Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:13:30.941Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Root or Link? Luther's Position in the Historical Debate over the Legitimacy of the Church of England, 1558–1625

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

Ronald H. Fritze
Affiliation:
Department of History, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10048, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA

Extract

The beginning of Elizabeth i's reign was a happy and confident time for committed English Protestants in spite of their doubtful and precarious position in the world. They had almost miraculously survived both the death of their Protestant king, Edward vi, and the reign of the Catholic queen, Mary, and her foreign husband, Philip n of Spain. It seemed that God was testing Protestantism in England. Since he allowed Elizabeth to succeed to the throne, Protestantism, it seemed, had passed the test. As a result early English Protestants confidently began to formulate their place in both the world and history while attacking the established positions of their Catholic opponents. English Catholics defended themselves from these attacks and replied with some of their own. This debate over the historical situation of the Church of England continued through the reign of James i and beyond. During the course of the debate both sides commented frequently and necessarily on what they thought was Martin Luther's place in church history.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Jonas, Justus, The True Hystorie of the Christen departynge of the reuerende man, D. Martyne Luther, collected by Justus Jonas…translated into English by Johan Bale [Wesel 1546?], passim.Google Scholar

2 Muller, James Arthur (ed.), The Letters of Stephen Gardiner, Cambridge 1933, 277–8 and 293.Google Scholar

3 Ibid. 273-4.

4 Sermons and Remains of Hugh Latimer, ed. Corrie, George Elwes (Parker Society, Cambridge 1845), 52.Google Scholar

5 Foxe, John, Acts and Monuments, eds. Cattley, S. R. and Townshend, George, 8 vols., London 1837-1841, viii. 490–2.Google Scholar

6 ‘Aylmer, John’ in Dictionary ofNational Biography, eds. Stephen, Leslie and Lee, Sidney, 22 vols., London 1908-1909.Google Scholar

7 Aylmer, John, An Harborow for Faithfvll and Trewe Subiectes, agaynst the late blowne Blaste, concerninge the Gouernment of Wemen…, Strasburg 1559,Google Scholar sig. Riv. His marginal note reads ‘Christes second birth in England’.

8 Olsen, V. Norshov, John Foxe and the Elizabethan Church, Berkeley 1973, passim, but especially chapter 11. ‘The Church in history’.Google Scholar

9 , Foxe, A & M ix. 790.Google Scholar

10 , Foxe, A & M ix. 791.Google Scholar

11 , Foxe, A & M iv. 253.Google Scholar My interpretation agrees with that of Clebsch, William A., ‘The Elizabethans on Luther’, in Pelikan, Jaroslav (ed.), Interpreters of Luther: essays in honor Wilhelm Pauck, Philadelphia 1968, 107–11Google Scholar.

12 , Foxe, A & M iv. 348–9.Google Scholar

13 Ibid. 250-3.

14 Ibid. 256.

15 Frere, W. H., The English Church in the Reigns 0f Elizabeth and James I (1558-1623), London 1904, 86–7; andGoogle ScholarMilward, Peter, Religious Controversies of the Elizabethan Age: a survey of printed sources, Lincoln 1977, 16Google Scholar.

16 Hosius, Stanislaus, A Most Excellent Treatise of the Begynnyng of heresyes in our tyme… Translated out of Laten in to English by Richard Shaclock M. of Arte, and Student of the Civil and intituled by hym: The hatchet of heresies, Antwerp 1565,Google Scholar fo. 4b. See also these translated works: Frarinus, Petrus, An Oration against the Vnlawfull Insurrections of the Protestants of our time…, Antwerp 1566 andGoogle ScholarStaphylus, Fridericus, The Apologie of Fridericus Staphylus…, Antwerp 1565Google Scholar.

17 Stapleton, Thomas, A Fortresse of the Faith first planted amonge vs englishmen, and continued hitherto in the universal Church of Christ. The Faith of which time Protestants call Papistry, Antwerp 1565, fos. 66b and 70a.Google Scholar

18 Harding, Thomas, A Confutation of a booke intituled an Apologie of the Church of England, Antwerp 1565, fo. 15b.Google Scholar

19 Ferguson, Arthur, Clio Unbound: perceptions of the social and cultural past in Renaissance England, Durham, N.C. 1979, 159,Google Scholar 78-125, and 171-224 passim; McKisack, May, Medieval History in the Tudor Age, Oxford 1971, 149;Google ScholarLevy, F. J., Tudor Historical Thought, San Marino, California 1967, 79123;Google ScholarWright, C. E., ‘The dispersal of the monastic libraries and the beginning of Anglo-Saxon studies, Matthew Parker and his circle: a preliminary study’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society i (1949-1953), 208-37, at PP. 212–19; andGoogle ScholarJones, Norman L., ‘Matthew Parker, John Bale, and the Magdeburg Centuriators’, Sixteenth Century Journal xii (Fall 1981), 3549 passimCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 See above, 290-1.

21 Sermons by Hugh Latimer sometime bishop of Worcester, martyr, 1555, ed. Corrie, George Elwes (Parker Society, Cambridge 1845), 212;Google ScholarOriginal Letters Relative to the English Reformation…, ed. Robinson, Hastings (Parker Society, Cambridge 1846-1847) i. 45; andGoogle ScholarFletcher, Anthony, ‘The first century of English Protestantism and the growth of national identity’, in Mews, Stuart (ed.), Religion and National Identity, Oxford 1982, 309–10Google Scholar.

22 , Foxe, A & M iv. 317–18.Google Scholar

24 Ibid. 315-16.

25 Haddon, Walter, Against Ierome Osorivs Byshop of Siluane…, London 1581, fo. 23b.Google Scholar Originally published in Latin in 1577 as Contra Hieron. Osorium. Haddon died and John Foxe finished the work making much of it his own and not Haddon's point of view. For details of the Haddon-Osorio debates see Ryan, Lawrence V., ‘The Haddon-Osorio controversy (1563-1583)’, Church History xii (1953), 142–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

26 ‘To all afflicted consciences’, in A Commentarie of M. Doctor Martin Luther upon the Epistle of S. Paul to the Galathians…, London 1575, fo. vr.Google Scholar For Foxe's authorship see Elton, G. R., ‘Luther in England’, in Moeller, Bernd (ed.), Luther in der Neuzeit, Gutersloh 1983, 126.Google Scholar I would like to thank Professor Elton for providing me with this reference.

27 , Harding, Confutation, fo. 175a;Google Scholar, Stapleton, Fortresse, fos. 9a and b; and above, n. 7Google Scholar.

28 , Harding, Confvtalion, fo. 25a.Google Scholar

29 , Stapleton, Fortresse, fos. 2b3a.Google Scholar

30 Ibid. fo. 53a.

31 , Harding, Confutation, fo. 175a andGoogle Scholaridem, A Detection of Sundrie Fovle Errours, Lies, Sclavnders, Corruptions, and other false dealings, touching Doctrine, and matters, vttered and practiced by M. Jewel, Louvain 1568, fos. 300313Google Scholar.

32 , Harding, ‘Preface’ in Detection, fo. 38.Google Scholar

33 A Defence of the Apologie of the Church of England in Ayre, John (ed.), The Works of John Jewel, 4 vols. (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1845-1850), iii. 194.Google Scholar

34 , Harding, Detection, fo. 101b.Google Scholar

35 , Jewel, Defence (2nd edn, 1570) inGoogle ScholarWorks iii. 213.

36 , Ferguson, Clio Unbound, 197.Google Scholar

37 , Harding, Confotation, fo. 175a.Google Scholar

38 Olsen, John Foxe, passim.

39 Haugaard, William P., ‘Renaissance patristic scholarship and theology in sixteenth century England’, Sixteenth Century Journal x (Fall 1979), 37-60, at pp. 57–8.Google Scholar

40 Quoted in White, John, The Way to the True Church, London 1608, 422–3Google Scholar.

41 Brereley, John, The Reformed Protestant, tending directly to atheisme and all Impietie, Cologne 1621, 20. SeeGoogle ScholarAllison, A. F., ‘Who was John Brereley? The identity of a seventeenth-century controversialist’, Recusant History xvi (1982), 1741.Google Scholar This article convincingly identifies Brereley as the layman James Anderton.

42 Rochfort, Luke, The Genealogie of Protestants, or a briefe discoverie of the first authours, founders, & parents of their religion, Paris 1621,Google Scholar sigs. Eir an d v. Cf. , Staphylus, Apologie, fos. 153a and 180aGoogle Scholar.

43 Norris, Sylvester, An Appendix to the Antidote. Conteyning a Catalogue of the visible and perpetual succession of the Catholique Professours…, [n.p.] 1621, 93.Google Scholar

44 Brereley, John, The Protestants Apologie for the Roman Church. Devided into three seuerall Tractes, [n.p.] 1608, 328–9. A shorter version appeared earlier in 1604.Google Scholar

45 Ibid, and Almond, Oliver, The Vncasing of Heresie. Or the Anatomie of Protestande. The Second Edition. Reviewed and augmented by the Author of the first, Louvain 1624, 5.Google Scholar The first edition was published in 1623.

46 , Rochfort, Genealogie of Protestants, 191–2.Google Scholar

47 Milward, Peter, Religious Controversies of the Jacobean Age: a survey of printed sources, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1978, 217.Google Scholar

48 , White, Way to the Trve Church, 424.Google Scholar John White (1570-1615) was a Protestant minister at Eccles and a fellow of Manchester College. In 1614 he became chaplain in ordinary to James 1. See ‘White, John’ in DNB.

49 Favour, John, Antiqvitie Triumphing over Noveltie, London 1619, 52–3.Google Scholar John Favour (d. 1624) was prebend of Driffield in Yorkshire and chaplain of Tobias Matthew, archbishop of York. See ‘Favour, John’ in DNB.

50 John Gee, ‘An Epistle Written by a Friend to the Author in his absence’ in Webbe, George, Catalogus Protestantium: or, The Protestants Kalender containing a surview of the Protestants Religion long before Luthers Daies, men to the time of the Apostles and the Primitiue Church, London 1624,Google Scholar unpaginated. John Gee (1596-1642) was a Protestant minister, who flirted with Catholicism and then repudiated it, possibly under pressure from the authorities in 1623. Much of his remaining career was taken up with writing, exposing the evil deeds of Roman Catholics. See ‘Gee, John’ in DNB. George Webbe (1581-1642) was a theologian who received appointment as the chaplain of the Prince of Wales in 1624. Later, he became bishop of Limerick in 1634, where he was killed during the Irish rebellion of 1642. See ‘Webbe, George’ in DNB.

51 [Bedford, Thomas], Luthers Predecessours: or an Answere to the Question of the Papists: Where wasyour Church before Luther?, London 1624,Google Scholar passim. Thomas Bedford, who was identified as the author of this work, was an obscure theologian who worked from the 1620s to the 1650s. See DNB under ‘Bedford, Thomas’.

52 Pollard, A. W. and Redgrave, G. R., A Short Title Catalogue of Books printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland and of English Books printed abroad vol. ii, ed. Jackson, W. A. et al., London 1976, nos. 19768.5 and 19769.Google Scholar Both books were published in 1624. They only differ in their title pages, otherwise the texts contain the same material.

53 Foxe, A & M ii. passim. Foxe makes no mention ofthe Albigensians although he speaks favourably of the Waldensians (see pp. 264-71). Barthlet, John, The Pedegrewe of Heretiques, London 1566, 43Google Scholar provides a good example of the identification of the papacy with Albigensian ideas.

54 Rogers, Henry, An Answer to Mr. Fisher the Iesuite, his five propositions concerning Luther… Hereunto is annexed Mr. W. C. his dialogue of the said Argument wherin is discouered Fishers Folly, [London?] 1623, 45.Google Scholar W. C. is thought to be William Crashaw (1572-1626), the Protestant scholar and minister of Whitechapel, London. See ‘Crashaw, William’ in DNB. Henry Rogers (1585?–1658) was a Protestant theologian and writer of anti-Catholic tracts. See ‘Rogers, Henry’ in DNB.

55 See Rogers, An Answer to Mr Fisher, and Bernard, Richard, Looke Beyond Luther, London 1623,Google Scholar for examples of the use of logic rather than history. Crashaw's section of Rogers's book presented its argument in the form of a dialogue, as did Walker, George, Fishers folly unfolded, [n.p.] 1624, passimGoogle Scholar.

56 Bernard, Looke Beyond Luther, fos. A3a and b. Richard Bernard (1568–1641) was a Protestant minister at Batcombe in Somerset, who at one time briefly flirted with separatism. See ‘Bernard, Richard’ in DNB.

57 Rogers, W. C. in, Answer, 24–5.Google Scholar

58 , Bernard, Looke Beyond Luther, 54.Google Scholar

59 [, Bedford]a, Luthers Predecessours, 12.Google Scholar

60 Hutton, William Holden, The English Church from the Accession of Charles I to the Death of Anne, (1625-1714), London 1903,Google Scholar see chapter n, ‘The controversy with Rome and its consequences’.

61 Symson, Patrick, The Historic of the Ckurch since the Dayes of Our Saviour Iesus Christ, untill this present Age…, London 1624, 492.Google Scholar