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Counter-imperial orientalism: Friedrich Berber and the politics of international law in Germany and India, 1920s–1960s*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 February 2016
Abstract
The most trenchant critiques of Western international law are framed around the legacy of its historic complicity in the imperial project of governing non-European peoples. International law organized Europe and its ‘others’ into a hierarchy of civilizational difference that was only ever reconfigured but never overturned. But when analysing the complex relationship between international law and imperialism the differences within Europe – as opposed to a dyadic opposition of Europe versus the ‘rest’ – also matter. Within the historical and political constellations of the early and mid twentieth century, German difference produced a set of arguments that challenged dominant discourses of international law by posturing as anti-imperialist critique. This article focuses on the global career of Friedrich Berber (1898–1984), who, as a legal adviser in Nazi Germany and Nehru’s India, was at the forefront of state-led challenges to liberal international law. Berber fused notions of German civilizational superiority with an appropriation of Indian colonial victimhood, and pursued a shared politics of opposition. He embodied a version of German–Indian entanglement which did not abate after the Second World War, emphasizing the long continuities of empire, power differentials, civilizational hierarchies, and developmental logics under the umbrella of international law.
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Footnotes
*
Thanks for crucial comments on a first draft are due to the participants of the third Oslo Contemporary International History Network Workshop in Bergen, especially Volker Barth, Susan Pedersen, Helge Pharo, and Amalia Ribi Forclaz. I have also benefited from the generous advice and encouragement of Rohit De, Gabriela Frei, Daniel Haines, Harshan Kumarasingham, Vincent Lagendijk, Daniel Laqua, Peter Mandler, Sarah Nouwen, Sunil Purushotham, Or Rosenboim, Juan Pablo Scarfi, John A. Thompson, and the editors and anonymous reviewers of the Journal of Global History. Discussions at the Sussex History Department’s Work in Progress seminar and the Interwar International Theory workshop in Cambridge in 2015 helped me refine the argument and I would like to thank the participants, as well as Gerhard Wolf, Duncan Bell, and Jens Steffek for the invitations. Finally, I am indebted to Ingrid Strauß and Elisabeth Zellermayr for sharing their recollections of Berber and agreeing to transfer his personal papers to the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität archives. Financial assistance from the Oslo Contemporary International History Network and the Mellon Fund at the University of Cambridge made research for this article possible.
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