Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T10:02:43.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Linear and nonlinear mechanisms of sound radiation by instability waves in subsonic jets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2010

VICTORIA SUPONITSKY ,
NEIL D. SANDHAM  and
CHRISTOPHER L. MORFEY
VICTORIA SUPONITSKY*
Affiliation:
School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
NEIL D. SANDHAM
Affiliation:
School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
CHRISTOPHER L. MORFEY
Affiliation:
ISVR, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
*
†Email address for correspondence: v.suponitsky@soton.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Linear and nonlinear mechanisms of sound generation in subsonic jets are investigated by numerical simulations of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The main goal is to demonstrate that low-frequency waves resulting from nonlinear interaction between primary, highly amplified, instability waves can be efficient sound radiators in subsonic jets. The current approach allows linear, weakly nonlinear and highly nonlinear mechanisms to be distinguished. It is demonstrated that low-frequency waves resulting from nonlinear interaction are more efficient in radiating sound when compared to linear instability waves radiating directly at the same frequencies. The results show that low-frequency sound radiated predominantly in the downstream direction and characterized by a broadband spectral peak near St = 0.2 can be observed in the simulations and described in terms of the nonlinear interaction model. It is also shown that coherent low-frequency sound radiated at higher angles to the jet axis (θ = 60°–707°) is likely to come from the interaction between two helical modes with azimuthal wavenumbers n = ±1. High-frequency noise in both downstream and side-line directions seems to originate from the breakdown of the jet into smaller structures.

JFM classification

Acoustics: Aeroacoustics Acoustics: Jet noise Instability: Nonlinear instability
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 658 , 10 September 2010 , pp. 509 - 538
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Cohen, J. & Wygnansky, I. 1987 The evolution of instabilities in the axisymmetric jet. Part 2. The flow resulting from interaction between two waves. J. Fluid Mech. 176, 221–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crighton, D. G. & Gaster, M. 1976 Stability of slowly diverging jet flow. J. Fluid Mech. 77, 397–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crighton, D. G. & Huerre, P. 1990 Shear layer pressure fluctuations and superdirective acoustic sources. J. Fluid Mech. 220, 355–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freund, J. B. 2001 Noise sources in a low-Reynolds-number turbulent jet at Mach 0.9. J. Fluid Mech. 438, 277–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamard, S., Jung, D. & George, W. K. 2004 Downstream evolution of the most energetic modes in a turbulent axisymmetric jet at high Reynolds number. Part 2. The far-field region. J. Fluid Mech. 514, 205–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaster, M., Kit, E. & Wygnanski, I. 1985 Large-scale structures in a forced turbulent mixing layer. J. Fluid Mech. 150, 23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, M. E. 2001 An exact form of Lilley's equation with a velocity quadrupole/temperature dipole source term. J. Fluid Mech. 443, 231–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, L. E., Sandberg, R. D. & Sandham, N. D. 2008 Direct numerical simulations of forced and unforced separation bubbles on an airfoil at incidence. J. Fluid Mech. 602, 175–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laufer, J. & Yen, T. 1983 Noise generation by a low-Mach-number jet. J. Fluid Mech. 134, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, C. J. 1977 The role of shear-layer instability waves in jet exhaust noise. J. Fluid Mech. 80, 321–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ronneberger, D. & Ackermann, U. 1979 Experiments on sound radiation due to non-linear interaction of instability waves in a turbulent jet. J. Sound Vib. 62 (1), 121–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandberg, R. D. & Sandham, N. D. 2006 Nonreflecting zonal characteristic boundary condition for direct numerical simulation of aerodynamic sound. AIAA J. 44 (2), 402–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandberg, R. D., Sandham, N. D. & Joseph, P. F. 2007 Direct numerical simulations of trailing-edge noise generated by boundary-layer instabilities. J. Sound Vib. 304, 677–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandham, N. D., Li, Q. & Yee, H. C. 2002 Entropy splitting for high-order numerical simulation of compressible turbulence. J. Comput. Phys. 178, 307–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandham, N. D., Morfey, C. L. & Hu, Z. W. 2006 a Nonlinear mechanisms of sound generation in a perturbed parallel jet flow. J. Fluid Mech. 565, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandham, N. D., Morfey, C. L. & Hu, Z. W. 2006 b Sound radiation from exponentially growing and decaying surface waves. J. Sound Vib. 294, 355–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandham, N. D. & Salgado, A. M. 2008 Nonlinear interaction model of subsonic jet noise. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 366 (1876), 2745–2760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandham, N. D., Salgado, A. M. & Agarwal, A. 2008 Jet noise from instability mode interactions. AIAA paper 2008-2987. 14th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustic Conference, Vancouver, Canada.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandhu, H. S. & Sandham, N. D. 1994 Boundary conditions for spatially growing compressible shear layers. Rep. QMW-EP-1100. Faculty of Engineering, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London.Google Scholar
Stromberg, J. L., McLaughlin, D. K. & Troutt, T. R. 1980 Flow field and acoustic properties of a Mach number 0.9 jet at a low Reynolds number. J. Fluid Mech. 72, 159–176.Google Scholar
Suponitsky, V. & Sandham, N. D. 2009 Nonlinear mechanisms of sound radiation in a subsonic jet. AIAA paper 2009-3317. 15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustic Conference, Miami, Florida, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, T. & Colonius, T. 2006 Instability waves in a subsonic round jet detected using a near-field phased microphone array. J. Fluid Mech. 565, 197–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. 2009 Mach wave radiation from high-speed jets. AIAA J. 47 (10), 2440–2448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Burton, D. E. 1984 Sound generated by instability waves of supersonic flows. Part 2. Axisymmetric jets. J. Fluid Mech. 138, 273–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Golebiowski, M. 1996 On the two components of turbulent mixing noise from supersonic jets. AIAA paper 96-1716. 2nd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, State College, PA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W. & Morris, P. J. 1980 The radiation of sound by the instability waves on a compressible plane turbulent shear layer. J. Fluid Mech. 99, 349–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, C. K. W., Viswanathan, K., Ahuja, K. K. & Panda, J. 2008 The sources of jet noise: experimental evidence. J. Fluid Mech. 615, 253–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K. W. 1987 Time dependent boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems. J. Comput. Phys. 68, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, K. 2004 Aeroacoustics of hot jets. J. Fluid Mech. 516 (2), 39–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, K. 2008 Investigation of noise source mechanisms in subsonic jets. AIAA J. 46 (8), 2020–2032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, X. 2005 Mach wave radiation of nonlinearly evolving supersonic instability modes in shear layers. J. Fluid Mech. 523, 121–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, X. & Huerre, P. 2009 Low-frequency sound radiated by a nonlinearly modulated wavepacket of helical modes on a subsonic circular jet. J. Fluid Mech. 637, 173–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar