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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2011
In 1927 Dom Berlière published a series of articles in the Revue Bénédictine entitled ‘L”exercise du ministere paroissial par les moines dans le haut moyen-age’. These give a careful, analytical survey of the evidence for the performance of pastoral work by monks from the fourth to the fourteenth centuries. In a period so long treatment was necessarily brief: and there is room for amplification of many of the topics he discussed.
page 165 note 1 Colvin, H. M., The White Canons in England, Oxford 1951, 241Google Scholar. Cf. also Dickinson, J. C., The Origins of the Austin Canons and their introduction into England, London 1950, 241Google Scholar.
page 165 note 2 Constable, Giles, Monastic Tithes from their Origins to the Twelfth Century, Cambridge 1964Google Scholar
page 166 note 1 Matthew, D. J. A., The Norman Monasteries and their English Possessions, Oxford 1962, 59–61Google Scholar.
page 166 note 2 Cf. Knowles, Dom David in this Journal, xiv (1963), 93–4.Google Scholar
page 166 note 3 See E.H.R., lxxxi (1966), 346–7Google Scholar; Morey, Adrian and Brooke, C. N. L., Gilbert Foliot and his Letters, Cambridge 1965, 84–5.Google Scholar
page 167 note 1 See for example Peter Damian, Apologeticus monachorum adversus canonicos: P.L., cxlv. 511–18.
page 167 note 2 Vitalis, Orderic, Historiae Ecclesiasticae libri tredecim ed. Prévost, Le, Paris 1938–55, ii. 130Google Scholar.
page 167 note 3 G. Constable, op. cit., 172–82.
page 167 note 4 Cf. Liber de diversis ordinibus ecclesiae: P.L., ccxiii. 817.
page 167 note 5 Some examples are cited by Berlière in Revue Benedictine, xxxix (1927), 241–4Google Scholar. Cf. also Round, Calendar of Documents preserved in France, nos. 1134, 1135.
page 168 note 1 Mason, J. F. A., ‘The officers and clerks of the Norman earls in Shropshire’, in Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society, lvi (1960), 244–56.Google Scholar
page 168 note 2 Orderic Vitalis, Hist. Eccl., iii. 4. 12, 286–7.
page 168 note 3 D. J. A. Matthew, op. cit., 56–7; Chibnall, M., ‘The relations of St. Anselm with the English dependencies of the Abbey of Bee’, in Spicilegium Beccense, Paris 1959–60, i. 525Google Scholar.
page 168 note 4 Orderic Vitalis, Hist. Eccl., ii. 47.
page 168 note 5 Cf. Cowdrey, H. E. J., ‘Unions and confraternities with Cluny’, in this Journal, xvi (1965), 158–9.Google Scholar
page 168 note 6 Late eleventh-century examples of unions with large lay fraternities (frarriae), possibly whole parishes, occur in the Liber Vitae of St. Évroul: Bibl. Nat. MS. Lat. 10062, fols. 79v–80.
page 168 note 7 Haimo of Landecop, Vita, ed. Sauvage, E. P., Analecta Bollandiana, ii (1883), 531–2.Google Scholar
page 168 note 8 The monks of St. Neot's, for example, were obliged to provide for the celebration of mass three times a week in the chapel of Weald: MS. Cotton Faustina A IV, fol. 67; Dugdale, Monasticon, iii. 474. Charters requiring monks to ‘provide a chaplain’ do not, however, always specify that the chaplain must be a monk.
page 169 note 1 Cf. Mollat, G., ‘La restitution des églises privées’ in Revue Historique de Droit Français et Étranger, xxvii (1949), 402–10.Google Scholar
page 169 note 2 In addition to charters there is evidence in Domesday Book and its subsidiaries; for example, William fitzOsbern had given his churches and tithes in England to the abbeys of Lyre jnd Cormeilles before 1671, and they held many churches with their priests in the twelfth century. Cf. Herefordshire Domesday, c. 1160–1170, ed. V. H. Galbraith and James Tait, Pipe Roll Society, 1950, 5, 7–8 and passim.
page 169 note 3 Chibnall, M., Select Documents of the English Lands of the Abbey of Bee, Camden Third Series, lxxiii (1951), 25Google Scholar.
page 169 note 4 Round, Calendar of Documents preserved in France, no. 1235.
page 169 note 5 The priory of St. Neot's, for example, received tithes in Waresley, where the tenthcentury priory had held lands which became secularised before 1066. Cf. Chibnall, M., ‘The Priory of St. Neot's’, in Proceedings of the Cambs. Antiquarian Society, lix (1966), 69–70Google Scholar.
page 169 note 6 Cf. M. Fauroux, Recueil des Actes des Dues de Normandie (911–1066), Caen 1961, no. 227.
page 169 note 7 Galpin, F. W., ‘Hatfield Broad Oak’, in Essex Review, xliii (1934), 219–26Google Scholar.
page 170 note 1 For pluralism in the Saxon church, cf. R. Lennard, Rural England 1086–1135, 315–17, 328; for the decay of the old minsters and the growth of parish churches, cf. F. Barlow, The English Church 1000–1066, 184–96.
page 170 note 2 See the analysis of R. Lennard, op. cit. Appendix iv, which includes the evidence for Morville.
page 170 note 3 There is one example at Bromfield (Morey and Brooke, Gilbert Foliot and his Letters, 223); and a charter of Foucher, canon of Chartres, granting the church of Moulicent to St. Évroul speaks of a monk to be established in the church, and may imply that the donor expected him to serve the parish: Inventaire sommaire des Archives Départmentales de l'Ome, Série H, i (Alençon 1891), 159–60.
page 170 note 4 Gantier, Odile, ‘Recherches sur les possessions et les prieurés de l'Abbaye de Marmoutier du xe au xiiie siècle’ in Revue Mabillon, liii (1963), 130–2Google Scholar. The evidence for parish service cited by D. J. A. Matthew (op cit., 59–61) seems to be based on the assumptions that if monks served a chapel they also served the church of the parish in which it was situated, and that there would not be a separate parochial altar in a ‘parish-priory’ church. Neither assumption is necessarily true.
page 170 note 5 Cf. F. Barlow, op. cit., 194.
page 171 note 1 Van de Kieft, C., ‘Une église privée de l'abbaye de la Trinité de Vendôme au xie siècle’, in Le Moyen Age, xviii (1963), 157–68.Google Scholar
page 171 note 2 For Gratian's discussion of the questions of the appointment of priests to churches held by monks, the implications of the holding of tithes, and the possible conflicts between monks and parish clergy over pastoral work, cf. Decretum, 11. c. xvi. qq. 1, 5.