Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:48:39.698Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modeling and mitigation of nonlinear distortion in wideband A/D converters for cognitive radio receivers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2010

Markus Allén ,
Jaakko Marttila  and
Mikko Valkama
Markus Allén*
Affiliation:
Department of Communications Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
Jaakko Marttila
Affiliation:
Department of Communications Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
Mikko Valkama
Affiliation:
Department of Communications Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
*
Corresponding author: M. Allén Email: markus.allen@tut.fi
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article discusses the reduction of nonlinearities in analog-to-digital (A/D) converters using digital signal processing (DSP). Also modeling of certain essential nonlinearities is considered in detail. The main focus is on wideband radio receivers, such as the emerging cognitive radio applications, where a collection of signals at different frequency channels is converted to digital domain as a whole. Therefore, the overall dynamic range can easily be in the order of tens of dBs and thus even mild nonlinear distortion can cause strong carriers to block weaker signal bands. In this article, a mathematical model for clipping distortion due to improper input signal conditioning is derived through Fourier analysis. Additionally, stemming from the analysis an adaptive DSP-based post-processing method for reducing the effects of clipping and integral nonlinearity (INL) in A/D converters is presented with illustrative examples using both computer simulations and laboratory radio signal measurements.

Keywords

A/D converterCognitive radio receiverNonlinear distortionIntegral nonlinearityClippingInterference cancelation
Type
Original Article
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , April 2010 , pp. 183 - 192
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and the European Microwave Association 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

[1]Mak, P.-I.; U, S.-P.; Martins, R.P.: Transceiver architecture selection: review, state-of-the-art survey and case study. IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag., 7 (2007), 6–25. doi: 10.1109/MCAS.2007.369072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[2]Araujo, T.; Dinis, R.: Analytical evaluation and optimization of the ADC (analog-to-digital converter) in software radio architectures, in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunication Conf. (GLOBECOM-04), vol. 2, (2004), 1066–1070, doi: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2004.1378121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[3]Yang, J.; Brodersen, R.W.; Tse, D.: Addressing the dynamic range problem in cognitive radios, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications (ICC-07), 2007, 5183–5188. doi: 10.1109/ICC.2007.857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[4]Rusu, A.; Rodriguez de Llera Gonzalez, D.; Ismail, M.: Reconfigurable ADCs enable smart radios for 4G wireless connectivity. IEEE Circuits Devices Mag., 22 (2006), 6–11. doi: 10.1109/MCD.2006.1657844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[5]Vun, N.; Premkumar, A.B.: ADC systems for SDR digital front-end, in Proc. Ninth Int. Symp. on Consumer Electronics, 2005, 359–363. doi: 10.1109/ISCE.2005.1502403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[6]Maloberti, F.: Data Converters, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2008 doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-32486-9.Google Scholar
[7]Wepman, J.A.: Analog-to-digital converters and their applications in radio receivers. IEEE Commun. Mag., 33 (1995), 39–45. doi: 10.1109/35.393000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[8]Walden, R.H.: Analog-to-digital converter survey and analysis. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 17 (1999), 539–550. doi: 10.1109/49.761034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[9]Le, B.; Rondeau, T.; Reed, J.; Bostian, C.: Analog-to-digital converters. IEEE Signal Process. Mag., 22 (2005), 69–77. doi:10.1109/MSP.2005.1550190.Google Scholar
[10]ITU-R. Requirements Related to Technical Performance for IMT-Advanced Radio Interface(s), Report ITU-R M.2134, 2008. Available online at http://www.itu.int/.Google Scholar
[11]Arpaia, P.; Daponte, P.; Rapuano, S.: A state of the art on ADC modeling. Comput. Stand. Interfaces, 26 (2004), 31–42. doi: 10.1016/S0920-5489(03)00060-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[12]Björsell, N.; Händel, P.: Dynamic behavior models of analog to digital converters aimed for post-correction in wideband applications, in XVIII Imeko World Congress 11th Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing, 2006.Google Scholar
[13]Valkama, M.; Shahed, A.; Anttila, L.; Renfors, M.: Advanced digital signal processing techniques for compensation of nonlinear distortion in wideband multicarrier radio receivers. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn., 54 (2006), 2356–2366. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2006.875274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[14]Keehr, E.; Hajimiri, A.: Equalization of IM3 products in wideband direct-conversion receivers. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 43 (2008), 2853–2867. doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2008.2005701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[15]Tomioka, T.; Sakata, R.; Horiguchi, T.; Tomizawa, T.; Inoue, K.: A/D converter clipping noise suppression for high-sensitivity carrier-sensing of cognitive radio transceiver, in IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf. 2007, 2007 doi: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2007.793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[16]IEEE-SA Standards Board. IEEE Standard for Terminology and Test Methods for Analog-to-Digital Converters, IEEE Std #1241-2000, 2001.Google Scholar
[17]Dardari, D.: Joint clip and quantization effects characterization in OFDM receivers. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, 53 (2006), 1741–1748. doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2006.875170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[18]Analog Devices. AD9218 Data Sheet, rev. C, 2006. Available online at http://www.analog.com/.Google Scholar
[19]Michaeli, L.; Michalko, P.; Saliga, J.: Unified ADC nonlinearity error model for SAR ADC. Measurement, 41 (2008), 198–204. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2006.10.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[20]Cruz, P.; Carvalho, N.; Remley, K.: Evaluation of nonlinear distortion in ADCs using multisines, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest., 2008. doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.2008.4633048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[21]Allén, M.; Marttila, J.; Valkama, M.: Digital post-processing for reducing A/D converter nonlinear distortion in wideband radio receivers, in Forty-Third Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[22]Haykin, S.: Adaptive Filter Theory, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996.Google Scholar
[23]Analog Devices. How ADIsimADC Models an ADC, Application Note AN-737, rev. B, 2009. Available online at http://www.analog.com/Google Scholar
[24]Analog Devices. AD9248 Data Sheet, rev. A., 2005 Available online at http://www.analog.com/Google Scholar
[25]Sayed, A.H.: Adaptive Filters, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[26]Chansarkar, M.M.; Desai, U.B.: A fast approximate RLS algorithm, in IEEE Region 10 Conf. on Computer, Communication, Control and Power Engineering, TENCON'93., 1993. doi: 10.1109/TENCON.1993.328038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar