Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:44:47.709Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

George Reginald Balleine: Historian of Anglican Evangelicalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2013

Abstract

A History of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England (1908) by G.R. Balleine (1873–1966) is the classic narrative history of the Anglican evangelical movement, still enduringly popular more than a century after its publication. It has long outlived its author but is usually read without reference to him. This paper examines Balleine's approach to historical research and demonstrates how his personal theological priorities shaped his History. In particular, it highlights his concerns in his parish ministry in Bermondsey, south London, for innovative evangelism, political activism and loyal Anglican churchmanship; his disinterest in doctrinal definitions and his abhorrence of ecclesiastical controversy. The paper argues that Balleine's lively account of Anglican evangelicalism's past in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was also an apologia and mandate for the future direction of the movement as it entered the twentieth century. It concludes by pointing to the sharp irony that while the History has gained a reputation for impeccable evangelical credentials, the historian was on a divergent trajectory away from his evangelical roots.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Journal of Anglican Studies Trust 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. The Churchman 47 (October 1933), pp. 232–33. See further, Andrew Atherstone, ‘Evangelicals and the Oxford Movement Centenary’, Journal of Religious History 37 (March 2013), pp. 98–117.

2. Colquhoun, Frank, ‘Note to New Edition’, in G.R. Balleine, A History of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England (London: Church Book Room Press, new edn, 1951), p. v.Google Scholar

3. Hylson-Smith, Kenneth, Evangelicals in the Church of England 1734–1984 (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1988); Roger Steer, Church on Fire: The Story of Anglican Evangelicals (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1998); Nigel Scotland, Evangelical Anglicans in a Revolutionary Age 1789–1901 (Carlisle: Paternoster, 2004).Google Scholar

4. Information from Lee Gatiss, director of the Church Society, February 2013. Due to high demand, a new edition had been intended in the mid-1970s, brought up to date by John Reynolds (1919–2009), author of The Evangelicals at Oxford (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1953), but it came to nothing. See correspondence between John Reynolds and Michael Benson (secretary of the Church Society), 9 and 13 July 1973, Church Society Archives, Watford.Google Scholar

5. G.R. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’ (unpublished typescript, c. 1963), pp. 18–19, Société Jersiaise Archives, St Helier, Jersey; ‘University Intelligence’, Times, 24 June 1895, p. 10.Google Scholar

6. Balleine, G.R., The Story of St Mary Matfelon, the Parish Church of Whitechapel (London: Free School Press, Whitechapel, 1898).Google Scholar

7. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, p. 21.Google Scholar

8. Balleine, G.R., A History of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1908), pp. vi–vii. Subsequent references are to this first edition, unless stated.Google Scholar

9. The Expository Times 19 (August 1908), p. 518.Google Scholar

10. The Spectator 100 (20 June 1908), p. 981.Google Scholar

11. The Guardian, 1 July 1908, p. 1125.Google Scholar

12. The Record, 12 June 1908, p. 572.Google Scholar

13. The Church Family Newspaper, 5 June 1908, p. 484.Google Scholar

14. Balleine, G.R., The Layman's History of the Church of England (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1913).Google Scholar

15. Balleine, G.R., ‘Witch Trials in Jersey’, Bulletin of the Société Jersiaise 13 (1939), pp. 379398.Google Scholar

16. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, pp. 44. See also Andrew Atherstone (ed.), ‘G.R. Balleine and the Invasion of Jersey: Wartime Letters to his Daughter’, Société Jersiaise Annual Bulletin (forthcoming, 2013).Google Scholar

17. Balleine, G.R., ‘A Dictionary of Jersey Biography’, Bulletin of the Société Jersiaise 14 (1940), pp. 4952; idem, A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey (London: Staples Press, 1948), now supplemented by Francis L.M. Corbet et al., A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey, vol. 2 (St Helier: Société Jersiaise, 1998). G.R. Balleine, A History of the Island of Jersey from the Cave Men to the German Occupation and After (London: Staples Press, 1950), now enlarged by Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens as Balleine's History of Jersey (Chichester: Phillimore, 1981, new edn 1998).Google Scholar

18. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, pp. 45, 49.Google Scholar

19. Balleine, G.R., The Bailwick of Jersey (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1951); idem, ‘Sir George Carteret’, Bulletin of the Société Jersiaise 17 (1957), pp. 53–64; idem, ‘The Philippe Dauvergne Tragedy’, Bulletin of the Société Jersiaise 17 (1959), pp. 233–42; idem, The Tragedy of Philippe d'Auvergne: Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy and Last Duke of Bouillon (Chichester: Phillimore, 1973); idem, All for the King: The Life of Sir George Carteret (1609–1680) (St Helier: Société Jersiaise, 1976).Google Scholar

20. Balleine, G.R., ‘The Archives of Jersey’, Bulletin of the Société Jersiaise 16 (1955), p. 285.Google Scholar

21. Balleine, G.R., ‘Falsehoods which Pass as Facts of Jersey History’, Bulletin of the Jersey Society in London (January 1946), p. 4.Google Scholar

22. Balleine, Biographical Dictionary, p. 7.Google Scholar

23. Balleine, Biographical Dictionary, p. 7, quoting Oman, Charles, On the Writing of History (London: Methuen, 1939), p. 72.Google Scholar

24. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 86, 113, 147, 237–38, 281–82.Google Scholar

25. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 100.Google Scholar

26. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 107, 299–305.Google Scholar

27. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 170–71.Google Scholar

28. For reflection on the language of church party, see Burns, Arthur (ed.), ‘W.J. Conybeare: “Church Parties” ’, in Stephen Taylor (ed.), From Cranmer to Davidson: A Church of England Miscellany (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1999), pp. 213385; Andrew Atherstone, ‘Identities and Parties’, in Mark Chapman, Sathianathan Clarke and Martyn Percy (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglican Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2014).Google Scholar

29. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 41.Google Scholar

30. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 206.Google Scholar

31. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 76–77.Google Scholar

32. ‘From the Editor's Chair’, The Pilot 4 (May 1950), p. 220. Balleine was the founding editor 1946–50 of The Pilot, a monthly magazine for the parishes of Jersey.Google Scholar

33. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. viii.Google Scholar

34. Balleine, G.R., God's Heroes: A Course of 52 Lessons (London: Home Words, 1930), pp. 39, 91, 107, 207.Google Scholar

35. Cheerio 1 (February 1934), p. 3. There is a complete run of Cheerio 1934–38 at Southwark Local History Library.Google Scholar

36. Cheerio 1 (June 1934), p. 3; Bermondsey Labour Magazine 117 (May 1934), p. 9.Google Scholar

37. Cheerio 3 (September 1936), p. 3.Google Scholar

38. Cheerio 5 (May 1938), pp. 4–5. For Balleine's view of Aldersgate Street as a ‘conversion’ experience, see Evangelical Party, pp. 23–24.Google Scholar

39. National Church League Literature Committee Minutes (1916–47), 8 March 1938, Lambeth Palace Library, Church Society Papers, CS 67.Google Scholar

40. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 251.Google Scholar

41. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, p. 19.Google Scholar

42. Cheerio 4 (February 1937), p. 5.Google Scholar

43. Balleine, Story of St Mary Matfelon, pp. 28–29, 33.Google Scholar

44. Balleine, Layman's History, pp. 180, 183.Google Scholar

45. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 16, 21.Google Scholar

46. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 75.Google Scholar

47. Haykin, Michael A.G.Stewart, Kenneth J. (eds.), The Emergence of Evangelicalism: Exploring Historical Continuities (Nottingham: Apollos, 2008).Google Scholar

48. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 314.Google Scholar

49. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 159.Google Scholar

50. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 176.Google Scholar

51. Southwark and Bermondsey Recorder, 23 May 1908, p. 5.Google Scholar

52. G.R. Balleine, ‘The Story of South London’, Church and People 18 (November 1906), pp. 176, 180.Google Scholar

53. ‘A Visit to St James’, Bermondsey’, Church and People 20 (March 1909), pp. 270–74.Google Scholar

54. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 299, quoting The Record, 12 August 1892.Google Scholar

55. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 210.Google Scholar

56. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 218.Google Scholar

57. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 219, 229.Google Scholar

58. G.R. Balleine, ‘The Future of the Evangelical Party’, The Johnian no. 20 (January 1914), p. 13; copy at St John's College Archives, University of Birmingham Special Collections, SJC 1/1/2/2/2. I am grateful to Alan Munden for drawing this important article to my attention.Google Scholar

59. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 236.Google Scholar

60. Balleine, G.R., A History of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England (London: Longmans, Green and Co., cheap edn 1911), pp. 208, 211.Google Scholar

61. ‘A History of our Parish: The Redoubtable Dr Allan’, Cheerio 3 (June 1936), pp. 9–12; (July 1936), pp. 7–10; ‘A History of our Parish: Pulling Against the Tide’, Cheerio 3 (September 1936), pp. 9–13.Google Scholar

62. Cheerio 1 (January 1934), p. 1.Google Scholar

63. ‘Ourselves’, Cheerio 5 (January 1938), p. 18.Google Scholar

64. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 240–50.Google Scholar

65. Balleine, ‘Future of the Evangelical Party’, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

66. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, p. 23.Google Scholar

67. ‘A History of our Parish: Our Own Times’, Cheerio 3 (October 1936), p. 14.Google Scholar

68. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, p. 29.Google Scholar

69. St James’ Bermondsey Parish Magazine (January 1928), London Metropolitan Archives, St James’ Bermondsey Papers, uncatalogued, accession reference B08/175 (2008).Google Scholar

70. ‘Smoking in Church: Startling Ideas for More Popular Services’, Daily News, 15 April 1919, p. 5. For a similar parochial questionnaire, see ‘What Do You Want?’, Cheerio 1 (May 1934), p. 3; ‘Last Month's Question Paper’, Cheerio 1 (June 1934), pp. 4–6; ‘Teaching the Parson his Job’, Cheerio 1 (July 1934), pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

71. Cheerio 1 (August 1934), p. 3; Cheerio 2 (March 1935), pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

72. Cheerio 4 (September 1937), pp. 4–5.Google Scholar

73. Cheerio 2 (May 1935), p. 3; (June 1935), pp. 3–4; ‘The Sleeper Awakes’, Cheerio 2 (May–October 1935).Google Scholar

74. ‘What C. of E. Stands For’, Cheerio 5 (February 1938), pp. 16–18.Google Scholar

75. Cheerio 1 (December 1934), p. 3; ‘Ourselves’, Cheerio 5 (January 1938), pp. 17–19.Google Scholar

76. For example, ‘Our Fellow Parishioners’, Cheerio 1 (February–April 1934).Google Scholar

77. ‘Are You Superstitious?’, Cheerio 4 (January–April 1937), republished as Balleine, G.R., What Is Superstition? A Trail of Unhappiness (London: Press and Publications Board of the Church Assembly, 1939).Google Scholar

78. ‘Religious Imposters’, Cheerio 4 (December 1937), p. 14.Google Scholar

79. ‘Mother of Shiloh: A True Story’, Cheerio 5 (February–December 1938). For Balleine's contribution to Southcottian historiography, see Lockley, Philip, ‘Histories of Heterodoxy: Shifting Approaches to a Millenarian Tradition in Modern Church History’, in Peter Clarke and Charlotte Methuen (eds.), The Church on its Past, Studies in Church History 49 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2013), pp. 377388.Google Scholar

80. Southwark Diocesan Gazette 18 (September 1937), p. 140.Google Scholar

81. Cheerio 1 (January 1934), p. 3.Google Scholar

82. Cheerio 1 (February 1934), p. 4.Google Scholar

83. Sayers, Dorothy L., The Man Born to Be King: A Play-Cycle on the Life of Our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ (London: Gollancz, 1943).Google Scholar

84. Cheerio 4 (February 1937), pp. 5–6. The original typescripts of Balleine's plays were given by his son-in-law to St James’, Bermondsey in 1968 but are now lost.Google Scholar

85. ‘Spiritual Healing’, Cheerio 4 (October 1937), pp. 11–13; Cheerio 4 (November 1937), pp. 3–4; ‘Our Healing Services’, Cheerio 4 (December 1937), pp. 9–12; Cheerio 5 (February 1938), p. 4; Cheerio 5 (March 1938), p. 4.Google Scholar

86. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, pp. 28, 34.Google Scholar

87. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 146.Google Scholar

88. Balleine, ‘Future of the Evangelical Party’, p. 13.Google Scholar

89. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, p. 20.Google Scholar

90. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, p. 19.Google Scholar

91. ‘Our New Aldermen’, Bermondsey Labour Magazine 123 (December 1934), p. 4.Google Scholar

92. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, p. 20.Google Scholar

93. ‘The Society of Socialist Christians’, The Crusader 6 (15 February 1924), p. 15; ‘The Society of Socialist Christians’, The Crusader 6 (18 April 1924), p. 16.Google Scholar

94. Balleine, G.R., ‘Studies in the Copec Reports: Social Function of the Church’, The Crusader 6 (18 July 1924), pp. 45.Google Scholar

95. G.R. Balleine, ‘What Red Russia Has Done for Women’, The Crusader 7 (25 September 1925), p. 611. For Balleine's later criticism of the Communist Party's atheism, see ‘The New Non-Christian Religions: Communism’, Cheerio 4 (May 1937), pp. 19–22; ‘What Is Communism?’, The Pilot 2 (April 1948), pp. 233–34; ‘From the Editor's Chair’, The Pilot 2 (May 1948), pp. 247–48.Google Scholar

96. ‘The Socialist Christian League Conference’, The Socialist Christian 3 (November 1932), pp. 167–68.Google Scholar

97. ‘A History of our Parish: Pulling against the Tide’, Cheerio 3 (September 1936), p. 13.Google Scholar

98. ‘Rotherhithe L.C.C. Candidates’, The Bermondsey Labour News 21 (December 1921); ‘Our New Aldermen’, Bermondsey Labour Magazine 123 (December 1934), p. 4.Google Scholar

99. Cheerio 1 (December 1934), p. 4; Cheerio 3 (September 1936), p. 5; ‘In the Council Chamber’, Cheerio 3 (October 1936), pp. 5–6; Cheerio 4 (December 1937), p. 5.Google Scholar

100. G.R. Balleine, ‘Some Proletarian Virtues’, Rotherhithe Labour Magazine 1 (March–July 1934); idem, ‘What Socialism Means to Me’, Bermondsey Labour Magazine 137 (March 1936), pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

101. Balleine, ‘Autobiography’, p. 36.Google Scholar

102. Cheerio 1 (December 1934), p. 4.Google Scholar

103. Cheerio 2 (June 1935), p. 4.Google Scholar

104. ‘Should a Vicar Keep Out of Politics?’, South London Press, 31 May 1935, p. 2.Google Scholar

105. Cheerio 1 (March 1934), p. 4; (November 1934), p. 3; Cheerio 4 (March 1937), p. 4.Google Scholar

106. Cheerio 1 (May 1934), p. 4; (July 1934), p. 4. See also the programme for the Open Air Play, with details of the cast, bound with copies of Cheerio in the London Metropolitan Archives.Google Scholar

107. G.R. Balleine, ‘Two Days with the War Resisters: A Personal Impression’, The Crusader 9 (2 December 1927), pp. 767–68; idem, ‘Some Perplexities of a Would-be Pacifist’, The Crusader 9 (16 December 1927), pp. 786–87. On the background, see Martin Ceadel, Pacifism in Britain 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980); Clive Barrett, ‘Pacifism in the Church of England 1930–1937’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Leeds, 1997).Google Scholar

108. ‘The Peace Ballot’, Cheerio 2 (February 1935), p. 9; reprinted as ‘Your Duty to Save England from War’, Rotherhithe Labour Magazine 2 (February 1935), p. 6; Bermondsey Labour Magazine 125 (February 1935), pp. 11. See further, Martin Ceadel, ‘The First British Referendum: The Peace Ballot, 1934–5’, English Historical Review 95 (July 1980), pp. 810–39.Google Scholar

109. Cheerio 2 (October 1935), p. 4.Google Scholar

110. ‘Christ and Mussolini’, Cheerio 3 (February 1936), p. 9.Google Scholar

111. ‘Are We Heretics?’, Cheerio 3 (May 1936), pp. 9–10.Google Scholar

112. Cheerio 3 (November 1936), p. 4.Google Scholar

113. ‘Bearding the Archbishop’, Cheerio 4 (January 1937), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

114. Cheerio 4 (September 1937), p. 4; Cheerio 5 (April 1938), p. 3; (May 1938), p. 3.Google Scholar

115. Cheerio 5 (April 1938), p. 5.Google Scholar

116. ‘War or Peace?’, Cheerio 5 (October 1938), p. 7.Google Scholar

117. Unpublished letter from W.R. Buckett (vicar of St James’, Bermondsey 1939–44) to The Daily Telegraph, 30 March 1964, London Metropolitan Archives, St James’ Bermondsey Papers, uncatalogued, accession reference B08/175 (2008).Google Scholar

118. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 192.Google Scholar

119. [Lord Shaftesbury], ‘Infant Labour’, Quarterly Review 67 (December 1840), p. 180.Google Scholar

120. See, for example, Raven, Charles, Christian Socialism, 1848–1854 (London: Macmillan, 1920), pp. 7–15; Ford K. Brown, Fathers of the Victorians: The Age of Wilberforce (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961), pp. 111–13.Google Scholar

121. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 190.Google Scholar

122. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 42, 46, 71.Google Scholar

123. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 233, 273.Google Scholar

124. Carter, Grayson, Anglican Evangelicals: Protestant Secessions from the Via Media, c.1800–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

125. Balleine, ‘Future of the Evangelical Party’, p. 14.Google Scholar

126. Cheerio 2 (January 1935), p. 1.Google Scholar

127. Bebbington, David, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 117.Google Scholar

128. Balleine, Evangelical Party, pp. 314–15.Google Scholar

129. Balleine, Evangelical Party, p. 315.Google Scholar

130. For criticism of Elliott-Binns see, for example, The Churchman 42 (October 1928), pp. 320–22.Google Scholar

131. Balleine, ‘Future of the Evangelical Party’, pp. 13–14.Google Scholar

132. Cheerio 1 (January 1934), p. 1.Google Scholar

133. ‘Vicar Says There Is No “Hell Fire”, South London Press, 12 January 1934, p. 11.Google Scholar

134. Cheerio 1 (February 1934), p. 5. See also, ‘Things We Have Outgrow: Pie in the Sky’, Cheerio 4 (August 1937), pp. 7–11; ‘How Do You Picture Heaven?’, The Pilot 2 (May 1948), pp. 243–44.Google Scholar

135. Cheerio 3 (September 1936), p. 3. See also, ‘The Bible as Literature’, The Pilot 2 (September–November 1947).Google Scholar

136. ‘Things We Have Outgrown: Mistaking God for a Policeman’, Cheerio 4 (July 1937), p. 9.Google Scholar

137. ‘Simon Surnamed Peter’, Cheerio 5 (February–April 1938) and ‘Simon Who Was Called the Rock’, Cheerio 5 (May–December 1938).Google Scholar

138. Balleine, G.R., Simon Whom He Surnamed Peter: A Study of his Life (London: Skeffington, 1958), p. 187.Google Scholar

139. ‘From the Editor's Chair’, The Pilot 2 (February 1948), pp. 170–71.Google Scholar

140. Balleine, Simon, pp. 47–48, 68, 115–17, 128, 142–43.Google Scholar

141. Balleine, Simon, pp. 44, 73, 82.Google Scholar

142. G.R. Balleine, ‘Is the Easter Story a Myth?’, The Pilot 2 (March 1948), pp. 194–95.Google Scholar

143. Balleine, Simon, p. 90.Google Scholar

144. The English Churchman, 4 June 1908, p. 373.Google Scholar

145. ‘G.R. Balleine Dies Aged 92’, The English Churchman, 14 January 1966, p. 1.Google Scholar

146. Balleine, G.R.Davies, G.C.B., A Popular History of the Church of England (London: Vine Books, 1976). See further John Reynolds, ‘George Colliss Boardman Davies, 1912–1982’, Churchman 96 (1982), pp. 199–200.Google Scholar

147. D.R. Hill (secretary to the trustees of The English Churchman) to John Smailes (manager of Vine Books), 13 October 1977, Church Society Archives, Watford.Google Scholar