (Ithaca, New York 1968), p. 3Google Scholar n. 2.

22 Historie of England (1577), p. 44, cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 131 r.

23 ‘A description of Bryteine, as it conteineth England and Scotland with all the Isles adiacent to the same also soche rivers as are to be found [ther] in either and other particular thinges whose contentes shall appere before every boke in the said description lib. 4.’ The Description of Britain was printed in 3 books, and Harrison has obviously added to it the single volume Description of Scotland, written in a few days after the Description of Britain. See below, p. 807.

24 ‘A particular discourse conteining most certeine and infallible demonstrations of the quantitie of time herin geven furth vz, from the creation and for the periods of sondry notable kingdomes, inserted into the Treatize.’

25 T.C.D. MS 165 fo. 108r, where the correct reference to book 1, chapter 5 and discussion of Bellinus and Brennus shows this to have been written after the Description.

26 See Parry, , ‘Puritanism and history’, pp. 412–15 on Harrison's use of an amanuensis, and see below, p. 795 on the dating of the MSGoogle Scholar.

27 T.C.D. MS 165, fos. 206r, 268r.

28 The kings of Portugal continued ‘unto my time as in the table ther of shall more plainely appere’ (ibid. fo. 271 r).

29 Historie of England (1577), p. 143, cf. Description (1577), fos. 5V–7r and ibid. (1587), pp. 17–19.

30 Historie of England (1577), p. 74, cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 149V.

31 Description (1577), sig. * 2r–v.

32 T.C.D. MS 165, fos. 2r, 93 v.

33 ‘And all lived when I wrote this note notwithstanding that the mother deceased not many wekes before’, i.e. c.26 October 1575 (ibid. fo. 252r, cf. Historie of England (1577), p. 1872). On the aurora see T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 269r.

34 Mention of the death of the king of Portugal in Mauritania and accession of Cardinal Infante Henry (ibid. fo. 279V), and a reference to the threatened conjunction of the superior planets in 1583 ‘which shall be noted there’ (fo. 135v). This was later crossed out, perhaps when Harrison stopped work on T.C.D. MS 165, c. 1580.

35 On the Spanish era he came to different conclusions, ‘whose remembrauns … by reason of interposition of times in writing of this treatize may growe quite out of my memory’ (ibid. fo. 248v).

36 Professor Edelen's painstaking edition of the Description rarely distinguishes the 1587 additions, thus inadvertently emphasizing the connexions between it and the ‘Chronology’. Four cross-references should be added to his index entry on Harrison's ‘Chronology’ (pp. 46, 224, 360 and 215). Only the last dates from 1577.

37 He points out the parallels between the gods of the gentile nations, whereby it is easy ‘to find out the German Mars, Venus, Mercury and Jupiter, whereof you may read more hereafter in my Chronology’ (Description (1577), fo. 118v, cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 15r). This may represent lingering hopes of publication, rather than a reference to a Chronology ‘following’.

38 Description (1587), p. 157, cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 347 v. Another example in this chapter is a 1587 reference to Canute's council at Cirencester in 1030 (sic for 1020) ‘as I have elsewhere remembred’ (p. 157), cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 253r.

39 E.g. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 306v, Harrison's reference added in the bottom margin to ‘my description of Bryt. in the second Avon’ (cf. Description (1577), book 11, chapter 1, fo. 52r), one of the later chapters (see below, p. 799 n. 51).

40 , T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 82r, cf. Description (1577)Google Scholar fo. 120v.

41 Ibid. fo. 120v, cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fos. 55v–56r. The chapters on weights and measures (III, 22–5) were removed for separate publication before 1587 (Description, ed. Edelen, , p. 453Google Scholar n. 1). The Hebrew shekel was discussed in book 11, chapters 5 and 6 of this work, now lost. (Eighth report of the royal commission on historical manuscripts (London, 1881), p. 640.)Google Scholar

42 ‘For such was my shortness of time allowed in the writing and so great the speed made in the printing that I could seldom with any deliberation peruse or almost with any judgement deliberate exactly upon such notes as were to be inserted’ (Description (1577), sig. * 2v).

43 Ibid. (1577), fos. 3r–4v, cf. fo. 13v and ibid. (1587), pp. 8–12, esp. p. 10. This and other improvements may have been made as early as 1580. See below, p. 809.

44 Description (1577), fos. 36r–37r (1, 12); T.C.D. MS 165, fos. 104r, 107r. Holinshed claimed Dunwallo and Bellinus built these highways. (Historic of England (1577), p. 23.)

45 Description (1577), fo. 19r.

46 For example, a mention of millstone quarries in Anglesey (ibid. fos. 11v–19r, esp. fos. 12v and 15v–16r). Skeat, T. C. (‘Two “lost” works by John Leland’, English Historical Review, LXV (1950) 505–8)CrossRefGoogle Scholar doubted whether Leland's work ‘on the islands of Britain, in six books’, mentioned by Bale was ever completed, but Harrison's chapter on islands suggests otherwise.

47 Description (1577), fo. 19r.

48 Parry, , ‘Puritanism and history’, pp. 108–9Google Scholar and Description, ed. Edelen, , p. 4Google Scholar.

49 ‘For so motheaten, mouldie, and rotten are those bookes of Leland which I have, and beside that, his annotations are such and so confounded, as no man can (in a maner) picke out anie sense from them by a lefe togither. Wherefore I suppose that he dispersed and made his notes intricate of set purpose’ (Description (1577), fo. 25r). Pressure from the printers destroyed the order of Harrison's account, so that some tributaries of the Tees ‘I have observed sith the impression of my first booke in Leland, those that follow I referred here of purpose’ (ibid. fo. 68v).

50 Description (1577), sig. * 2r.

51 The Hampshire Avon was only adequately traced in book 11, ‘although not by mine owne oversight so much as by the abuse of such as shoulde have better preserved the pamphlets to be inserted’ (Description (1577), fo. 51v). See Description, ed. Edelen, , p. 5Google Scholar n. 6 fora collection of other complaints.

52 Description (1577) fos. 32r, 35v–36r. Some information was to hand, e.g. ‘Of thys ryver [Lune] you shall reade more in the second Booke’ (ibid. fo. 28v), but the Yorkshire Aire had to be described again in book 11 because of ‘one other note more to adde unto it (even when the leafe was at the Presse)’ (ibid. fo. 70r).

53 Ibid. fo. 20r, cf. fo. 51r.

54 Cf. his mention of the river ‘Bure’ (ibid. fo. 22r) with his account of the river Burn, a detailed transcription from Saxton's Dorset (ibid. fo. 52v). Only in 1587 did Harrison ascribe the assumed perfection of his account of rivers to Saxton's maps (ibid. (1577), fo. 35v, cf. ibid. (1587), p. 107) despite his fulsome thanks in dedicating the Description of Scotland to Seckford.

55 He had made three separate estuaries into one in 1577. (Description (1587), p. 106), cf. ibid. (1577), fo. 35r and Saxton's map of Essex in Lynam, E., An atlas of England and Wales, the maps of Christopher Saxton engraved 1574–9 (British Museum, London, 1936)Google Scholar.

56 Description (1577), fo. 51r.

57 Thus the chapter ‘Of antiquities found’ (II, 17) refers back (ibid. fo. 92r) to the chapter ‘Of islandes’ in detail (fo. 12v).

58 Ibid. fo. 37v.

59 Ibid. fo. 114r–v.

60 Ibid. fo. 116r–v.

61 Description, ed. Edelen, , pp. xx, 356–61, 364–70Google Scholar.

62 Ibid. p. 368 and n. 9.

63 Description (1577) fo. 116v, cf. ibid. (1587), pp. 237–8.

64 Ibid. (1577), fo. 116v, cf. ibid. (1587), pp. 238, 237.

65 Ibid. (1577), fo. 37v, cf. fos. 84v–85v. Note the long discussion of the origin of glass, added from Pliny in 1587 (ibid. ed. Edelen, p. 198).

66 Ibid. (1577), fo. 38v, cf. ibid. (1587), pp. 204–5, 205–6. For the Romans, see T.C.D. MS 165, fos. 101 r–102r, King John, ibid. fo. 303v, and ibid. fo. 129v: ‘in my time ther are more of that kind of inclosures in England then in all Europe’ and Boorde ‘Confesseth no lesse and made accompt thereof as one of the best observations taken in all his journey’. This was written early by the amanuensis, for the note starting below it was deliberately written in only half the column width, that on Boorde surrounding it on three sides. Cf. Description (1587) p. 205, and ibid. ed. Edelen p. 259. Lack of time created a redundancy at Description (1577), fo. 94r; see the table of ‘Faultes Escaped’ for the Description, reference to ‘fol. 94’.

67 Description (1587), p. 162 cf. 1577, fo. 103r; Description (1587), p. 157 cf. 1577, fo. 102r and ibid. ed. Edelen, p. 96; Description (1587), p. 158 cf. 1577, fo. 102v; see above, p. 796 n. 38.

68 De republics Anglorum. A discourse on the commonwealth of England by Sir Thomas Smith, ed. Alston, L. (Cambridge 1906), pp. xvii–xix and xix n. 1Google Scholar.

69 Description ed. Edelen, , p. 94 n. 1Google Scholar.

70 De republica Anglorum by Sir Thomas Smith, ed. Dewar, M. (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 157–62Google Scholar, a shortened form of Dewar, M., ‘A question of plagiarism: the “Harrison chapters” in Sir Thomas Smith's De republica Anglorum’, Historical Journal, XXII, 4 (1979), 921–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Dr Dewar cites four places in Georges Edelen's edition of the Description to show the ‘Chronology’ existed in 1565, but none proves this. Two refer to Harrison's admission that the Description represented only ‘crumbs’ from the ‘Chronology’ (Description, ed. Edelen, pp. XVIII, 5)Google Scholar, two to Edelen's speculation that Harrison wrote the brief appendix ‘how the Church of England is administered and governed’ in the second edition of Jewel's Apology printed by Reginald Wolfe in 1564. Sentences from this appear in Harrison's chapters on the church of England and the universities (ibid. pp. 23 n. 17, 70 n. 10. Dr Dewar does not cite other borrowings from the appendix not cross-referenced by Edelen). Yet the author of the appendix counts the Oxford ‘halls’ as proper colleges, whereas Harrison, an Oxford graduate, carefully distinguishes them by their methods of discipline, and adds ‘Postminster’ Hall to the appendix list (An apology of the church of England by John Jewel, ed. Booty, J. E. (Ithaca, New York 1963), p. 142Google Scholar, cf. Description (1577), fo. 80r–v). The appendix remains anonymous and Harrison plagiarized widely (Description, ed. Edelen, , pp. xx–xxi)Google Scholar but anyway, to prove Harrison wrote the appendix would not prove substantial parts of the Description's discursive analysis of English society were written by 1565. Dr Dewar seems unaware of Harrison's 1565 autobiography, although she cites the footnote in Description, ed. Edelen where Edelen refers to his article reprinting it. (De republica Anglorum, ed. Dewar, , p. 161 n. 17)Google Scholar.

71 De republica Anglorum, ed. Alston, , p. XIX, n. 1Google Scholar. Ibid., ed. Dewar, pp. 157–8.

72 A discourse of the commonweal of this realm of England ed. Dewar, M. (Charlottesville, Virginia 1969), pp. XV, XXVIGoogle Scholar. Dr Dewar does not trace this change in Smith's notebooks, though one of her arguments against Smith's revision of De republica Anglorum is that it left no trace in his papers (De republica Anglorum, ed. Dewar, , pp. 8, 158)Google Scholar. The Harrison material occupies pp. 65–77 in Dr Dewar's edition, as book 1, chapters 17–24. The last six lines of chapter 16 from ‘we in England’ are also indebted to Harrison. (Cf. Description (1577), fos. 102r–106 v and ibid. (1587), pp. 156–65.)

73 De republica Anglorum, ed. Dewar, , pp. 158–9, 161Google Scholar. Dr Dewar claims ‘overwhelming internal textual evidence’ that Smith never revised his text after 1565 (ibid. p. 8) but dates none of the nine MSS she has discovered (ibid. pp. 10–11, 22–34). The differences between them are as consistent with copies made after Smith's death as after 1565. The ‘Harrison chapters’ show none of the blanks noticeable elsewhere in the text, revealing Smith's lack of detailed information while in France (ibid. pp. 11–13), and indeed Smith made one important addition. Alston was puzzled by Smith's repetition of Harrison's account of the Order of the Garter, even though Smith became chancellor of the order in April 1572 and therefore presumably knew more about it. Dr Dewar claims that dating the Description to 1565 disposes of this difficulty (ibid. pp. 160–1, cf. ibid. ed. Alston, p. xxi). Yet Smith's chancellorship is irrelevant since he was not discussing the Order on his own initiative but following Harrison, using him as a reliable factual source, which gives greater weight to his addition from personal knowledge on the details of the Garter. Harrison described it as ‘garnished with gold and precious stones’ but Smith has ‘golde, pearle and precious stones, with the buckle of gold’. At this point he was following Harrison almost verbatim, and it is especially notable that this insertion creates a tautology uncharacteristic of Smith's style. Clearly Smith was forced into this infelicity because he was describing his own Garter; he knew both more and less about the Order than Harrison. (Description (1577), fo. 103r, cf. De republica Anglorum ed. Dewar, , p. 69.)Google Scholar

74 Description (1577), fo. 1v, cf. Historie of England (1577), p. 4, and Description (1587), p. 3, cf. Historie of England (1587), p. 3.

75 See below p. 807.

76 T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 34av reckons Albion usurped six years in Britain. Cf. Description (1577), fo. 2v with T.C.D. MS 165, fos. 18v and 34av. This error is further confirmation that Harrison wrote the Description without the ‘Chronology’.

77 Ibid. fos. 18v–34av lists Samothes, Magus, Sarron, Dryuis, Bardus, Longho, Lucus and Celtis. Holinshed ignores the last three. On Bardus see T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 27r, a reference added after Holinshed saw the ‘Chronology’.

78 Description (1577), fo. IV. Cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 36r.

79 Description (1577), fo. 20r, cf. fo. 82v.

80 It refers back to St Albans in ‘Of cities’ (ibid. fo. 92r, cf. fos. 81 v–82r).

81 Ibid. fo. 92r, cf. Historie of England (1577), sig. () 5r and p. 33.

82 Formerly in the diocesan library, Derry, Northern Ireland, and briefly described in H.M.C. Eighth report, p. 640. Brief extracts were printed by Furnivall, F. J. (ed.) Harrison's description of England in Shakespeare's youth (4 parts, London 1877), appendix I, pp. XLVII–lxGoogle Scholar.

83 For an example of the removal of folios see Parry, , ‘Puritanism and history’, p. 414Google Scholar. Part of the ‘Derry chronology’ quoted by Holinshed, on Harrison's speculation that the church allegedly founded by Lucius may have been Cornhill in London, rather than Westminster, can be traced in the 1587 Description, p. 24, cf. Historie of England (1577), p. 75. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 151r places it at Westminster.

84 Historie of England (1577), p. 18, cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 73r–v. Harrison's addition was squeezed into a vacant space in the main text and had to be continued in the top margin of fo. 73v.

85 Dated by the years of the world, years A.D. and other princes (Historie of England (1577) in The laste volume… p. 291, cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fos. 259v–260r). Holinshed relied heavily on Harrison's chronological diligence ‘especially til I come unto the time that the Saxons settled themselves here’ (Historie of England (1577), p. 15).

88 Ibid. in The laste volume… p. 1874; Plomer, H. R., Abstracts from the wills of English printers and stationers (London, 1903), pp. 19–20Google Scholar; Holinshed to Burghley in The first volume.…sig. 2r.

87 Sig.() 2v, at the end of The laste volume…

88 See below p. 808.

89 ‘I see not how… in… things of suche antiquitie we can have any sufficient warrant otherwyse than by lykely coniectures’, Historie of England (1577), p. 8. Also ibid. p. 6, cf. Description (1577), fo. IV on Albion, and Historie of England (1577), p. 6, cf. Description (1577), fos. 3r–4v. On Bath, , Historie of England (1577), p. 19Google Scholar, cf. Description (1577), fo. 88r. Note that this is one of the uncorrected pages.

90 Historie of Scotland in The firste volume… (1577), p. 518, where a postscript mentions that the Regent Morton (October 1572–8 March 1578) ‘governeth at this day’; ibid. p. 338 cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 334 V.

91 Description of Scotland (1577), sig. * b2*r and ibid. pp. 21–2, cf. Description of Britain (1577), fo. 94r–v.

92 Where ‘there is diversitie in authors and to the end you should not be ignorant therof, we have thought good now and then to touch the same, that you may in reading take the more pleasure’ (Historie of England (1577), p. 35).

93 ‘That if they would not receyve peace with their brethren, they shoulde receyve warre of ther enimies, and if they would not preach to the Englishmen the way of life, they should suffer punishment by death at the handes of them’ (ibid. (1577), p. 152).

94 Ibid. p. 154, cf. T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 195r. Bale, John put forward a similar interpretation of these events. (Letter to Parker, 30 07 1560Google Scholar, Cambridge Antiquarian Communications, III, 1864–76 (Cambridge, 1879), pp. 164–5.)Google Scholar

95 Foxe, John, Actes and monuments (1583), p. 119Google Scholar, typically blames both sides equally. Again, the radical Harrison identified with and concentrated upon the sufferings of the persecuted godly, while Holinshed assigned the godly prince a major role. These ‘oppressed’ and ‘Imperial’ traditions were clearly contrasted in Harrison's and Holinshed's accounts of Constantine, which I hope to discuss in a future monograph. See Miller, L. and Power, E. (eds.), Holinshed's Irish chronicle (Dublin, 1979), pp. XVI–XVIIGoogle Scholar for Holinshed's similar sensitivity, for different reasons, about material in the Historie of Irelande.

96 Description (1587), p. 215.

97 Ibid. (1577), fos. 3r–4v, cf. ibid. (1587), pp. 8–12 and T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 7r. Jean Becan (Goropius) was published in several editions, but Harrison owned De gigantibus eorumque reliquiis… Ubi etiam J.G. error perstringitur, qui in sua Gigantomachia nullaxs Gigantum corpora tanta quanta dicuntur fuisse, affirmat (Basle, 1580)Google Scholar, now Derry diocesan library shelf-mark E.h. 20, cited in Description (1587), p. 11.

98 Parry, , ‘;Puritanism and history’, pp. 109–14Google Scholar.

99 Description (1587), p. 38.

100 Description, ed. Edelen, index s.v. ‘Chronology’, plus the supplementary references given above, n. 36. Description (1577) fo. 82V, cf. ibid. (1587), p. 192.

101 Ibid. p. 147.

102 The aged Stow lamented his generosity to ‘late commers’ like William Harrison, and Holinshed's chronicles in general, which prevented the publishing of his own great chronicle of England (Parry, , ‘Puritanism and history’, pp. 109–14)Google Scholar.

103 Holinshed's chronicles (1587), sig. Y6r. The second edition was supervised by Fleming, not John Hooker as commonly supposed (Dodson, S. C., ‘Abraham Fleming, writer and editor’ Studies in English, University of Texas, XXXIV (1955), 51–66)Google Scholar.

104 Historie of England (1577) p. 33, cf. ibid. (1587) p. 22, and T.C.D. MS 165, fo. 129V.