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Associations between depression, sleep disturbance, and apolipoprotein E in the development of Alzheimer's disease: dementia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 March 2016

Shanna L. Burke ,
Peter Maramaldi Open the ORCID record for Peter Maramaldi [Opens in a new window] ,
Tamara Cadet  and
Walter Kukull Open the ORCID record for Walter Kukull [Opens in a new window]
Shanna L. Burke*
Affiliation:
Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, School of Social Work, Miami, FL, USA
Peter Maramaldi
Affiliation:
Simmons College School of Social Work, Boston, MA, USA Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Tamara Cadet
Affiliation:
Simmons College School of Social Work, Boston, MA, USA Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Walter Kukull
Affiliation:
National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC), University of Washington School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA, USA
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Shanna L. Burke, PhD, MSW, LICSW, Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, School of Social Work, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, AHC5 564, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. Phone: +305-348-7462. Email: sburke@fiu.edu.
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Abstract

Background:

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disease that causes cognitive impairment and dementia. Within the US, AD is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, affecting 1 in 10 people over the age of 65. Sleep disturbance has been called a “public health epidemic” and, like depression, is a prodromal symptom of AD but may also contribute to the risk of developing AD. It was hypothesized that sleep disturbance, depression, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype increase the likelihood of AD.

Methods:

Utilizing data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, information from evaluations of 11,453 cognitively asymptomatic participants was analyzed. Survival analysis was used to explore the independent relationships between depression, sleep disturbance, and APOE genotypes with eventual AD diagnosis. Cox proportional hazard models were utilized to explore the main effects and synergistic effects of psychosocial factors as moderated by APOE genotypes.

Results:

This study reinforced the association between APOE and AD. The hazard of developing AD was eight times higher for those with recent depression and the Ɛ4 homozygote (HR = 8.15 [3.70–17.95]). Among Ɛ4 carriers with clinician-verified depression, the hazard was ten times that of the reference group (HR = 10.11 [4.43–23.09]). The hazard for Ɛ4 carriers reporting sleep disturbance was almost 7 times greater than the reference group (HR = 6.79 [2.38–19.37]).

Conclusion:

Findings suggest that sleep disturbance, depression, and APOE Ɛ4 genotype are associated with AD during follow-up evaluations among a group of initially cognitively asymptomatic participants. This study contributes to the literature base exploring an increased hazard or risk of AD due to potential modifiable risk factors as well as genetic biomarkers, such as APOE.

Keywords

Alzheimer's diseasedementiadepressionsleep disturbanceapolipoprotein E
Type
Paper of the Month
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 28 , Issue 9 , September 2016 , pp. 1409 - 1424
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2016 

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