Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T23:18:17.757Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Are Corporations Reducing or Taking Risks with Derivatives?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Abstract

Public discussion about corporate use of derivatives focuses on whether firms use derivatives to reduce or increase firm risk. In contrast, empirical academic studies of corporate dervatives use take it for granted that firms hedge with derivatives. Using data from financial statements of 425 large U.S. corporations, we investigate whether firms systematically reduce or increase their riskiness with derivatives. We find that many firms manage their exposures with large derivatives positions. Nonetheless, compared to firms that do not use financial derivatives, firms that use derivatives display few, if any, measurable differences in risk that are associated with the use of derivatives.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © School of Business Administration, University of Washington 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627; and Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, respectively. We thank Jeffref Pontiff (associate editor and referee), Paul Gompers, Stacey Kole, John Long, Bill Schwert, Jay Shanken, Cliff Smith, and seminar participants at the Berkeley Program in Finance, the CEPR Summer Symposium in Finance, the Chicago Board of Trade, the INQUIRE Conference, and the London School of Economics for helpful comments. Anjali Arora and Eric Kim (under an Olin Fellowship) provided excellent research assistance. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Bradley Policy Research Center and the John M. Olin Foundation.

References

Banz, R. W.The Relationship between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks.” Journal of Financial Economics, 9 (1981), 318.10.1016/0304-405X(81)90018-010.1016/0304-405X(81)90018-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, F., and Scholes, M. S.. “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.” Journal of Political Economy, 81 (1973), 637654.10.1086/260062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodnar, G. M., and Marston, R. C.. “Wharton CIBC Wood Gundy 1995 Survey of Derivatives Usage by U.s. Non-Financial Firms.” Wharton School, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (1996)Google Scholar
Bodnar, G. M., and Marston, R. C.Wharton CIBC Wood Gundy 1995 Survey of Derivatives U. S. Non-Financial Firms.” Wharton School, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (1998)Google Scholar
Booth, J. R.; Smith, R. L.; and Stolz, R. W.. “Use of Interest Rate Futures by Financial Institutions.” Journal of Bank Research, 15 (1984), 1520.Google Scholar
Christie, A. AThe Stochastic Behavior of Common Stock Variances: Value, Leverage, and Interest Rate Effects.” Journal of Financial Economics, 10 (1982), 407432.10.1016/0304-405X(82)90018-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeMarzo, P., and Duffie, D.. “Corporate Incentives for Hedging and Hedge Accounting” Unpubl. Paper, Northwestern Univ. (1992).Google Scholar
Eccher, E. A.; Ramesh, k. R.; and Thiagarajan, S. R.. “Fair Value Disclosures by Bank Holding Companies.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 22 (1997), 79117.10.1016/S0165-4101(96)00438-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Financial Accounting Standards Board. “Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 119: Disclosure about Derivative Financial Instruments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments.” Stamford, CT: Financial Accounting Standards Board (1994).Google Scholar
Froot, K. A.; Scharfstein, D. S.; and Stein, J. C.. “Risk Management: Coordinating Corporate Investment and Financing Policies.” Journal of Finance, 48 (1993), 16291658.10.2307/232906210.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb05123.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geczy, C.; Minton, B. A.; and Schrand, C. M.. “Why Firms Hedge: Distinguishing among Existing TheoriesJournal of Finance, 52 (1997), 13231354.10.2307/232943810.2307/2329438CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorton, G., and Rosen, R. J.. “Banks and Derivatives.” Unpubl. Paper. Rodney L. White center fro Financial Research, The Wharton School of the Univ. of Pennsylvania (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, M. C., and Meckling, W. H.. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Capital Structure.” Journal of Finacial Economics, 3 (1976), 305360.10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koski, J., Pontiff, J.How are Derivatives Used? Evidence from the Mutual Industry.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 791816.10.1111/0022-1082.00126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddala, G. S.. Introduction to Econometrics. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1988).Google Scholar
Mian, S. L. “Evidence on Corporate Hedging Policy.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 31 (1996), 419439.10.2307/2331399S0022109000000636CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, S. C.Determinants of Corporate Borrowing.” Journal of Financial Economics, 5 (1977), 147175.10.1016/0304-405X(77)90015-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nance, D. R.; Smith, C. W. Jr,; and Smithson, C. W.. “On the Determinants of Corporate Hedging.” Journal of Finance, 48 (1993), 26728410.2307/2328889CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholes, M. S., and Williams, J.Estimating Betas from Nonsynchronous Data.” Journal of Financial Economics, 5 (1977), 309327.10.1016/0304-405X(77)90041-110.1016/0304-405X(77)90041-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrand, C. M. “An Evaluation of the Effects of SFAS NO. 80 on Interest Rate Risk Management in the Savings and Loan Industry.” Unpubl. Paper, Univ. of Chicago (1993).Google Scholar
Scott, W. L., and Peterson, R. L.. “Interest Rate Risk and Equity Value of Hedged and Unhedged Financial Intermediaries.” Journal of Financial Research, 9 (1986), 325329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C. W. Jr, and Stulz, R. M.. “The Determinants of Firms' Hedging Policies.” Journal of Financial Quantitative Analysis, 20 (1985), 391405.10.2307/2330757S002210900001177710.2307/2330757CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stulz, R. M.Optimal Hedging Policies.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 19 (1984), 12714010.2307/2330894S0022109000011200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stulz, R. M.Rethinking Risk Management.” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 9 (1996), 82410.1111/j.1745-6622.1996.tb00295.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tufano, P.Who Manages Risk? An Empirical Examination of Risk Management Practice in the Gold Mining Industry.” Journal of Finance, 51 (1996a), 1097113910.2307/232938910.1111/j.1540-6261.1996.tb04064.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tufano, P. “The Determinants of stock price Exposure: Financial Engineering and the Gold Mining Industry.” Unpubl. Paper, Harvard Business School, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (1996b).Google Scholar
Veit, E. T., and Reiff, W. W.. “Commercial Banks and Interest Rate Futures: A Hedging Survey.” Journal of Futures Markets, 2 (1983), 28329310.1002/fut.399003030410.1002/fut.3990030304CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, H.A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica, 48 (1980), 817838.10.2307/1912934CrossRefGoogle Scholar