Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:23:22.954Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The biological basis for the seasonal outbreak of cassava green mites in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

J. S. Yaninek ,
H. R. Herren  and
A. P. Gutierrez
J. S. Yaninek
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria
H. R. Herren
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
A. P. Gutierrez
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Get access

Abstract

In Africa, cassava green mite (CGM) is an exotic tetranychid, recently introduced from the Neotropics. In the absence of effective natural enemies, seasonal changes in the weather, either directly through several climatic factors or indirectly through the host plant, dominate the phenology and limit the growth rates of CGM populations. The intrinsically high rate of increase of CGM results in large populations when enhanced by high temperatures and suitable host plants during periods when evaporation exceeds precipitation. Mite numbers decline as precipitation increases and when suitable host plants are not available. The suitability of a host plant, as measured by CGM's intrinsic rate of increase, varies with drought stress, plant age, leaf age and cultivar. The introduction of effective natural enemies from CGM's area of origin is expected to dampen the seasonal abundance of this mite without changing its general phenology.

Résumé

En Afrique, l'acarien verts du manioc est un tétranychide exotique récemment introduit de la zone tropicale du Nouveau Monde. En l'absence d'ennemis naturels efficaces, les changements climatiques saisonniers, exprimés directement par divers facteurs météorologiques ou indirectement par la plante-hôte, agissent sur la phénologie de l'acarien et limitent le taux d'accroissement de ses colonies. Le taux d'accroissement intrinsèque particulièrement élevé des populations de l'acarien vert provoque l'apparition de larges colonies lorsqu'il est favorisé par des températures élevées et la présence de plantes-hôtes adéquates, c'est-à-dire quand l'évaporation est plus importante que les précipitations. Ces colonies diminuent lorsque les précipations augmentent et que les plantes-hôtes adéquates ne sont plus disponibles. Le taux d'accroissement intrinsèque des colonies de l'acarien vert témoigne de la présence de plantes-hôtes favorables, un critère qui, d'ailleurs, varie selon les périodes sèches, l'âge de la plante et de la feuille, et le cultivar. L'introduction d'ennemis naturels de la région d'origine de l'acarien vert devrait limiter l'abondance saisonnière de ce ravageur sans pour autant modifier sa phénologie générale.

Keywords

Cassava green miteMononychellusintrinsic rate of increasenatural enemiesseasonsweatherhost plantAcariens verts du maniocMononychellustaux d'accroissement-intrinsèqueennemis naturelssaisonsclimatplante-hôte
Type
Symposium XI: Africa-wide Biological Control Programme of Cassava Pests
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 8 , Issue 4-5-6: Recent Advances in Research on Tropical Entomology , December 1987 , pp. 861 - 865
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Akinlosotu, T. A. (1982) Seasonal trend of green spider mite, Mononychellus tanajoa population on cassava, Manihot esculenta and its relationship with weather factors at Moor Plantation. Insect Sci. Applic. 3, 251–254.Google Scholar
Bellotti, A. C., Reyes, J. A., Guerrero, J. M. and Varela, A. M. (1985) The mealybug and cassava green spider mite complex in the Americas: problems of and potential for biological control. In Cassava: Research, Production and Utilization. (Edited by Cock, J. H. and Reyes, J. A.), pp. 393–416. Preliminary Edition, UNDP CIAT.Google Scholar
Bellotti, A. and van Schoonhoven, A. (1978) Mite and insect pests of cassava. A. Rev. Ent. 23, 39–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bondar, G. (1938) Notas entomologicas da Bahia III. Rev. Ent. Brasil 9, 441–445.Google Scholar
Byrne, D. H., Bellotti, A. C. and Guerrero, J. M. (1983) The cassava mites. Trop. Pest Manage. 29, 378–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doreste, E. (1981) Acaros del genero Mononychellus Wainstein (Acari Tetranychidae) asociados con la yuca (Manihot spp.) en Venezuela. Bol. Ent. Venez. N.S. 1, 119–130.Google Scholar
Flechtmann, C. H. W. (1982) The cassava mite complex. III—New distribution records, mainly from Colombia and Africa. References to other plants. Anais da E.S.A. “Luiz de Queiroz” XXXIX, 809–813.Google Scholar
Huffaker, C. B., van de Vrie, M. and McMurtry, J. A. (1970) Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: a review. II. tetranychid populations and their possible control by predators: an evaluation. Hilgardia 40, 391–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, W. F. (1974) A green cassava mite recently found in Africa. Plant Prot. Bull. 22, 11–13.Google Scholar
McMurtry, J. A., Huffaker, C. B. and van de Vrie, M. (1970) Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: a review. I. tetranychid enemies: their biological characters and the impact of spray practices. Hilgardia 40, 331–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, S. T. (1984) Biological control of the cassava green mite (Mononychellus spp.) in East Africa. In Integrated Pest Management of Cassava Green Mite. (Edited by Greathead, A. H., Markham, R. H., Murphy, R. J., Murphy, S. T. and Robertson, I. A. D.), pp. 55–61. Proc. of a regional training workshop in East Africa, 30 April-4 May 1984.Google Scholar
Ndayiragije, P. (1984) Cassava green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar)) in Burundi. In Integrated Pest Management of Cassava Green Mite. (Edited by Greathead, A. H., Markham, R. H., Murphy, R. J., Murphy, S. T. and Robertson, I. A. D.), pp. 67–73. Proc. of a regional training workshop in East Africa, 30 Apri–4 May 1984.Google Scholar
Nyiira, Z. M. (1976) Advances in research on the economic significance of the green cassava mite (Mononychellus tanajoa) in Uganda. In The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germplasm in Africa. (Edited by Terry, E. and Maclntyre, R.), pp. 27–29. Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop held at UTA, Ibadan, Nigeria, November 17–21, 1975.Google Scholar
Nyiira, Z. M. and Mutinga, M. (1977) Tetranychidae pests of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz in Uganda and their natural enemies. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 43, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samways, M. J. (1979) Immigration, population growth and mortality of insects and mites on cassava in Brazil. Bull. Ent. Res. 69, 491–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shukla, P. T. (1976) Preliminary report on green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa) (Bondar) resistance in Tanzania local cassava cultivars. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 42, 55–59.Google Scholar
Yaninek, J. S. (1985a) Biotic potential of cassava green mites (CGM). In Annual Report for 1984. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 133–136.Google Scholar
Yaninek, J. S. (1985b) Field monitoring of CGM populations. In Annual Report for 1984. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 136–138.Google Scholar
Yaninek, J. S. and Animashaun, A. (1987) Why cassava green mites are dry season pests. A paper presented at the World Meteorological Organization/International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Seminar on Agrometeorology and Crop Protection in The Lowland Humid and Subhumid Tropics, Cotonou, Benin, 7–11 July, 1986 (in press).Google Scholar
Yaninek, J. S. and Bellotti, A. C. (1987) Exploration for natural enemies of cassava green mites based on agrometeorological criteria. A paper presented at the World Meteorological Organization/International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Seminar on Agrometeorology and Crop Protection in the Lowland Humid and Subhumid Tropics, Cotonou, Benin, 7–11 July 1986 (in press).Google Scholar
Yaninek, J. S. and Herren, H. R. (1986) CGM species dilemma. In Annual Report for 1985. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, p. 56.Google Scholar
Yaninek, J. S. and Herren, H. R. (in press) Biological control of cassava pests with special reference to cassava green mites. In Proceedings of an Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Root Crop Workshop in Kampala, Uganda, December 10th–14th, 1984.Google Scholar
Yaseen, M. (1977) Preliminary investigations on the biology and ecology of the green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) in Trinidad. CIBC Technical Bull. No. 18, 85–97.Google Scholar
Yaseen, M. and Bennett, F. D. (1977) Distribution, biology, and population dynamics of the green cassava mite in the Neotropics. In Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops (Edited by Cock, J., Maclntyre, R. and Graham, M.) pp. 197–202. Fourth Proc. 1976, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada, IDRC-080e.Google Scholar