Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 December 2012
1 “Sketches of Society: California,” Literary Gazette 1669 (January 1849): 27Google Scholar.
2 Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT, 2005), 95Google Scholar; Kriegel, Lara, Grand Designs: Labor, Empire, and the Museum in Victorian Culture (Durham, NC, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fromer, Julie E., “‘Deeply Indebted to the Tea-Plant’: Representations of English National Identity in Victorian Histories of Tea,” Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 2 (September 2008): 536CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Rappaport, Erika, “Imperial Possessions, Cultural Histories, and the Material Turn: Response,” Victorian Studies 50, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 289–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
3 On gold and national identity, see Alborn, Timothy, “Coin and Country: Visions of Civilisation in the British Recoinage Debate, 1867–1894,” Journal of Victorian Culture 3, no. 2 (Autumn 1998): 252–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Hilton, Boyd, Corn, Cash, Commerce: The Economic Policies of the Tory Governments, 1815–1830 (Oxford, 1977), 55–66Google Scholar.
4 Milton, John, Paradise Lost, ed. Kastan, David Scott (Indianapolis, 2005), 40Google Scholar: “the gorgeous East with richest hand / Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold” (bk. 2, lines 3–4). On British images of gold’s exotic origins, see Maltby, William S., The Black Legend in England: The Development of Anti-Spanish Sentiment, 1558–1660 (Durham, NC, 1971)Google Scholar; and MacKay, Ruth, “Lazy, Improvident People”: Myth and Reality in the Writing of Spanish History (Ithaca, NY, 2006), 211–19Google Scholar.
5 Valenze, Deborah, The Social Life of Money in the English Past (Cambridge, 2006), 260–70Google Scholar. For a complementary perspective on the discursive stabilization of money (especially credit) in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see Poovey, Mary, Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Britain (Chicago, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
6 See, e.g., Aikin, Arthur, An Address … at the Annual Distribution … of the Rewards adjudged by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce (London, 1817), 5–10Google Scholar; Langford, Paul, “William Pitt and Public Opinion, 1757,” English Historical Review 88, no. 346 (January 1973): 57–67Google Scholar; Warburton, J. et al. , History of the City of Dublin, 2 vols. (London, 1817), 1:551Google Scholar; and “The Ascot Gold Cup or Plate,” Bell’s Life, 17 June 1838.
7 In contrast to the cultural history of paper money and credit in modern Britain, which has received no shortage of attention in recent years, the history of gold has largely been the province of monetary historians, most notably Michael Bordo and Barry Eichengreen. For Victorian-era references to gold that mirror those discussed in my article, see, e.g., Dickens, Charles, Barnarby Rudge (Philadelphia, 1842), 180–81Google Scholar; SirPhillips, Richard, Golden Rules of Social Philosophy (London, 1826), 184Google Scholar; and Carlyle, Thomas, Latter-Day Pamphlets (London, 1850), 18–19Google Scholar. On the perceived social threat of the midcentury gold rushes, see Stafford, Robert, “‘Preventing the Curse of California’: Advice for English Emigrants to the Australian Gold Fields,” Historical Records of Australian Science 7, no. 3 (December 1988): 215–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Goodwin, Crauford D. W., “British Economists and Australian Gold,” Journal of Economic History 30, no. 2 (June 1970): 405–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
8 Rowlinson, Matthew, “‘The Scotch Hate Gold’: British Identity and Paper Money,” in Nation-States and Money: The Past, Present and Future of National Currencies, ed. Gilbert, Emily and Helleiner, Eric (London, 1999), 45–66Google Scholar; Green, E. H. H., “Rentiers versus Producers? The Political Economy of the Bimetallic Controversy,” English Historical Review 103, no. 408 (July 1988): 588–612CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
9 See, e.g., Boyce, D. George, Nationalism in Ireland (Baltimore, 1982), 123–91Google Scholar; Cronin, Sean, Irish Nationalism: A History of Its Roots and Ideology (New York, 1981), 65–96Google Scholar; Jenkins, Brian, Irish Nationalism and the British State: From Repeal to Revolutionary Nationalism (Montreal and Kingston, 2006), 3–142Google Scholar; Hutchinson, John, The Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: The Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish Nation State (London, 1987)Google Scholar; Campbell, Fergus, Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland, 1891–1921 (Oxford, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Mays, Michael, Nation States: The Cultures of Irish Nationalism (Lanham, MD, 2007), 43–47Google Scholar.
10 Jackson, Alvin, “Ireland, the Union, and the Empire, 1800–1960,” in Ireland and the British Empire, ed. Kenny, Kevin (Oxford, 2004), 123–53Google Scholar; Ó Gráda, Cormac, Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780–1939 (Oxford, 1994)Google Scholar, esp. chap. 13.
11 Abraham Mills, quoted in Cowman, D., “The Mining Community at Avoca, 1780–1880,” in Wicklow History and Society: Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County, ed. Hannigan, Ken and Nolan, William (Dublin, 1994), 772Google Scholar, and see 762–63, 772–73; Ryder, Arthur G., Notes on the Ancient and Recent Mining Operations in Ovoca District (Dublin, 1886), 3Google Scholar.
12 “Discovery of a Gold Mine,” European Magazine 28 (1795): 283Google Scholar; de Latocnaye, J. L., Rambles through Ireland, 2 vols. (Cork, 1798), 1:85Google Scholar; Lloyd, John, “An Account of the Late Discovery of Native Gold in Ireland,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 86 (1796): 34–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mills, Abraham, “A Mineralogical Account of the Native Gold Lately Discovered in Ireland,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 86 (1796): 38–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
13 Gentleman’s Magazine 65, pt. 2 (September 1795): 783; “Further Account of the Newly-discovered Gold Mine at Rathdrum, in Ireland,” Weekly Entertainer 26 (October 1795): 353–54Google Scholar; Mills, “Mineralogical Account,” 43; Latocnaye, Rambles through Ireland, 1:83Google Scholar.
14 Mills, “Mineralogical Account,” 43 (800 ounces); Barlow, Stephen, The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, 2 vols. (London, 1814), 2:335Google Scholar (8,000 ounces, worth £30,000). For references to “2,666 ounces” and/or “£10,000,” see Fraser, Robert, Gleanings in Ireland (London, 1802), 20Google Scholar; Brewer, J. N., The Beauties of Ireland, 3 vols. (London, 1825), 1:334Google Scholar; Ritchie, Leitch, Ireland Picturesque and Romantic, 2 vols. (London, 1837), 1:121Google Scholar; Kane, Robert, Industrial Resources of Ireland (Dublin, 1845), 220Google Scholar; Calvert, John, The Gold Rocks of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1853), xiiGoogle Scholar; and Our Own Country: Descriptive, Historical, Pictorial, 6 vols. (London, 1882), 5:124Google Scholar.
15 “Account of the Newly-discovered Gold Mine at Rathdrum, in Ireland,” Weekly Entertainer 26 (October 1795): 309Google Scholar; “Discovery of Gold in Co. Wicklow,” Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 3, pt. 2 (1913): 183Google Scholar; The Times, 20 October 1795; Latocnaye, , Rambles through Ireland, 1:86Google Scholar; Annual Register … for the Year 1795, 2nd ed. (London, 1807), 37Google Scholar.
16 “Further Account of the Newly-discovered Gold Mine,” Weekly Entertainer 26 (October 1795): 354Google Scholar; Morning Chronicle, 20 October 1795; A System of Geography; or, a Descriptive, Historical, and Philosophical View of the Several Quarters of the World, 4 vols. (Glasgow, 1807), 4:319Google Scholar; Latocnaye, , Rambles through Ireland, 1:83–84Google Scholar.
17 Robertson, Joseph, The Traveller’s Guide through Ireland; or, a Topographical Description of that Kingdom (Edinburgh, 1806), 293Google Scholar; “Extract of a Letter from Little Peru, County of Wicklow, Ireland,” Morning Chronicle, 16 October 1795.
18 Calvert, Gold Rocks of Great Britain and Ireland, 39, 283. The estate where the gold was discovered belonged to John Joshua Proby, Lord Carysfort; his ancestor had sold its mineral rights (not including gold and silver) to the Earl of Ormand, who leased these to the government in 1796; see Fraser, Robert, General View of the Agriculture and Mineralogy … of the County Wicklow (Dublin, 1801), 20Google Scholar.
19 Mills, A., King, T., and Weaver, J., “Report … of the Gold Mines in the County of Wicklow,” Transactions of the Dublin Society 2 (1801): 134, 144Google Scholar.
20 The Times, 13 February 1796; Wellesley, Arthur to John Foster, 2 December 1807, in Civil Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington (London, 1860), 211–12Google Scholar.
21 Morning Post, 26 October 1795; Mills, King, and Weaver, “Report … of the Gold Mines,” 144, and see 132–36.
22 Kinahan, Gerrard A., “On the Mode of Occurrence and Winning of Gold in Ireland,” Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, n.s., 6, pt. 2 (1882): 142–43Google Scholar; Mills, King, and Weaver, “Report … of the Gold Mines,” 134–35, 147–48.
23 Thirty-eighth Report of the Commissioners of Accounts of Ireland (London, 1812), 58Google Scholar; Mills, King, and Weaver, “Report … of the Gold Mines,” 132, 136–37; O’Donnell, Ruán, The Rebellion in Wicklow, 1798 (Dublin, 1998), 12–15, 138, 191Google Scholar; L. M. Cullen, “Politics and Rebellion: Wicklow in the 1790s,” in Hannigan and Nolan, Wicklow History and Society, 411–501. Mills retained a company militia (subsidized by the AIMC) after the rebellion to protect the mine from local interlopers; see Cowman, “The Mining Community at Avoca,” 770.
24 Kinahan, “Mode of Occurrence,” 145; Thirty-eighth Report, 56.
25 Hall, Samuel Carter and Hall, Anna Maria, Ireland: Its Scenery, Character &c., 2 vols. (London, 1842), 2:243Google Scholar; Kinahan, “Mode of Occurrence,” 146; Report from the Select Committee on Industries (Ireland) (London, 1885), 31Google Scholar (evidence of William Kirby Sullivan); Smyth, Warington W., “On the Mines of Wicklow and Wexford,” Records of the School of Mines 1, pt. 3 (1853): 403Google Scholar.
26 Calvert, Gold Rocks of Great Britain and Ireland, 173–74; Kinahan, “Mode of Occurrence,” 147; Kane, Industrial Resources of Ireland, 221; Smyth, “Mines of Wicklow,” 402; Hall and Hall, Ireland, 2:244; Farrer, J. A., “Gold-Bearing Britain,” Gentleman’s Magazine 264, no. 4 (April 1888): 334Google Scholar.
27 “An Irish California,” Bell’s Life, 14 January 1849; Kinahan, “Mode of Occurrence,” 146–47; Maclaren, J. Malcolm, “The Occurrence of Gold in Great Britain and Ireland,” Mining Engineer 25 (1903): 488Google Scholar; Reports of Inspectors of Mines, 1873 (London, 1874), 26Google Scholar; Sixty-eighth Report of the Commissions of Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues (London, 1890), 27Google Scholar.
28 Moore, Jane Elizabeth, “On the Discovery of The Gold Mine, in the County of Wicklow,” Miscellaneous Poems (Dublin, 1796), 88Google Scholar; Morning Chronicle, 20 October 1795. For other references to “Little Peru” or “New Peru,” see Ferrar, John, A View of Ancient and Modern Dublin, with its Improvements to the Year 1796 (Dublin, 1796), 115Google Scholar; “Account of the Newly-discovered Gold Mine,” and “Further Account of the Newly-discovered Gold Mine,” Weekly Entertainer 26 (October 1795): 310, 354; and Annual Register … for the Year 1795, 37.
29 Trumpener, Katie, Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire (Princeton, NJ, 1997), 22–34Google Scholar; Foster, John Wilson, “Nature and Nation in the Nineteenth Century,” in Nature in Ireland: A Scientific and Cultural History, ed. Foster, John Wilson and Chesney, Helena C. G. (Dublin, 1997), 412–13Google Scholar.
30 Dictionary of National Biography, online ed., ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, s.v. “O’Keeffe, John (1747–1833),” by Olive Baldwin and Thelma Wilson, http://www.oxforddnb.com/article/20658; “Recollections of the Life of John O’Keeffe,” New Monthly Magazine 17 (1826): 26Google Scholar. Although the play debuted in London in 1796, it had longer and more successful runs in Dublin, Limerick, and Kilkenny through 1799; see Sun, 11 April 1796; and Clark, William Smith, The Irish Stage in the County Towns, 1720 to 1800 (Oxford, 1965), 327Google Scholar.
31 Thuente, Mary Helen, “The Folklore of Irish Nationalism,” in Perspectives on Irish Nationalism, ed. Hachey, Thomas E. and McCaffrey, Lawrence J. (Lexington, KY, 1989), 45, 50–52Google Scholar; Davis, Leith, “Irish Bards and English Consumers: Thomas Moore’s Irish Melodies and the Colonized Nation,” Ariel 24, no. 2 (April 1993): 17Google Scholar. Wright, Julia M. complicates Davis’s interpretation in “Irish Literature in an Age of Nationalism,” in Romantic Poetry, ed. Esterhammer, Angela (Amsterdam, 2002), 346–53Google Scholar.
32 O’Keeffe, John, The Wicklow Mountains; or, The Lad of the Hills (Dublin, 1797), 9–10, 18Google Scholar.
33 Duggan, G. C., The Stage Irishman: A History of the Irish Play and Stage Characters from the Earliest Times (New York, 1937), 142Google Scholar; O’Keeffe, The Wicklow Mountains, 10, 44, 46. On the play’s reception in Ireland, see Clark, The Irish Stage, 188, 327; and Walsh, T. J., Opera in Dublin, 1705–1797: The Social Scene (Dublin, 1973), 307Google Scholar.
34 O’Keeffe, The Wicklow Mountains, 47; Moore, Thomas, “Has Sorrow Thy Young Days Shaded,” in Irish Melodies (London, 1821), 133–34Google Scholar (“Lagenian” refers to the province of Leinster [Irish: Laighin], which includes county Wicklow); Corry, T. C. S., “Emerald Gems,” in Irish Lyrics, Songs, and Poems (Belfast, 1879), 67Google Scholar.
35 Goldsmith, J., The Natural and Artificial Wonders of the United Kingdom, 3 vols. (London, 1825), 3:295Google Scholar; O’Halloran, S., An Introduction to and an History of Ireland, 3 vols. (Dublin, 1803), 1:201–5, 111Google Scholar; Taaffe, Dennis, An Impartial History of Ireland, from the Period of the English Invasion to the Present Time, 2 vols. (Dublin, 1809), 1:544Google Scholar; Dublin Penny Journal 1 (1832): 414Google Scholar; Moore, Thomas, The History of Ireland: Commencing with Its Earliest Period, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1843), 1:71Google Scholar.
36 Wilde, W. R., Catalogue of the Antiquities of Gold in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, 2 vols. (Dublin, 1862), 2:5–6Google Scholar; “Gold Fields and Other Unworked Treasures of Ireland,” American Catholic Quarterly Review 13, no. 50 (April 1888): 319Google Scholar; “Minutes of Proceedings of the Year 1864–65,” Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland 1 (1867): 99Google Scholar. See also Windele, John, “Ancient Irish Gold and Its Origin, with Notes on Early Irish Navigation and Commerce,” Ulster Journal of Archaeology 9 (1861–62): 214–16Google Scholar; and Johnston, Charles, Ireland Historic and Picturesque (Philadelphia, 1902), 108–9Google Scholar.
37 E. C. R. Armstrong, cited in Raftery, Joseph, “Irish Prehistoric Gold Objects: New Light on the Source of the Metal,” Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 101, pt. 1 (1971): 101Google Scholar. This consensus came to a crashing end in 1970 when German mineralogists revealed that “the vast majority of Irish gold objects show no connection whatever with gold from Co. Wicklow,” leading Raftery to call for “a revision of both archaeological tenets and nationalistic prejudices” (“Irish Prehistoric Gold Objects,” 104).
38 Cullen, Fintan, Visual Politics: The Representation of Ireland, 1750–1930 (Cork, 1997), 131Google Scholar; O’Donnell, The Rebellion in Wicklow, 10–12; Ryle, Martin, Journeys in Ireland: Literary Travellers, Rural Landscapes, Cultural Relations (Aldershot, 1999), 28–33Google Scholar.
39 Williams, W. H. A., Tourism, Landscape, and the Irish Character: British Travel Writers in Pre-Famine Ireland (Madison, WI, 2008), 8–9, 51–79Google Scholar; Hooper, Glenn, “Stranger in Ireland: The Problematics of the Post-Union Travelogue,” Mosaic 28, no. 1 (March 1995): 43Google Scholar and Travel Writing and Ireland, 1760–1860: Culture, History, Politics (Basingstoke, 2005), 59–99Google Scholar.
40 Coyne, J. Stirling, The Scenery and Antiquities of Ireland (London, 1842), 182Google Scholar; Binns, Jonathan, The Miseries and Beauties of Ireland, 2 vols. (London, 1837), 2:211Google Scholar; Brewer, Beauties of Ireland, 1:333. On the picturesque in Irish travel writing, see Williams, Tourism, Landscape, and the Irish Character, 21–31.
41 Ritchie, Ireland Picturesque and Romantic, 1:120; Plumptre, Anne, Narrative of a Residence in Ireland during the Summer of 1814, and that of 1815 (London, 1817), 186Google Scholar.
42 On the problem of balancing Wicklow’s panoramic beauty with its status as a focal point of the 1798 Rebellion, see Hooper, Glenn, ed., The Tourist’s Gaze: Travellers to Ireland, 1800–2000 (Cork, 2001), xx–xxiGoogle Scholar.
43 Hall and Hall, Ireland, 2:241; Sullivan, Dennis, A Picturesque Tour Through Ireland (London, 1824)Google Scholar, facing pl. 3. See also Croker, Thomas Crofton, Landscape Illustrations of Moore’s Irish Melodies; with Comments for the Curious (London, 1835), 55Google Scholar; Weld, Isaac, Illustrations of the Scenery of Killarney and the Surrounding Country (London, 1807), 196Google Scholar; Goldsmith, , Natural and Artificial Wonders, 3:293Google Scholar; Wright, G. N., A Guide to the County of Wicklow (London, 1827), 97Google Scholar; and Plumptre, Narrative of a Residence in Ireland, 184–85.
44 Brewer, Beauties of Ireland, 1:333; “Irish Gold Mines,” Penny Magazine, 2 November 1844.
45 Croker, Landscape Illustrations, 49; Hall and Hall, Ireland, 2:240.
46 On this tendency in travel writing, see Hooper, Travel Writing and Ireland, 110–43.
47 See, e.g., “The Leprechaun, or Gold Goblin,” New Monthly Magazine 7 (1823): 230–37Google Scholar; Keightley, Thomas, The Fairy Mythology, 2 vols. (London, 1828), 2:180–86Google Scholar; “The Unlucky Gift,” Court Magazine and Belle Assemblée 2, no. 3 (March 1833): 141–43Google Scholar; Lover, Samuel, Legends and Stories of Ireland (Philadelphia, 1846), 240–58Google Scholar; and Brougham, John, A Basket of Chips (New York, 1855), 200–212Google Scholar.
48 Leifchild, J. R., “Gold, in its Natural Sources,” London Quarterly Review 8, no. 15 (April 1857): 76Google Scholar; “An Irish California,” Bell’s Life, 14 January 1849; George Gordon Byron, Baron [sic], “Hints from Horace,” in The Works of Lord Byron, including The Suppressed Poems, ed. Lake, J. W. (Philadelphia, 1856), 717Google Scholar; Life in the West: … Rough Sketches on the Borders of the Picturesque, the Sublime, and Ridiculous (London, 1842), 88–89, 93Google Scholar; “My Raid into Mexico,” Catholic World 32, no. 1 (October 1880): 88–89Google Scholar. See also Moser, Joseph, “The Bubbles,” European Magazine 53, no. 1 (January 1808): 95Google Scholar; “Mélange from the Journal and Notes of an Employé,” Fraser’s Magazine 16, no. 5 (November 1837): 587Google Scholar; and Hall, John Parsons, “Speculation: A Tale of a Bank,” Bentley’s Miscellany 21 (1847): 166Google Scholar.
49 “Gold in Great Britain and Ireland,” New Monthly Magazine 100 (1854): 19Google Scholar; “Another Irish Gold Mine,” Fun, no. 52 (July 1890), 30; Caledonian Mercury, 27 May 1811.
50 Wynne, G. Robert, Ballinvalley; or, “A Hundred Years Ago”: A Tale (London, 1896), 29, 33, 69, 90Google Scholar. Wynne was an Anglican archdeacon from county Kerry who regularly wrote tracts and novels (including Ballinvalley) for the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge.
51 “Observations on the Agriculture and General Circumstances of the County of Wicklow,” Quarterly Journal of Agriculture 6, no. 30 (August 1835): 161Google Scholar; Joseph Jukes to Andrew Ramsay, 15 June 1853, quoted in Davies, Gordon L. Herries, Sheets of Many Colours: The Mapping of Ireland’s Rocks, 1750–1890 (Dublin, 1983), 163Google Scholar.
52 Davis, Thomas, “Institutions of Dublin,” in Prose Writings (London, 1889), 170, 173Google Scholar. On Anglo-Irish dominance of science prior to 1850, see Jarrell, Richard A., “Differential National Development and Science in the Nineteenth Century: The Problems of Quebec and Ireland,” Scientific Colonialism: A Cross-Cultural Comparison, ed. Reingold, Nathan and Rothenberg, Marc (Washington, DC, 1987), 339–46Google Scholar.
53 Patrick N. Wyse Jackson, “Fluctuations in Fortune: Three Hundred Years of Irish Geology,” in Foster and Chesney, Nature in Ireland, 100–101; Herries Davies, Sheets of Many Colours, 168–221.
54 On stratigraphy, see Secord, James A., Controversy in Victorian Geology: The Cambrian-Silurian Dispute (Princeton, NJ, 1986)Google Scholar; and Stafford, Robert A.: Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism (Cambridge, 1989), 4–63Google Scholar. On glaciation in the British Isles, see Oldroyd, David Roger, Thinking about the Earth: A History of Ideas in Geology (London, 1996), 145–66Google Scholar.
55 Mills, Abraham, “Second Report of the Wicklow Gold Mines,” Transactions of the Dublin Society 3 (1802): 89–96Google Scholar; Mills, King, and Weaver, “Report … of the Gold Mines,” 147; Smyth, “Mines of Wicklow,” 405; Weaver, Thomas, “Memoir on the Geological Relation of the East of Ireland,” Transactions of the Geological Society of London 5 (1821): 208–9Google Scholar; Gail Vines, “The Hunt for Wicklow Gold,” New Scientist, no. 193 (January 2007), 48.
56 Gambles, Anna, “Free Trade and State Formation: The Political Economy of Fisheries Policy in Britain and the United Kingdom circa 1780–1850,” Journal of British Studies 39, no. 3 (July 2000): 298CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fraser, General View, iii; Fraser, R., “On the Metals and Metallic Strata of Ireland,” Monthly Magazine 24, no. 160 (August 1807): 27Google Scholar. See also Herries Davies, Sheets of Many Colours, 8–12, 18; Weld, Illustrations of the Scenery of Killarney, 198; and Fourth Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into the Nature and Extent of the Bogs in Ireland, and, the Practicability of Draining and Cultivating Them (London, 1814), 172Google Scholar.
57 Secord, James A., “King of Siluria: Roderick Murchison and the Imperial Theme in Nineteenth-Century British Geology,” Victorian Studies 25, no. 4 (Summer 1982): 416–18, 425–29Google Scholar; “There is Gold in England,” Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts 1, no. 4 (28 January 1854): 50Google Scholar; Calvert, Gold Rocks of Great Britain and Ireland, 309.
58 Holdsworth, Joseph, Geology, Minerals, Mines, and Soils of Ireland, in reference to the Amelioration and Industrial Prosperity of the Country (London, 1857), 17Google Scholar, v. For a company promoter’s appeal to Australia, see “An Irish California,” Bell’s Life, 14 January 1849.
59 Murchison, Roderick Impey, Siluria: The History of the Oldest Known Rocks containing Organic Remains, with a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold over the Earth (London, 1854), 435–36Google Scholar; Herries Davies, Sheets of Many Colours, 168–69, 208.
60 Maclaren, “Occurrence of Gold,” 443–46; Eichengreen, Barry and McLean, Ian W., “The Supply of Gold under the Pre-1914 Gold Standard,” Economic History Review 47, no. 2 (May 1994): 288–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
61 “Minutes of Proceedings of the Year 1864–65,” 87–102; “Auriferous Sand in Co. Wicklow,” Academy 20 (1881): 185Google Scholar; George Henry Kinahan, “On the Possibility of Gold being found in Quantity in the Co. Wicklow,” Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, n.s., 6 (1883): 208–10; Kinahan, “Mode of Occurrence,” 135, 141.
62 Report from the Select Committee on Industries (Ireland), 108, 441, 891, 812–13, 806–7.
63 “Gold in Ireland,” The Times, 12 September 1888, 28 September 1888, 3 October 1888; “Gold Mining in Ireland,” The Times, 25 October 1888; “Crown Royalties on Gold,” The Times, 23 March 1892; Third Report of the Royal Commission appointed to Inquire into the Subject of Mining Royalties (London, 1891), 94–95Google Scholar; “Gold Fields and Other Unworked Treasures,” 316.
64 Kinahan, G. H., “Irish Drift,” Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland 4 (1876): 210–18Google Scholar; Maclaren, “Occurrence of Gold,” 499; Vines, “The Hunt for Wicklow Gold,” 48.
65 London Quarterly and Holborn Review 161 (1936): 96Google Scholar; “Goldmining Leases in Co. Wicklow,” The Times, 12 September 1935; Praeger, Robert Lloyd, The Way That I Went: An Irishman in Ireland (Dublin, 1937), 286–87Google Scholar.
66 “Canadians Look to Emerald Isle for Golden Prospects,” Financial Post (Toronto), 6 November 1989Google Scholar.
67 Elizabeth Hennessey, e-mail message to author, 25 September 2009; Peter Woods, Seeking the Mother Lode, RTÉ radio documentary, June 2008 (recording on file with author; see review of the documentary at http://www.thepost.ie/archives/2008/0608/radio-review-theres-gold-in-them-thar-wicklow-hills-33385.html).
68 Calvert, Gold Rocks of Great Britain and Ireland, 173; “Tourists’ Advertiser,” appended to Wakeman, W. F., Three Days on the Shannon: from Limerick to Lough Key (Dublin, 1852), 15Google Scholar; Freeman’s Journal, quoted in The Times, 14 September 1844; The Times, 21 October 1867; “An Irish Present to the Queen,” John Bull, 15 September 1849; Nolan, William, “Land and Landscape in County Wicklow,” in Hannigan, and Nolan, , Wicklow History and Society, 657–58, 689Google Scholar.