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High-speed X-ray imaging of a ball impacting on loose sand

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 July 2015

Tess Homan Open the ORCID record for Tess Homan [Opens in a new window] ,
Rob Mudde ,
Detlef Lohse  and
Devaraj van der Meer
Tess Homan*
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands Laboratoire de Physique, ENS de Lyon, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France
Rob Mudde
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
Detlef Lohse
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
Devaraj van der Meer
Affiliation:
Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
*
†Email address for correspondence: tesshoman@gmail.com
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Abstract

When a ball is dropped in fine very loose sand, a splash and subsequently a jet are observed above the bed, followed by a granular eruption. To directly and quantitatively determine what happens inside the sand bed, high-speed X-ray tomography measurements are carried out in a custom-made set-up that allows for imaging of a large sand bed at atmospheric pressures. Herewith, we show that the jet originates from the pinch-off point created by the collapse of the air cavity formed behind the penetrating ball. Subsequently, we measure how the entrapped air bubble rises through the sand, and show that this is consistent with bubbles rising in continuously fluidized beds. Finally, we measure the packing fraction variation throughout the bed. From this we show that there is (i) a compressed area of sand in front of and next to the ball while the ball is moving down, (ii) a strongly compacted region at the pinch-off height after the cavity collapse and (iii) a relatively loosely packed centre in the wake of the rising bubble.

JFM classification

Complex Fluids: Complex Fluids Granular media: Granular media
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 777 , 25 August 2015 , pp. 690 - 706
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Copyright
© 2015 Cambridge University Press 

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