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“How I Had Liked This Villain! How I Had Admired Him!”: A. J. Raffles and the Burglar as British Icon, 1898–1939

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 February 2014

Eloise Moss
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Abstract

This article analyzes the literary, theatrical, and film versions of E. W. Hornung's fictional “gentleman” burglar Raffles produced between 1898 and 1939. It argues that the character functioned as a nexus for the articulation of a pleasure culture surrounding burglary, highlighting how approbatory and sexualized versions of burglars pervaded popular and official discourse in Britain and, through the character's commercial success, throughout Europe and America. Depictions of Raffles's triumphs over law and order invited successive audiences to vicariously test, and transgress, the legal, social, cultural, political, gendered, and economic constraints of everyday life. As newspapers labelled real-life burglars “Raffles,” both criminologists and criminals around the globe appropriated this title to refashion burglars as glamorous celebrity personae through academic texts and autobiographies. This article thus demonstrates how notions of respectable masculinity were challenged by sympathetic portrayals of burglars fostered under the “new” journalism, human interest journalism, and the true-crime genre of entertainment.

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Articles
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 53 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 136 - 161
Copyright
Copyright © The North American Conference on British Studies 2014 

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References

1 E. W. Hornung, “In the Chains of Crime: The Ides of March,” Cassell's Magazine (June 1898): 3–12.

2 Ibid.

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83 These actresses were Christine Mayo (1917), Eileen Dennes (1921), and “Miss DuPont” (1925).

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99 “Gentleman Burglar,” Daily Express, 13 February 1906, 5; “Parisian Raffles,” Daily Express, 6 August 1906, 1; “Raffles of the Paintpot,” Daily Mirror, 2 January 1907, 4; “‘Raffles’ in Real Life,” Daily Express, 30 March 1907, 1; “Another Paris Raffles,” Daily Express, 30 September 1907, 1; “Female Jekyll and Hyde,” Daily Express, 11 October 1907, 1; “Girl Raffles,” Daily Express, 31 December 1907, 1; “Raffles in Real Life,” Daily Express, 27 June 1908, 5; “An Office Boy as Raffles,” Daily Express, 7 November 1908, 5; “Memoirs of a Real Raffles,” Daily Mirror, 28 April 1909, 5; “A Swiss Raffles,” Daily Express, 20 April 1914, 1; “‘Old Man’ with Four Legs: Newest Tool in the Burglar's Outfit,” Daily Express, 12 January 1916, 7; “Raffles in Real Life,” Daily Express, 14 June 1919, 6; “Gentleman Cracksman: Thrilling Gaol Escape Recalled,” Daily Telegraph, 11 December 1921, 1; “Gentleman Cracksman,” News of the World, 11 December 1921, 1; “Gentleman Burglar's Smart Clientele,” The Times, 17 January 1922, 10; “Raffles as Art Connoisseur,” Daily Express, 19 January 1922, 9; “Jewel Thieves Busy,” The Times, 8 February 1922, 7; “Berlin ‘Raffles,’” The Times, 17 June 1922, 7; “‘Gentleman’ Burglar's Astounding Career,” Daily Express, 4 December 1922, 2; “A French ‘Raffles,’” The Times, 22 January 1923, 9; “A Paris ‘Raffles,’” Manchester Guardian, 23 January 1923, 9; “Burglar's £1,200 Haul,” Daily Mirror, 9 January 1924, 3; “Copying ‘Raffles,’” Daily Mail, 17 August 1926, 5; “Disciples of Raffles,” Scotsman, 15 October 1926, 3; “Two Young Fools,” Daily Mirror, 15 October 1926, 2; “Courteous Thief Surrenders,” Daily Express, 14 April 1927, 9; “Raffles the Second,” John Bull, 2 July 1927, 13; “Raffles in Belgrade,” Observer, 10 July 1927, 12; “A Plum-Coloured Plunderer,” John Bull, 24 December 1927, 11; “Beware the Motor Raffles,” Evening Standard, 15 November 1927, 5; “A Modern Raffles,” Scotsman, 25 September 1928, 10; “Capture of U.S. ‘Raffles,’” Daily Express, 23 October 1929, 8; “‘Raffles’ as a Knight Errant,” Daily Express, 28 August 1930, 1; “London Hunt for a ‘Raffles,’” Daily Express, 3 September 1930, 9; “Armed Burglar in a Bedroom,” The Times, 10 July 1931, 8; “Woman Raffles Unmasked,” John Bull, 18 July 1931, 10; “A Crooked Queen of Diamonds,” John Bull, 10 October 1931, 13; “Hunt for a ‘Raffles,’” Daily Mirror, 5 November 1931, 3; “Beauty and the Burglar,” Daily Express, 22 April 1932, 3; “Prison for Student,” Scotsman, 12 June 1932, 14; “‘Life's Grand’ Says Convict,” Daily Express, 9 March 1936, 11; “Housemaid ‘Raffles’ Goes Back to Gaol,” Daily Mirror, 8 April 1938, 3; “Burglar Girl,” Daily Express, 31 December 1938, 5; “Guest of Star He Robbed,” Daily Mirror, 28 March 1939, 3.

100 See “A Criminal Prodigy,” Irish Times, 7 November 1934, 13; “Une Etrange Figure,” Le Figaro, 27 February 1925, 1; “De bankierszoon als inbreker,” Het Nieuws Van Den Dag Voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 21 August 1911, 6; “‘Cat’ Burglar: A Modern Raffles,” Brisbane Courier, 11 November 1927, 8; “Feminine Raffles Comes to Grief,” Los Angeles Times, 23 June 1927, 7.

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107 Ibid., 17.

108 Letter stamped “HOME OFFICE—7 JAN. 1930. RECEIVED,” The National Archives, HO 144/11473, in folder numbered 254.529/33.

109 Houlbrook, “A Pin to See the Peepshow,” 223.

110 Ibid.

111 Smithson, Raffles in Real Life, 242.

112 Script of interview “Kaleidoscope Special: Graham Greene in conversation with Ronald Harwood the day before the world premiere of his play THE RETURN OF A.J. RAFFLES,” BBC Radio 4, 3 December 1975, BBC Written Archives Centre, TX 03/12/1975, 2.

113 Ibid.

114 Ibid., 2–3.

115 Raffles, Yorkshire Television Ltd, Great Britain, produced by Jacky Stoller, directed by Christopher Hodson, David Cunliffe, and Alan Gibson, aired 1975–1977; Nancy Banks-Smith, “Raffles and Bunny,” Guardian, 26 February 1977, 8.

116 See episodes “The First Step” and “A Costume Piece” from Raffles (Yorkshire Television, 1977).