Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T00:51:09.821Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Use of the Comprehensive Climate Index to estimate heat stress response of grazing dairy cows in a temperate climate region

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2021

Rodrigo A. Arias ,
Cynthia Delgado ,
Juan Pablo Keim  and
Mónica Gandarillas
Rodrigo A. Arias*
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Instituto de Producción Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Centro de Investigación de Suelos Volcánicos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Cynthia Delgado
Affiliation:
Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Juan Pablo Keim
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Instituto de Producción Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Mónica Gandarillas
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Instituto de Producción Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
*
Author for correspondence: Rodrigo A. Arias, Email: rodrigo.arias@uach.cl
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the summer thermal environment on physiological responses, behaviour, milk production and its composition on grazing dairy cows in a temperate climate region, according to the stage of lactation. Twenty-nine Holstein Friesian multiparous cows were randomly selected and divided into two groups, according to the days in milk, as mid-lactation (99 to 170 d in milk, n = 15) and late lactation (225 to 311 d in milk, n = 14). The comprehensive climate index (CCI) was used to classify the hour of each day as thermoneutral or heat stress, considering a threshold value of CCI of 20°C. Data were collected for 16 d (summer 2017) and analysed as a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with repeated measurements over time. Vaginal temperature increased with CCI ≥ 20°C. Respiration rates were dependent on the thermal condition, regardless of days in milk. There was an interaction between the time of day and the CCI category for activity and rumination. Grazing activity decreased by 17.6% but lying down, standing, and shaded animals increased by 1.6, 9.8, and 6.3% respectively when CCI ≥ 20°C. Over 80% of cows presented a panting score ≥1. However, milk production and composition (fat, protein, and lactose concentrations as well as somatic cell count) were not affected by the thermal condition, although there was a numerical (non-significant) decrease in afternoon milk protein concentration on days with CCI ≥ 20°C, while urea in milk increased. In conclusion, thermal condition challenged grazing dairy cows' behaviour and physiology independent of the stage of lactation but had little or no effect on milk production.

Keywords

Animal welfaregrazingheat stresspantig scoresrespiration rate
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 88 , Issue 2 , May 2021 , pp. 154 - 161
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hannah Dairy Research Foundation

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acantincai, SD, Gavojdian, D, Cziszter, LT, Tripon, I, Alungei, A and Popian, C (2009) Study regarding rumination behaviour in multiparous Romanian black and white cows during the summer season. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies 42, 191–194.Google Scholar
Adin, G, Gelman, A, Solomon, R, Flamenbaum, I, Nikbachat, M, Yosef, E, Zenou, A, Shamay, A, Feuermann, Y, Mabjeesh, SJ and Miron, J (2009) Effects of cooling dry cows under heat load conditions on mammary gland enzymatic activity, intake of food and water, and performance during the dry period and after parturition. Livestock Science 124, 189–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aharoni, Y, Brosh, A and Harari, Y (2005) Night feeding for high-yielding dairy cows in hot weather: effects on intake, milk yield and energy expenditure. Livestock Production Science 92, 207–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, JD, Hall, LW, Collier, RJ and Smith, JF (2015) Effect of core body temperature, time of day, and climate conditions on behavioral patterns of lactating dairy cows experiencing mild to moderate heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 118–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, SD, Bradford, BJ, Harner, JP, Tucker, CB, Choi, CY, Allen, JD, Hall, LW, Rungruang, S, Collier, RJ and Smith, JF (2013) Effects of adjustable and stationary fans with misters on core body temperature and lying behavior of lactating dairy cows in a semiarid climate. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 4738–4750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, RA, Mader, TL and Escobar, P (2008) Factores climáticos que afectan el desempeño productivo del ganado bovino de carne y leche. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 40, 7–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, RA, Velásquez, A, Alvarado-Gilis, C, Keim, JP and Gandarillas, M (2017) Efecto del transporte de novillos gordos, alimentados con dos niveles de energía metabolizable, sobre su temperatura timpánica como un indicador de bienestar. Agro Sur 44, 41–52.Google Scholar
Arias, RA, Herrera, C, Larrain, R, Gonzalez, F, Mader, TL and Velasquez, A (2018) Physiological and behavioural response of two dairy cows’ genotypes during summertime in the central region of Chile. Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences 50, 9–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auldist, MJ, Walsh, BJ and Thomson, NA (1998) Seasonal and lactational influences on bovine milk composition in New Zealand. Journal of Dairy Research 65, 401–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchemin, KA (1991) Ingestion and mastication of feed by dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 7, 439–463.Google ScholarPubMed
Berman, A (2005) Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1377–1384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brosh, A (2007) Heart rate measurements as an index of energy expenditure and energy balance in ruminants: a review. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1213–1227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burfeind, O, Suthar, VS, Voigtsberger, R, Bonk, S and Heuwieser, W (2011) Validity of prepartum changes in vaginal and rectal temperature to predict calving in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 5053–5061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castillo-Umaña, M, Balocchi, O, Pulido, R, Sepúlveda-Varas, P, Pacheco, D, Muetzel, S, Berthiaume, R and Keim, JP (2020) Milk production responses and rumen fermentation of dairy cows supplemented with summer brassicas. Animal: An International Journal of Animal Bioscience 14, 1684–1692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, DF, Dassanayake, K, Hill, JO, Cullen, BR and Lane, N (2012) Forage-based dairying in a water-limited future: use of models to investigate farming system adaptation in southern Australia. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 4153–4175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, RJ, Doelger, SG, Head, HH, Thatcher, WW and Wilcox, CJ (1982) Effects of heat stress during pregnancy on maternal hormone concentrations, calf birth weight and postpartum milk yield of Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science 54, 309–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collier, RJ, Hall, LW, Rungruang, S and Zimmerman, P (2012) Year Quantifying heat stress and its impact on metabolism and performance. in In Proceedings of the Proc. 23rd Annual Ruminant Nutrient SymposiumGoogle Scholar
Cook, NB, Mentink, RL, Bennett, TB and Burgi, K (2007) The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 1674–1682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dikmen, S and Hansen, PJ (2009) Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment? Journal of Dairy Science 92, 109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eslamizad, M, Albrecht, D and Kuhla, B (2020) The effect of chronic, mild heat stress on metabolic changes of nutrition and adaptations in rumen papillae of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 8601–8614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freetly, HC, Nienaber, JA and Brown-Brandl, TM (2003) Relationship between aging and nutritionally controlled growth rate on heat production of heifers. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1847–1852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gauly, M and Ammer, S (2020) Review: challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate changes. Animal: An International Journal of Animal Bioscience 14, s196–s203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, GL (1999) Dynamic response of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science 77(suppl. 2) 10–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, JRS, Bell, AW, Fawcett, AA and King, RB (1984) Redistribution of cardiac output and skin Ava activity in sheep during exercise and heat stress. Journal of Thermal Biology 9, 113–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammami, H, Vandenplas, J, Vanrobays, ML, Rekik, B, Bastin, C and Gengler, N (2015) Genetic analysis of heat stress effects on yield traits, udder health, and fatty acids of Walloon Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 4956–4968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horan, B, Dillon, P, Faverdin, P, Delaby, L, Buckley, F and Rath, M (2005) The interaction of strain of Holstein-Friesian cows and pasture-based feed systems on milk yield, body weight, and body condition score. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1231–1243.Google ScholarPubMed
Hu, H, Zhang, Y, Zheng, N, Cheng, J and Wang, J (2016) The effect of heat stress on gene expression and synthesis of heat-shock and milk proteins in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Animal Science Journal 87, 84–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jara, IE, Keim, JP and Arias, RA (2016) Behaviour, tympanic temperature and performance of dairy cows during summer season in southern Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 48, 113–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadzere, CT, Murphy, MR, Silanikove, N and Maltz, E (2002) Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review. Livestock Production Science 77, 59–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, JD, Saxton, AM and Rius, AG (2018) Short communication: relationships among temperature-humidity index with rectal, udder surface, and vaginal temperatures in lactating dairy cows experiencing heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 6424–6429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackle, TR, Bryant, AM, Petch, SF, Hill, JP and Auldist, MJ (1999) Nutritional influences on the composition of milk from cows of different protein phenotypes in New Zealand. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 172–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mader, TL (2007) Year Heat stress effects on feedlot cattle and mitigation strategies. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Southwest Nutrition & Management Conference, pp. 84–92.Google Scholar
Mader, TL, Dahlquist, JM and Gaughan, JB (1997) Wind protection effects and airflow patterns in outside feedlots. Journal of Animal Science 75, 26–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mader, TL, Davis, MS and Brown-Brandl, T (2006) Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84, 712–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mader, TL, Johnson, LJ and Gaughan, JB (2010) A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals. Journal of Animal Science 88, 2153–2165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meehl, GA, Stocker, TF, Collins, WD, Friedlingstein, P, Gaye, T, Gregory, JM, Kitoh, A, Knutti, R, Murphy, JM, Noda, A, Raper, SCB, Watterson, IG, Weaver, AJ and Zhao, ZC (2007) Global climate projections. In Solomon, S, Qin, D, Mandning, M, Chen, Z, Marquis, M, Averyt, KB, Tignor, M and Miller, HL (eds), IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 747–846.Google Scholar
Mitlohner, FM, Morrow, JL, Dailey, JW, Wilson, SC, Galyean, ML, Miller, MF and McGlone, JJ (2001) Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits of heat-stressed feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 79, 2327–2335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moretti, R, Biffani, S, Chessa, S and Bozzi, R (2017) Heat stress effects on Holstein dairy cows’ rumination. Animal: An International Journal of Animal Bioscience 11, 2320–2325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müschner-Siemens, T, Hoffmann, G, Ammon, C and Amon, T (2020) Daily rumination time of lactating dairy cows under heat stress conditions. Journal of Thermal Biology 88, 102484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polsky, L and von Keyserlingk, MAG (2017) Invited review: effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 8645–8657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purwanto, BP, Abo, Y, Sakamoto, R, Furumoto, F and Yamamoto, S (1990) Diurnal patterns of heat production and heart rate under thermoneutral conditions in Holstein Friesian cows differing in milk production. The Journal of Agricultural Science 114, 149–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanker, C, Lambertz, C and Gauly, M (2013) Climatic effects in Central Europe on the frequency of medical treatments of dairy cows. Animal: An International Journal of Animal Bioscience 7, 316–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schütz, KE, Rogers, AR, Cox, NR and Tucker, CB (2009) Dairy cows prefer shade that offers greater protection against solar radiation in summer: shade use, behaviour, and body temperature. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 116, 28–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, IM, Johnson, HD and Hahn, GL (1983) Effect of programmed diurnal temperature cycles on plasma thyroxine level, body temperature, and feed intake of Holstein dairy cows. International Journal of Biometeorology 27, 47–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shearer, JK and Beede, DK (1990) Effects of high environmental temperature on production, reproduction, and health of dairy cattle. Agricultural Practices 11, 6–17.Google Scholar
Silanikove, N (2000) Effect of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livestock Production Science 67, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soriani, N, Panella, G and Calamari, L (2013) Rumination time during the summer season and its relationships with metabolic conditions and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 5082–5094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiers, DE, Spain, JN, Sampson, JD and Rhoads, RP (2004) Use of physiological parameters to predict milk yield and feed intake in heat-stressed dairy cows. Journal of Thermal Biology 29, 759–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thom, EC (1959) The discomfort index. Weatherwise 12, 57–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, CB, Rogers, AR and Schütz, KE (2008) Effect of solar radiation on dairy cattle behaviour, use of shade and body temperature in a pasture-based system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109, 141–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uribe-Velásquez, LF, Oba, E, Brasil, L, Sousa, F and Wechsler, FS (2001) Efeitos do estresse térmico nas concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona (P4) e estradiol 17-b (E2) e temperatura retal em cabras da raça Pardo Alpina. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 30, 388–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasconcelos, JL, Cooke, RF, Jardina, DT, Aragon, FL, Veras, MB, Soriano, S, Sobreira, N and Scarpa, AB (2011) Associations among milk production and rectal temperature on pregnancy maintenance in lactating recipient dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science 127, 140–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vizzotto, EF, Fischer, V, Thaler Neto, A, Abreu, AS, Stumpf, MT, Werncke, D, Schmidt, FA and McManus, CM (2015) Access to shade changes behavioral and physiological attributes of dairy cows during the hot season in the subtropics. Animal: An International Journal of Animal Bioscience 9, 1559–1566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Keyserlingk, MAG, Rushen, J, de Passillé, AM and Weary, DM (2009) Invited review: the welfare of dairy cattle—Key concepts and the role of science. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4101–4111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimbleman, RB, Collier, JL, Ben Abdallah, M and Collier, RJ (2008) Effect of niacin and prostaglandins D and E on heat shock protein gene expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro. The FASEB Journal 22, 1104.1107–1104.1107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimbelman, RB, Rhoads, RP, Rhoads, ML, Duff, GC, Baumgard, LH and Collier, JL (2009) Year A re-evaluation of the impact of temperature humidity index (THI) and black globe humidity index (BGHI) on milk production in high producing dairy cows. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 24th Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, pp. 158–169.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Arias et al. supplementary material

Arias et al. supplementary material

Download Arias et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 73.6 KB