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LABOUR PROVISIONS IN EU AND US MEGA-REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS: RHETORIC AND REALITY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2018

Billy Melo Araujo
Billy Melo Araujo*
Affiliation:
Lecturer, School of Law, Queen's University Belfast, B.Melo-Araujo@qub.ac.uk.
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Abstract

The EU and the US have long called for the linking of trade and labour standards in trade agreements at both the multilateral and bilateral level. This article examines their practice of including labour provisions in trade agreements, with a particular focus on recent attempts to include such provisions on so-called ‘mega-regionals’, which were presented by their proponents as providing the benchmark for labour protection in future trade agreements. It discusses the rationale behind the inclusion of such provisions and their practical limitations, and examines the extent to which mega-regionals address these limitations. It is argued that whilst the EU and the US have been keen advocates for trade-labour linkages, there has also been an unwillingness to convert this rhetoric into practice, raising questions about the extent of their commitment to these values.

Keywords

international economic lawlabourTPPTTIPWTO law
Type
Shorter Articles and Notes
Information
International & Comparative Law Quarterly , Volume 67 , Issue 1 , January 2018 , pp. 233 - 253
Copyright
Copyright © British Institute of International and Comparative Law 2017 

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29 The US typically includes a ‘Labour’ chapter in its FTAs whilst the EU FTAs include ‘sustainable development’ chapters which address both labour and environmental protection issues.

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33 ibid para 190.

34 ibid para 165.

35 ibid para 193.

36 Art 18(5) US–Australia FTA; art 17(5) US–Colombia FTA; art 16(4) CAFTA-DR FTA; art 19(5) KORUS.

37 Art 18(6) US–Australia FTA; art 17(1) US–Colombia FTA; art 15(6) US–Bahrain FTA; art 16(6) CAFTA-DR FTA; art 19(7) KORUS.

38 See, for example, art 189 and 195 CEPA; arts 13.12–13.15 EU-Korea FTA; art 283–285 Colombia-Peru FTA; arts 294–297 EU–CA FTA; art 13.15 EU–Singapore FTA.

39 See, for example, art 195 EU–CARIFORUM FTA; art 13(3) EU–Korea FTA; art 280 EU–Colombia/Peru FTA.

40 See, for example, art 13-13 EU–Korea FTA; art 282 EU–Colombia/Peru FTA; art 238 CETA.

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44 Art 286(2) Council Decision of 25 June 2012 on the signing, on behalf of the European Union, of the Agreement establishing an Association between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America on the other, OJ L 346.

45 F De Ville, J Orbie and L Van den Putte, ‘TTIP and Labour Standards’ (2016) Directorate General for Internal Policies Department: Economic and Scientific Policy IP/A/EMPL/2015-07, at 33. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/578992/IPOL_STU(2016)578992_EN.pdf>.

46 Art 193 EU–CARIFORUM EPA.

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50 Ebert and Posthuma (n 48).

51 The one exception to the rule is the EU–CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement (EU–CARIFORUM EPA). The EU–CARIFORUM EPA subjects disputes concerning sustainable development provisions to its dispute settlement mechanism, although even in that case, the ability to suspend market access concessions as a result of the violation of any sustainable development objective is ruled out. Art 23(2) EC-EPA.

52 Art 189.6 and 195.6 CEPA; art 13.15 KOREU FTA; art 284 Colombia-Peru FTA; arts 297–301 EU–CA FTA ; art 13.16 EU–Singapore FTA.

53 Art 13.15(2) KOREU FTA.

54 Art 185(4) Colombia–Peru FTA.

55 Art 301 (3) EU–CA FTA.

56 Art 13.17(9) EU–Singapore FTA.

57 Art 23.11 CETA.

58 European Parliament resolution of 25 November 2010 on human rights and social and environmental standards in international trade agreements (2009/2219(INI)) P7_TA(2010)0434.

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85 Orbie and Van den Putte (n 82) 39

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92 Office of the United States Trade representative, ‘The President's Trade Agenda – 2016’ <https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2016-Trade-Policy-Agenda>.

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94 C Malmström, ‘TTIP – What's in It for Labour, Environment and Sustainable Development?’ (6 November 2015) Blog Post <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/2014-2019/malmstrom/blog/ttip-whats-it-labour-environment-and-sustainable-development_en>.

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96 Art 19(3) TPP.

97 Art 19(5) TPP.

98 Brunei Darussalam – United States Labour Consistency Plan (4 February 2016); United States – Malaysia Labor Consistency Plan (4 February 2016); United States – Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam Plan for the Enhancement of Trade and Labour Relations (4 February 2016). Available at <https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacific-partnership/tpp-full-text>.

99 Brunei Darussalam – United States Labour Consistency Plan, para II; United States – Malaysia Labor Consistency Plan, para II; United States – Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam Plan for the Enhancement of Trade and Labour Relations, para II.

100 Art 19(12) TPP.

101 Art 19(11) ibid.

102 Art 19(11)(2) ibid.

103 Art 19(11)(6) ibid.

104 Art 19(15) ibid.

105 Art 18(20) ibid.

106 EU Textual Proposal (6 November 2015). Available at: <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/november/tradoc_153923.pdf>.

107 Art 4(2) Textual Proposal.

108 Arts 5–9 ibid.

109 Art 5(3) ibid.

110 Art 4(3) ibid.

111 Art 17(1) ibid.

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115 Páez, L, ‘A Continental Free Trade Area: Imperatives for Realizing a Pan-African Market’ (2016) 50(3) Journal of World Trade 549 Google Scholar. See also Angwenyi, V, ‘The Tripartite Free Trade Area: A Step Closer to the African Economic Community?’ (2016) European Yearbook of International Economic Law 589 Google Scholar.

116 D Sevastopulo, S Donnan and C Weaver, ‘Trump Pulls US out of Pacific Trade Pact’ Financial Times (23 January 2017).

117 See, for example, the proposed draft texts for the EU–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement. Available at <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/july/tradoc_155726.pdf>.

118 European Commission, Non-Paper of the Commission Services, ‘Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) Chapters in EU Free Trade Agreements FTAs’ (11 July 2017) available at <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=1689>.

119 See section IIIB.

120 Hafner-Burton (n 67) 141.