Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:23:46.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Washington and Bonn: dimensions of change in bilateral relations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

Paul M. Johnson
Paul M. Johnson
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of Political Science at Union College, Schenectady.
Get access

Abstract

In recent years efforts to account for changing patterns of alliance relationships have incorporated a growing number of insights and propositions derived from the analysis of “global interdependence.” These efforts have been complicated, on the one hand, by a lack of precision in providing operational definitions of the independent variables and, at a more fundamental level, by considerable ambiguity with respect to those types of changes which may be best explained in terms of these variables.

An analysis of Washington-Bonn relations reveals a reasonably coherent pattern of changes with regard to four specific aspects of the relationship: 1) the nature of the alliance agenda; 2) the structure of the relationship (i.e. the characteristic distribution of influence between alliance partners); 3) the operative procedural norms which regulate bilateral bargaining and negotiation; and 4) the institutional arrangements which have evolved for the coordination of alliance policy.

Type
Articles
Information
International Organization , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , Autumn 1979 , pp. 451 - 480
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Morgenthau, Hans, “Alliances,” in Alliance in International Politics, Friedman, Julian, ed. (Boston: AUyn and Bacon, 1970), 84–85Google Scholar.

2 Booth, Ken, “Alliances,” in Contemporary Strategy: Theory and Policies, Baylis, John, Booth, Ken et al. , eds. (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1975), p. 180Google Scholar.

3 Brown, Seyom, “The Changing Essence of Power,” Foreign Affairs 52, 2 (01 1973): 288–289Google Scholar.

4 Dahrendorf, Ralf, “International Power: A European Perspective,” Foreign Affairs 56, 2 (10 1977): 73CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Also see Bergsten, C. Fred, “Die amerikanische Europapolitik: Ein Pladoyer fur Konzentration auf die Bundesrepublik,” Europa Archiv 4 (1974)Google Scholar.

5 Katzenstein, Peter, “West Germany's Place in America's Foreign Policy: Pivot, Anchor or Broker?” in America as an Ordinary Country, Rosecrance, Richard, ed. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976)Google Scholar.

6 Hoffmann, Stanley, in Atlantis Lost, Chace, James and Ravenal, Earl, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1976), p. 250Google Scholar.

7 Brown, Seyom, “A World of Multiple Relationships,” Atlantis Lost, p. 103Google Scholar.

8 Morse, Edward L., Modernization and the Transformation of International Relations (New York: Free Press, 1976), p. 21Google Scholar.

9 Keohane, Robert and Nye, Joseph, Power and Interdependence (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), pp.216–217Google Scholar.

10 See Muhlen's, Norbert review of Morgan, Roger, The United States and West Germany, in Orbis XIX, 4 (Winter 1976): 1621Google Scholar.

11 Morgenthau, , “Alliances,” p. 83Google Scholar.

12 Brown, , “A World of Multiple Relationships,” p. 144Google Scholar.

13 Hanrieder, Wolfram, West German Foreign Policy, 1949–1963 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1967), pp. 38–39Google Scholar.

14 Richardson, James L., Germany and the Atlantic Alliance (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 380CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Ibid., p. 381.

16 Hoffmann, Stanley, “Obstinate or Obsolete: The Fate of the Nation State,” Daedalus (Summer 1966): 878Google Scholar.

17 Keohane, and Nye, , Power and Interdependence, p. 44Google Scholar.

18 Knorr, Klaus, The Power of Nations (New York: Free Press, 1975), pp. 24–25Google Scholar.

19 Knorr, Klaus, Power and Wealth (New York: Macmillan, 1973), p. 28CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Knorr, , The Power of Nations, p. 26Google Scholar.

21 Hanrieder, , West German Foreign Policy, pp. 45–46Google Scholar.

21 Keohane and Nye have suggested that the prevalence of non-linkage norms may be associated with, or indicative of, “the accommodation of foreign policies to the conditions of complex interdependence.” See Power and Interdependence, p. 214.

23 Hassner, Pierre, “Dominant States and Vulnerable Societies,” in Stress and Conciliation in Modern Capitalism, Lindberg, , Alford, , Crouch, , and Offe, , eds. (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1975), p. 396Google Scholar.

24 Ibid.

25 Hirsch, F., Doyle, N. and Morse, E., Alternatives to Monetary Disorder (New York: McGraw- Hill, 1977), pp. 41–42Google Scholar.

26 Ibid., p. 28.

27 Wahrhaftig, Samuel L., “The Development of German Foreign Policy Institutions,” in West German Leadership and Foreign Policy, Speier, Hans and Davidson, W. Philip, eds. (Evanston, III.: Row, Peterson and Co., 1957), p. 56Google Scholar.

28 Morgan, Roger, The United States and West Germany, 1945–1973 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 41Google Scholar.

29 Padelford, Norman J., “Political Cooperation in the North Atlantic Community,” International Organization IX, 3 (Summer 1955): 354Google Scholar.

30 Lawson, Ruth, “Concerting Policies in the North Atlantic Community,” International Organization (Spring, 1958): 169Google Scholar.

31 Dougherty, James and Cottrell, Alvin, The Politics of the Atlantic Alliance (New York: Praeger, 1964), p. 29Google Scholar.

32 Menderhausen, Horst, Troop Stationing in Germany: Value and Cost. (Santa Barbara: The RAND Corporation, RM-5881-PR, 12 1968), pp. 66–67Google Scholar.

33 New York Times, 12 April 1961.

34 Menderhausen, , Troop Stationing, p. 93Google Scholar.

35 Evening Standard, 4 April 1970, cited in Morgan, The United States and West Germany, p. 202.

36 Handelsblatt, 13 December 1973.

37 New York Times, 7 December 1973.

38 See Fox, Annette Baker, The Politics of Attraction (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), p. 295Google Scholar.

39 Ibid., p. 294.

40 Author's translation, Handelsblatt, 18 September 1973.

41 Rosenau, James, “Capabilities and Control in an Interdependent World,” International Security 1, 2 (02 1976): 42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

42 The Times, London, 5 04 1970Google Scholar.

43 German Tribune, 31 December 1970.

44 Die Zeit, 14 November 1972.

45 The Times, London, 8 11 1972Google Scholar.

46 Czempiel, Otto, “What is to Become of the Atlantic Alliance?” Frankfurter Hefte 1 (1974)Google Scholar, reprinted in German Tribune Public Affairs Review 23 (27 June 1974).

47 These fears were expressed by General Secretary of the Council of Europe, Lujo Toncic-Sorin, as reported in the Washington Post, 5 July 1973.

48 Christian Science Monitor, 16 July 1973.

49 Nerlich, Uwe, “Westeuropa und die Entwicklung des amerikanisch-sowjetischen Bilateralismus,” EuropaArchiv 19 (1972): 696Google Scholar.

50 Hassner, , “Europe and the contradictions in American Policy,” in America as an Ordinary Country, p. 76Google Scholar.

51 See Runci, Matthew, “Transnationalism, Détente, and U.S.-West German Relations,” a paper delivered at the 1978 Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Louis, St., Missouri (02, 1978), pp. 14–15Google Scholar.

52 Morse, , Modernization and the Transformation, p. 88Google Scholar.

53 Hoffmann, Stanley, “Notes on the Elusiveness of Modern Power,” International Journal (Spring 1975): 197Google Scholar.

54 Der Spiegel, 5 November 1973, p. 24. Also see “The Year of Europe,” unsigned article in Foreign Affairs 52, 1 (01 1974): 239Google Scholar.

55 New York Times, 27 October 1973.

56 The Bonn government was virtually compelled to take some action because of the provisions of the War Material Control Act which forbid the export of all weapons from German soil without prior notification of the Federal Ministry of Finance.

57 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29 October 1973 and 1 November 1973. Also see German Tribune, 27 October 1973.

58 New York Times, 31 October 1973.

59 German Tribune, 8 November 1973.

60 Kaiser, Karl, “Die Auswirkung der Energiekrise auf die westliche Allianz,” Europa Archiv 24 (1974): 819–820Google Scholar.

61 Brown, , “The Changing Essence of Power,” pp. 286–287Google Scholar.

62 Brown, , “A World of Multiple Relationships,” p. 105Google Scholar.

63 Kaiser, , “Die Auswirkung …,” p. 819Google Scholar.

64 See “NATO Must Safeguard West's Vital Shipping Routes,” German Tribune, 28 January 1979, and “Soviet Maritime Expansion is a Threat to West's Lifelines,” German Tribune, 25 February 1979.

65 “1973: The Year of Europe,” Current Foreign Policy (Washington: U.S. Department of State Publication 8710, 06 1973)Google Scholar.

66 Jobert's, remarks were cited in the Christian Science Monitor, 21 06 1973Google Scholar.

67 New York Times, 1 February 1978. For additional information on the proposals for joint U.S.-FRG development of the main battle tank, see German Tribune, 5 June 1975; Christian Science Monitor, 18 June 1975; Armed Forces Journal, 21 October 1975.

68 Washington Post, 25 April 1975, and 11 June 1976. Also see New York Times, 21 October 1977.

69 New York Times, 4 December 1977.

70 Wahl, Nicholas, “The Autonomy of ‘Domestic Structures’ in European-American Relations,” AllantisLost, p. 246Google Scholar.

71 Ibid.

72 Brown, , “A World of Multiple Relationships,” p. 106Google Scholar.