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Between Centralizing Orthodoxy and Local Self-Governance: Taiwanese Sinophone Socialism in Hong Kong, 1947–49
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 January 2022
Abstract
This article examines the New Taiwan Series (NTS), a journal published between 1947 and 1948 in Hong Kong by Taiwanese socialists who fled the island following the 228 Uprising. It does so to intervene in ongoing debates in the field of Sinophone studies. While two major theorizations of the Sinophone exist—one that sees the field as a network of minoritized sites that operate against China-centrism, and the other grounding the Sinophone in a lyrical negotiation with cultural China—neither framework is sufficient for understanding the complex subject positions taken by Taiwanese socialists during these years. For the NTS, social activism was not a flattened binary of either ethnic identification with or resistance to a “China” articulated in terms devoid of political-economic analysis. Rather, politics had to dialectically integrate minoritarian aspirations (Taiwanese sovereignty) with majoritarian projects (the Chinese Revolution). The NTS thus encourages us to reimagine the Sinophone in socialist terms, where two analytical lenses—one grounded in the endogenous local and the other in the exogenous revolutionary center—are dialectically intertwined. The NTS navigated the resulting tensions of such a dialectical stance, making it a critical archive of Taiwanese socialist thought before the 1949 rupture.
Keywords
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- Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc., 2022
References
List of References
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Liang, Baolin, and Baolong, Liang. 2014. “Aiguo gonghui: Xianggang gonghui lianhehui” [Patriotic unions: The Hong Kong Federation of trade unions]. In Xionghuai zuguo: Xianggang aiguo zuopai yundong [Cherishing the motherland: Hong Kong's patriotic leftist movement], edited by Yongjia, Zhao, Dale, Lü, and Shicheng, Rong, 49–82. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
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Lin, Qionghua. 2017. “Ci an, bi an de Taiwan yixiang ren- Gu Ruiyun” [Gu Ruiyun: A Taiwanese stranger on both sides of the strait]. In Touguang de anming- Taizhong zhengzhi shounanzhe ji xiangguan renshi koufang jilu [A glimmer in the darkness: Interviews with political victims in Taichung], edited by Yanbin, Chen, 18–34. Taizhong: Zhongshi wenhua ju.Google Scholar
Liu, Cuishan. 2014. “Guojia quanli yu jiaoyu: Zhanhou zhi huigui qian qingong aiguo xuexiao zai Xianggang de fazhan” [National power and education: the development of patriotic, pro-CCP schools in Honk Kong, from the postwar period to the handover]. In Xionghuai zuguo: Xianggang aiguo zuopai yundong [Cherishing the motherland: Hong Kong's patriotic leftist movement], edited by Yongjia, Zhao, Dale, Lü, and Shicheng, Rong, 33–48. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
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Ng, Kim Chew. 2012. Mahua wenxue yu Zhongguoxing [Chinese-Malaysian literature and the question of Chineseness]. Taibei: Maitian.Google Scholar
Oyen, Meredith. 2015. The Diplomacy of Migration: Transnational Lives and the Making of U.S.-Chinese Relations in the Cold War. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.10.7591/cornell/9781501700149.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, Nancy. 2017. Chinatown Opera Theatre in North America. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Shih, Shu-mei. 2007. Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations across the Pacific. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/california/9780520224513.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockwell, A. J. 2006. “Chin Peng and the Struggle for Malaya.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd series, 16 (3): 279–97.10.1017/S1356186306006201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, E. K. 2013. Rethinking Chineseness: Translation Sinophone Identities in the Nanyang Literary World. Amherst, N.Y.: Cambria Press.Google Scholar
Tsai, Chien-hsin. 2017. A Passage to China: Literature, Loyalism, and Colonial Taiwan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Yuming, Tseng. 2006. “Jubian yu chongji: Lun shehui zhuyi sichao dui Taiwan zuoyi yundong de yingxiang” [Transformation and impact: The influence of socialist trends of thought on the Taiwanese leftist movement, 1920–1937]. Master's thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.Google Scholar
Wang, David Der-wei. 2015a. Huayi fengqi: Huayu yuxi wenxue san lun [The dynamic airs of hua and yi: Three discourses on Sinophone literature]. Kaoshiung: National Sun Yat-sen University.Google Scholar
Wang, David Der-wei. 2015b. The Lyrical in Epic Time: Modern Chinese Intellectuals and Artists through the 1949 Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press.10.7312/wang17046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Kehuang. 2005. Wo de huiyi [My memories]. Edited and self-published by Cuihua, Yang, Taipei.Google Scholar
Zheng, Hongsheng. 2001. Qingchun zhi ge: Zhuiyi 1970 niandai Taiwan zuoyi de yi duan ru huo nianhua [The songs of youth: Recollections regarding leftist Taiwanese youth in their fiery 1970s]. Taibei: Lianjing.Google Scholar
Yongjia, Zhao, Dale, Lü, and Shicheng, Rong, eds. 2014. Xionghuai zuguo: Xianggang aiguo zuopai yundong [Cherishing the motherland: Hong Kong's patriotic leftist movement]. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zhou, Taomo. 2019. Migration in the Time of Revolution: China, Indonesia, and the Cold War. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Xintang, Chen. 1947. “Xin Taiwan” [New Taiwan]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Xin Taiwan [New Taiwan series: New Taiwan], no. 1. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu [Taiwan historical materials studies] 48 (2017): 89–92.Google Scholar
Chumin, Deng. 1948. “Taiwan de chulu zai nali” [The way out for Taiwan is there]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Taiwan renmin de chulu [New Taiwan series: The way out for the Taiwanese people], no. 6. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 50 (2017): 99–101.Google Scholar
Ying, Fei. 1947. “Yige Taiwan funü de shensu” [One Taiwanese woman's censure]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Shengli ge Taiwan [New Taiwan series: victory has severed Taiwan], no. 2. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 49 (2017): 51–53.Google Scholar
Yong, Lai X. 1947. “Duzhe laihan” [Correspondence from a reader]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Mingtian de Taiwan [New Taiwan series: The Taiwan of tomorrow], no. 3. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 49 (2017): 97–98.Google Scholar
Hanzhi, M. F.. 1947. “Xiantan tuoguan” [An informal discussion of receivership]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Shengli ge Taiwan [New Taiwan series: Victory has severed Taiwan], no. 2. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 49 (2017): 45–47.Google Scholar
Shao, Nie. 1948. “Zizhi yu zhengtong” [Self-governance and orthodoxy]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Zizhi yu zhengtong [New Taiwan series: Self-governance and orthodoxy], no. 4. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 49 (2017): 116–21.Google Scholar
Pingtian, Qiu. 1948. “Taiwan renmin de chulu” [The way out for the Taiwanese people]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Taiwan renmin de chulu [New Taiwan series: The way out for the people is there], no. 6. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 50 (2017): 106–9.Google Scholar
Xiaomin, Wu. 1947. “Minbian hou de Taiwan renmin de qingxiang” [Trends among the Taiwanese people after the uprising]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Xin Taiwan [New Taiwan series: New Taiwan], no. 1. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 48 (2016): 85–89.Google Scholar
Yifei, . 1947. “Mingtian de Taiwan” [The Taiwan of tomorrow]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Mingtian de Taiwan [New Taiwan series: The Taiwan of tomorrow], no. 3. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 49 (2017): 69–72.Google Scholar
Ji, Zhao. 1948. “Zhongguo minzu tongyi zhanxian yu Taiwan minzhu zizhi yundong” [The united front of the Chinese nation and the movement for Taiwan's democratic self-governance]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Zizhi yu zhengtong [New Taiwan series: Self-governance and orthodoxy], no. 4. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 49 (2017): 102–9.Google Scholar
Zhong, Zhi. 1947. “Huiyi er er ba minbian” [Remembering the 228 Uprising]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Xin Taiwan [New Taiwan series: New Taiwan], no. 1. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 48 (2016): 79–85.Google Scholar
Richeng, Zhou. 1947a. “‘Huifu dui Ri maoyi’ yu Taiwan” [Taiwan and the “resumption of trade relations with Japan”]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Xin Taiwan [New Taiwan series: New Taiwan], no. 1. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 48 (2016): 108–13.Google Scholar
Richeng, Zhou. 1947b. “Pi ‘tuoguan’ zhi wang” [Exposing the preposterousness of receivership]. Xin Taiwan congkan: Shengli ge taiwan [New Taiwan series: Victory has severed Taiwan], no. 2. Reprinted in Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 49 (2016): 22–27.Google Scholar
Bachner, Andrea. 2014. Beyond Sinology: Chinese Writing and the Scripts of Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bernards, Brian. 2015. Writing the South Seas: Imagining the Nanyang in Chinese and Southeast Asian and Postcolonial Literature. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Charlotte. 2015. Between Mao and McCarthy: Chinese American Politics in the Cold War Years. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, John M. 2007. A Concise History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar
Chan Lau, Kit-ching. 1999. From Nothing to Nothing: The Chinese Communist Movement and Hong Kong, 1923–1936. New York and Hong Kong: St. Martin's/Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Fangming, Chen. 2009. Xie Xuehong pingzhuan [A critical biography of Xie Xuehong]. Taibei: Maitian Chuban.Google Scholar
Kuan-Hsing, Chen. 2010. Asia as Method: Toward Deimperialization. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, Alexander C., ed. 2014. Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107298576CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González, Fredy. 2017. Paisanos Chinos: Transpacific Politics among Chinese Immigrants in Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/california/9780520290198.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiyun (Zhou Ming), Gu. 1990. Taizhong de fenglei [Thunderous Taizhong]. Taipei: Renjian Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Groppe, Alison M. 2013. Sinophone Malaysian Literature: Not Made in China. Amherst, N.Y.: Cambria Press.Google Scholar
Levich, Eugene William. 1993. The Kwangsi Way in Kuomintang China, 1931–1939. London: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Liang, Baolin, and Baolong, Liang. 2014. “Aiguo gonghui: Xianggang gonghui lianhehui” [Patriotic unions: The Hong Kong Federation of trade unions]. In Xionghuai zuguo: Xianggang aiguo zuopai yundong [Cherishing the motherland: Hong Kong's patriotic leftist movement], edited by Yongjia, Zhao, Dale, Lü, and Shicheng, Rong, 49–82. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mushun, Lin, ed. (1948) 1994. Taiwan er yue de geming [Taiwan's February revolution]. Taipei: Qianwei Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lin, Qionghua. 2010. “Liuwang, zizhi yu minzhu: Shi lun Chen Fangming zhuzuo Xie Xuehong Pingzhuan zhi gongxiang yu zhengyi” [Exile, self-determination, and democracy: An attempt at evaluating the contribution and controversies surrounding Chen Fengming's Xie Xuehong: A Critical Biography]. Taiwan fengwu [The Taiwan folkways] 60 (2): 147–74.Google Scholar
Lin, Qionghua. 2016. “Chongkan ererba shijian hou liuwang Xianggang de Taiwan zuoyizhe de zhengzhi lixiang—guanyu Xin Taiwan Congkan de chuangkan lishi yu fanxiang” [Reconsidering the political ideals of Taiwanese leftists who fled to Hong Kong after the 228 Incident—Regarding the publishing history of the New Taiwan Series and its return home]. Taiwan shiliao yanjiu [Taiwan historical materials studies] 48:44–69.Google Scholar
Lin, Qionghua. 2017. “Ci an, bi an de Taiwan yixiang ren- Gu Ruiyun” [Gu Ruiyun: A Taiwanese stranger on both sides of the strait]. In Touguang de anming- Taizhong zhengzhi shounanzhe ji xiangguan renshi koufang jilu [A glimmer in the darkness: Interviews with political victims in Taichung], edited by Yanbin, Chen, 18–34. Taizhong: Zhongshi wenhua ju.Google Scholar
Liu, Cuishan. 2014. “Guojia quanli yu jiaoyu: Zhanhou zhi huigui qian qingong aiguo xuexiao zai Xianggang de fazhan” [National power and education: the development of patriotic, pro-CCP schools in Honk Kong, from the postwar period to the handover]. In Xionghuai zuguo: Xianggang aiguo zuopai yundong [Cherishing the motherland: Hong Kong's patriotic leftist movement], edited by Yongjia, Zhao, Dale, Lü, and Shicheng, Rong, 33–48. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lu, Sheldon. 2008. “Review: Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations across the Pacific by Shih, Shu-mei.” MCLC Resource Center. http://u.osu.edu/mclc/book-reviews/visuality-and-identity/ (accessed December 1, 2019).Google Scholar
Ng, Kim Chew. 2012. Mahua wenxue yu Zhongguoxing [Chinese-Malaysian literature and the question of Chineseness]. Taibei: Maitian.Google Scholar
Oyen, Meredith. 2015. The Diplomacy of Migration: Transnational Lives and the Making of U.S.-Chinese Relations in the Cold War. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.10.7591/cornell/9781501700149.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, Nancy. 2017. Chinatown Opera Theatre in North America. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Shih, Shu-mei. 2007. Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations across the Pacific. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/california/9780520224513.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockwell, A. J. 2006. “Chin Peng and the Struggle for Malaya.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd series, 16 (3): 279–97.10.1017/S1356186306006201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, E. K. 2013. Rethinking Chineseness: Translation Sinophone Identities in the Nanyang Literary World. Amherst, N.Y.: Cambria Press.Google Scholar
Tsai, Chien-hsin. 2017. A Passage to China: Literature, Loyalism, and Colonial Taiwan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Yuming, Tseng. 2006. “Jubian yu chongji: Lun shehui zhuyi sichao dui Taiwan zuoyi yundong de yingxiang” [Transformation and impact: The influence of socialist trends of thought on the Taiwanese leftist movement, 1920–1937]. Master's thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.Google Scholar
Wang, David Der-wei. 2015a. Huayi fengqi: Huayu yuxi wenxue san lun [The dynamic airs of hua and yi: Three discourses on Sinophone literature]. Kaoshiung: National Sun Yat-sen University.Google Scholar
Wang, David Der-wei. 2015b. The Lyrical in Epic Time: Modern Chinese Intellectuals and Artists through the 1949 Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press.10.7312/wang17046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Kehuang. 2005. Wo de huiyi [My memories]. Edited and self-published by Cuihua, Yang, Taipei.Google Scholar
Zheng, Hongsheng. 2001. Qingchun zhi ge: Zhuiyi 1970 niandai Taiwan zuoyi de yi duan ru huo nianhua [The songs of youth: Recollections regarding leftist Taiwanese youth in their fiery 1970s]. Taibei: Lianjing.Google Scholar
Yongjia, Zhao, Dale, Lü, and Shicheng, Rong, eds. 2014. Xionghuai zuguo: Xianggang aiguo zuopai yundong [Cherishing the motherland: Hong Kong's patriotic leftist movement]. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zhou, Taomo. 2019. Migration in the Time of Revolution: China, Indonesia, and the Cold War. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar