Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 October 2012
This article explores the symbolic appeal of Che Guevara within radical Left circles of the 1960s and 1970s. Che's importance as a shared political reference offers a unique window on aspirational symbols and the desire for meaningful transnational solidarity. By tracing Che's resonance in Latin America, western Europe, the United States, and the Middle East, the article brings into conversation the study of post-war radicalism, political iconography, and the cognitive dimensions of interconnectivity. As a means of understanding Che's appeal to both protest movements and guerrilla organizations, the article develops the notion of a ‘transnational imagination’, or mode of perception that frames local circumstances in a world historical trajectory and thereby affects collective aspirations and actions.
1 Daniels, Robert Vincent, Year of the heroic guerrilla: world revolution and counterrevolution in 1968, New York: Basic Books, 1989, p. 34Google Scholar
2 Holmes, Richard, Footsteps: adventures of a romantic biographer, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985, p. 76Google Scholar
3 O'Toole, Gavin, ‘Introduction’, in Gavin O'Toole and Georgina Jiménez, eds., Che in verse, Laverstock, Wiltshire: Aflame Books, 2007, pp. 36–37Google Scholar
Gitlin, Todd, The sixties: years of hope, days of rage, New York: Bantam Books, 1987, p. 330Google Scholar
Gould, Jeffrey L., ‘Solidarity under siege: the Latin American Left, 1968’, American Historical Review, 114, 2, 2009, p. 352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, Robert E., ‘Student political activism in Latin America’, in Seymour Martin Lipset and Philip G. Altbach, eds., Students in revolt, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1970, pp. 403–431Google Scholar
4 Weitzman, Marc, ‘The year Coca Cola won the Cold War’, in Marc Weitzman and Eric Hobsbawm, eds., 1968: Magnum throughout the world, Paris: Hazan, 1998, pp. 11–16Google Scholar
5 Statera, Gianni, Death of a utopia: the development and decline of student movements in Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, 1975Google Scholar
Katsiaficas, George N., The imagination of the New Left: a global analysis of 1968, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1987Google Scholar
Fink, Carole, Gassert, Philipp, and Junker, Detlef, eds., 1968: the world transformed, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranier-Horn, Gerd, The spirit of '68: rebellion in western Europe and North America, 1956–1976, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007Google Scholar
Dreyfus-Armand, Geneviève, Frank, Robert, Lévy, Marie-Françoise, and Zancarini-Fournel, Michelle, eds., Les années 68: le temps de la contestation, Brussels: Éditions Complexe, 2008Google Scholar
Klimke, Martin and Scharloth, Joachim, 1968 in Europe: a history of protest and activism, 1956–1977, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glassert, Philipp and Klimke, Martin, eds., 1968: Memories and legacies of a global revolt, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, Supplement 6, Washington, DC: German Historical Institute, 2009Google Scholar
Rathkolb, Oliver and Stadler, Friedrich, eds., Das Jahr 1968: Ereignis, Symbol, Chiffre, Göttingen: Vienna University Press, 2010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klimke, Martin, Pekelder, Jacco, and Scharloth, Joachim, eds., Between Prague Spring and French May: opposition and revolt in Europe, 1960–1980, New York: Berghahn, 2011Google Scholar
6 Ross, Andrew, ‘Mao Zedong's impact on cultural politics in the West’, Cultural Politics, 1, 1, 2005, pp. 5–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Robin D. G. and Esch, Betsy, ‘Black like Mao: red China and black revolution’, in Fred Ho and Bill V. Mullen, eds., Afro Asia: revolutionary political and cultural connections between African Americans and Asian Americans, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008, pp. 97–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 Kunzle, David, ed., Che Guevara: icon, myth, and message, Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1997Google Scholar
Ziff, Trisha, ed., Che Guevara: revolutionary and icon, London: V&A Publishers, 2006Google Scholar
Casey, Michael, Che's afterlife: the legacy of an image, New York: Vintage, 2009Google Scholar
8 Frank, Robert, ‘Imaginaire politique et figures symboliques internationales: Castro, Hô, Mao et le “Che” ’, in Dreyfus-Armand et al., Les années 68, pp. 31–47Google Scholar
Soria-Galvarro, Carlos, ‘Bolivia: Che Guevara in global history’, in Glassert and Klimke, 1968, pp. 33–38Google Scholar
Hodges, Donald C., ed., The legacy of Che Guevara: a documentary study, London: Thames and Hudson, 1977Google Scholar
Loveman, Brian and Jr, Thomas M. Davies, eds., Che Guevara: guerrilla warfare, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1997Google Scholar
McCormick, Gordon H., ‘Che Guevara: the legacy of a revolutionary man’, World Policy Journal, 14, 4, 1997/98, pp. 63–79Google Scholar
9 Duara, Prasenjit, ‘The Cold War as a historical period: an interpretive essay’, Journal of Global History, 6, 3, 2011, pp. 457–480CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 Touraine, Alain, The May movement: revolt and reform, New York: Random House, 1971Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond, Marxism and literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977Google Scholar
11 Morris, Meaghan, Li, Siu Leung, and Chan, Stephen Ching-kiu, eds., Hong Kong connections: transnational imagination in action cinema, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005Google Scholar
Sun, Wanning, Leaving China: media, migration, and the transnational imagination, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, pp. 5–6Google Scholar
Guano, Emanuela, ‘Spectacles of modernity: transnational imagination and local hegemonies in neoliberal Buenos Aires’, Cultural Anthropology, 17, 2, 2002, pp. 181–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12 Appadurai, Arjun, Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996Google Scholar
Patrick Manning, ‘1789–1792 and 1989–1992: global interaction of social movements’, World History Connected, 3, 1, 2005Google Scholar
Steger, Manfred B., Rise of the global imaginary: political ideologies from the French Revolution to the global war on terror, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008Google Scholar
Khouri-Makdisi, Ilham, The eastern Mediterranean and the making of global radicalism, 1860–1914, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13 Fredric Jameson, ‘Periodizing the 60s’, Social Text, 9/10, 1984, p. 208Google Scholar
Elbaum, Max, Revolution in the air: sixties radicals turn to Lenin, Mao and Che, London: Verso, 2002, p. 23Google Scholar
Dirlik, Arif, ‘The Third World in 1968’, in Fink, Gassert, and Junker, 1968, p. 314Google Scholar
14 Fink, Caroline, Gassert, Phillip, and Junker, Detlef, ‘Introduction’, in Fink, Gassert, and Junker, 1968, p. 21Google Scholar
Gilcher-Holtey, Ingrid, ‘The dynamic of protest: May 1968 in France’, Critique, 36, 2, 2008, p. 210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Timothy S., ‘ “1968” East and West: divided Germany as a case study in transnational history’, American Historical Review, 114, 1, 2009, pp. 69–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prince, Simon, ‘The global revolt of 1968 and Northern Ireland’, Historical Journal, 49, 3, 2006, pp. 851–875CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 Barbara and John Ehrenreich, Long march, short spring: the student uprising at home and abroad, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969Google Scholar
Medovoi, Leerom, Rebels: youth and the Cold War origins of identity, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 323–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertrand, Romain, ‘Mai 68 et l'anticolonialisme’, in Dominique Damamme et al., eds., Mai–juin 68, Paris: Les Éditions de l'Atelier, 2008, pp. 89–101Google Scholar
16 Reitan, Ruth, Clemens, Michael L., and Jones, Charles E., ‘Global solidarity: the Black Panther Party in the international arena’, New Political Science, 21, 2, 1999, pp. 177–203Google Scholar
Young, Cynthia A., Soul power: culture, radicalism, and the making of a US Third World Left, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17 Mehnert, Klaus, Twilight of the young: the radical movements of the 1960s and their legacy, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976, p. 114Google Scholar
Dirlik, ‘Third World’, pp. 296–297Google Scholar
18 Anderson, Benedict, Under three flags: anarchism and the anti-colonial imagination, New York: Verso, 2005Google Scholar
19 Lee, Christopher J., ‘Introduction: between a moment and an era: the origins and afterlives of Bandung’, in Christopher J. Lee, ed., Making a world after empire: the Bandung moment and its political afterlives, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2010, pp. 1–42Google Scholar
20 Tom Hayden, ‘A generation on trial’, Ramparts, July 1970, p. 20.
21 Sinclair, Andrew, ‘The death and life of Che Guevara’, in Andrew Sinclair, ed., Viva Che! The strange death and life of Che Guevara, 2nd edn, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2006, p. 180Google Scholar
22 Sellin, Christine Petra, ‘Demythification: the Twentieth Century Fox Che!’, in Kunzle, Che Guevara, p. 103Google Scholar
23 Ali, Tariq, Street fighting years: an autobiography of the sixties, London: Collins, 1987, p. 204Google Scholar
24 Karl E. Meyer, ‘Britain's young rebels rally to Ali’, Times Herald, 17 April 1968.
25 Mariscal, George, Brown-eyed children of the sun: lessons from the Chicano movement, 1965–1975, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2005, p. 100Google Scholar
Wright, Thomas C., Latin America in the era of the Cuban Revolution, Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001Google Scholar
Gronbeck-Tedesco, John A., ‘The Left in transition: the Cuban Revolution in US Third World politics’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 40, 2008, pp. 651–673CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Artaraz, Kepa and Luyckx, Karen, ‘The French New Left and the Cuban Revolution 1959–1971: parallel histories?’, Modern & Contemporary France, 17, 1, 2009, pp. 67–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26 Martz, John D., ‘Doctrine and dilemmas of the Latin American “New Left” ’, World Politics, 22, 2, 1970, p. 180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27 Ernesto Guevara, ‘Message to the Tricontinental’, reprinted in Che Guevara, Guerrilla warfare, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, pp. 161–172Google Scholar
28 McCormick, ‘Che Guevara’, p. 70Google Scholar
29 Evans, Sara M., ‘Sons, daughters, and patriarchy: gender and the 1968 generation’, American Historical Review, 114, 2, 2009, pp. 331–347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariscal, Brown-eyed children, pp. 100–101Google Scholar
Saldaña-Portillo, María Josefina, The revolutionary imagination in the Americas and the age of development, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, Alan, ‘ “Anarchist amazons”: the gendering of radicalism in 1970s West Germany’, Contemporary European History, 19, 4, 2010, pp. 351–374CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30 Mark Rudd, ‘Che and me’, http://www.markrudd.com/?violence-and-non-violence/che-and-me.html (consulted 12 March 2011); idem, ‘The male cult of martyrdom: saying adios to Che’, WIN Magazine, Spring 2010, http://www.warresisters.org/node/1012 (consulted 19 January 2012).
31 Suri, Jeremi, ‘The rise and fall of the international counterculture, 1960–1975’, American Historical Review, 114, 1, 2009, p. 47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, John, ‘Che Guevara: the moral factor’, Urban Review, 8, 3, 1967, pp. 202–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, Robert S., ‘Resurrection and appropriation: reputational trajectories, memory work, and the political use of historical figures’, American Journal of Sociology, 112, 4, 2007, pp. 953–1007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32 Demonstrators who took to the streets of Milan after learning of Che's death (see above) carried Feltrinelli's Heroic Guerrilla prints. Other reproductions of the Korda image circulated in France, while in the US many memorials to Che reproduced the Korda photograph as well. See Todd Gitlin, ‘Che lives: Che dies’, Berkeley Barb, 5, 21, November 24–30 1967, p. 5.
33 Ziff, Trisha, ‘Guerrillero Heroico’, in Ziff, Che Guevara, p. 7Google Scholar
34 Aleksandra Mir, ‘Not everything is always black or white’, interview with Jim Fitzpatrick, 2005, http://www.aleksandramir.info/texts/fitzpatrick.html (consulted 5 April 2010).
35 Ziff, ‘Guerrillero Heroico’, p. 6Google Scholar
McCormick, ‘Che Guevara’, p. 77Google Scholar
Casey, Che's afterlife, pp. 100–102Google Scholar
36 Kurlansky, Mark, 1968: the year that rocked the world, New York: Ballantine, 2003, p. 21Google Scholar
37 Ebon, Martin, Che: the making of a legend, New York: Universe Books, 1969, p. 172Google Scholar
38 Rudd, Mark, Underground: my life with SDS and the Weathermen, New York: William Morrow, 2009, p. 42Google Scholar
39 Guevara, Ernesto, Guerrilla warfare, New York: MR Press, 1961, p. 1Google Scholar
Moreno, José A., ‘Che Guevara on guerrilla warfare: doctrine, practice and evaluation’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 12, 2, 1970, pp. 114–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, Matt D., ‘An historical critique of the emergence and evolution of Ernesto Che Guevara's foco theory’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 27, 3, 1995, pp. 593–624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40 Debray, Régis, Revolution in the revolution? Armed struggle and political struggle in Latin America, New York: Grove Press, 1967Google Scholar
Gilcher-Holtey, Ingrid, ‘The European 1960s–70s and the world: the case of Régis Debray’, in Klimke, Pekelder, and Scharloth, Between Prague Spring, pp. 269–280Google Scholar
41 Gitlin, The sixties, p. 239Google Scholar
Gonzalez, Mike, ‘The culture of the heroic guerrilla: the impact of Cuba in the sixties’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 3, 2, 1984, pp. 66–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schickel, Joachim, Guerrilleros, Partisanen: Theorie und Praxis, C. Hanser: München, 1970Google Scholar
42 Said, Edward W., The world, the text, and the critic, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983Google Scholar
43 Rahmani, Sina, ‘Anti-imperialism and its discontents: an interview with Mark Rudd, founding member of the Weather Underground’, Radical History Review, 95, 2006, pp. 117–121Google Scholar
44 Mark Rudd, [untitled article], Movement, March 1969, http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/Columbia68/ (consulted 14 March 2011); Hilton Obenzinger, Busy dying, Tuscon, AZ: Chax, 2008, pp. 76–7.
45 Diamond, Steve et al., ‘Revolution at Columbia’, Fifth Estate, 3, 2, 1968, p. 1Google Scholar
Rudd, Mark, ‘Columbia: notes on the spring rebellion’, in Carl Oglesby, ed., The New Left reader, New York: Grove Press, 1969, p. 311Google Scholar
46 Grant, Joanne, Confrontation on campus: the Columbia pattern for the new protest, New York: New American Library, 1969Google Scholar
Raskin, Eleanor, ‘The occupation of Columbia University: April 1968’, Journal of American Studies, 19, 2, 1985, p. 260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47 Klimke, Martin, The other alliance: student protest in West Germany and the United States in the global sixties, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010, pp. 8Google Scholar
Harman, Chris, The fire last time: 1968 and after, London: Bookmarks, 1988, p. 37Google Scholar
48 Gilcher-Holtey, Ingrid, ‘Transformation by subversion? The New Left and the question of violence’, in Belinda Davis, Wilfried Mausbach, Martin Klimke, and Carla MacDougall, eds., Changing the world, changing oneself: political protest and collective identities in West Germany and the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s, New York: Berghahn Books, 2010, pp. 161–163Google Scholar
Suri, Jeremi, ‘The cultural contradictions of Cold War education: West Berlin and the youth revolt of the 1960s’, in Jeffrey A. Engel, ed., Local consequences of the global Cold War, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2007, pp. 57–76Google Scholar
49 Klimke, The other alliance, p. 189Google Scholar
50 Klimke and Scharloth, 1968 in Europe, p. 104Google Scholar
Thomas, Nick, Protest movements in 1960s West Germany: a social history of dissent and democracy, Oxford: Berg, 2003, pp. 157–159Google Scholar
Kurlansky, 1968, pp. 149–150Google Scholar
Seidman, Michael, The imaginary revolution: Parisian students and workers in 1968, New York: Berghahn, 2003, p. 66Google Scholar
Katsiaficas, George, ‘Organization and movement: the case of the Black Panther Party and the Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention of 1970’, in Kathleen Cleaver and George Katsiaficas, eds., Liberation, imagination, and the Black Panther Party: a new look at the Panthers and their legacy, New York: Routledge, p. 146Google Scholar
51 Besancenot, Olivier and Löwy, Michael, Che Guevara: his revolutionary legacy, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2009, p. 88Google Scholar
52 Morin, Edgar and Lefort, Claude, La brèche: premières réfléxions sur les événements, Paris: Fayard, 1968Google Scholar
Daniels, Robert Vincent, Year of the heroic guerrilla: world revolution and counterrevolution in 1968, New York: Basic Books, 1989, p. 156Google Scholar
53 Singer, Daniel, Prelude to revolution: France in May 1968, New York: Hill and Wang, 1970, pp. 64–65Google Scholar
Mehnert, Twilight, p. 170Google Scholar
Lacroix, Bernard, L'utopie communautaire: mai 68, histoire sociale d'une révolte, Paris: PUF, 2006Google Scholar
54 Carey, Elaine, Plaza of sacrifices: gender, power, and terror in 1968 Mexico, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2005, p. 13Google Scholar
Taibo, Paco Ignacio, '68, New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004, p. 16Google Scholar
55 Poniatowska, Elena, Massacre in Mexico, Columbia, MO: Missouri University Press, 1991, p. 32Google Scholar
56 Katsiaficas, Imagination, pp. 47–48Google Scholar
57 John Spitzer and Harvey Cohen, ‘Shades of Berlin ['36] in Mexico ['68]’, Ramparts, October 1968, p. 42.
58 Solana, Fernando, Comesaña, Mariángeles, and Valero, Javier Barros, eds., Evocación del 68, México, DF: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 2008, p. 164Google Scholar
Niebla, Gilberto Guevara, 1968: largo camino a la democracia, México, DF: Cal y Arena, 2008Google Scholar
59 Tamayo, Jorge, ‘Gestación y desarrollo del movimiento del '68: estudiantes y profesores’, in Solana, Comesaña, and Barros Valero, Evocación del 68, p. 86Google Scholar
Carey, Plaza of sacrifices, pp. 42–43Google Scholar
60 Carey, Plaza of sacrifices, p. 110Google Scholar
Niebla, Gilberto Guevara, La democracia en la calle: crónica del movimiento estudiantil mexicano, México, DF: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, UNAM, 1988Google Scholar
Trevizo, Dolores, ‘Between Zapata and Che: a comparison of social movement success and failure in Mexico’, Social Science History, 30, 2, 2006, pp. 212–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61 Gonzalez, ‘Culture’, p. 67Google Scholar
62 Hodges, Donald C., Mexican anarchism after the revolution, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1995, pp. 104–110Google Scholar
63 Hodges, Legacy, pp. 43Google Scholar
64 Asbley, Karen et al., ‘You don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows’, New Left Notes, 18 June 1969, p. 28Google Scholar
Dohrn, Bernardine, Ayers, Bill, and Jones, Jeff, eds., Sing a battle song: the revolutionary poetry, statements and communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970–1974, New York: Seven Stories Press, 2011Google Scholar
Varon, Jeremy, Bringing the war home: the Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and revolutionary violence in the sixties and seventies, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004Google Scholar
65 Ayers, William, Fugitive days: a memoir, Boston, MA: Beacon, 2001, p. 169Google Scholar
Jones, Jeff, ‘From the suburbs to Saigon’, in Mary Susannah Robbins, ed., Against the Vietnam war: writings by activists, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1999, p. 145Google Scholar
Rudd, Underground, p. 173Google Scholar
Jones, Thai, From the labor movement to the Weather Underground: one family's century of conscience, New York: Free Press, 2004, p. 177Google Scholar
66 Rahmani, ‘Anti-imperialism’, p. 122.
67 Wilkerson, Cathy, Flying close to the sun: my life and times as a Weatherman, New York: Seven Stories Press, 2007, pp. 206–207Google Scholar
Jacobs, Ron, The way the wind blew: a history of the Weather Underground, London: Verso, 1997, pp. 34–37Google Scholar
Hodges, ‘Introduction’, p. 69Google Scholar
Ayers, Fugitive days, p. 262Google Scholar
68 Besancenot and Löwy, Che Guevara, pp. 84–85Google Scholar
69 Hodges, ‘Introduction’, pp. 63–65Google Scholar
70 Valle, Maria Riberio do, 1968, o diálogo e a violência: movimento estudantil e ditadura militar no Brasil, Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 1999Google Scholar
Besancenot and Löwy, Che Guevara, p. 85Google Scholar
71 Madruga, Leopoldo, ‘Tupamaros y gobierno: dos poderes en pugna’, Granma, 6, 241, 1970, pp. 6–7Google Scholar
Mayans, Ernesto, ed., Tupamaros: antologia documental, Cuernavaca, Mexico: Centro Intercultural de Documentación, 1971, pp. 5/7–5Google Scholar
72 Antonio Mercader and Jorge de Vera, Tupamaros: estrategia y acción, Montevideo: Editorial Alfa, 1969Google Scholar
Gerassi, Marysa, ‘Uruguay's urban guerrillas’, New Left Review, 1, 62, 1970, pp. 22–29Google Scholar
73 Daniel de Santis, ed., A vencer o morir: historia del PRT-ERP, documentos, tomo 1 vol. 2, Buenos Aires: Nuestra América, 2006Google Scholar
74 Besancenot and Löwy, Che Guevara, pp. 85–86Google Scholar
75 Brands, Hal, Latin America's Cold War, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010, pp. 55–56Google Scholar
76 Khaled, Leila, My people will live: the autobiography of a revolutionary, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1973, pp. 93–94Google Scholar
77 Ibid.
78 Snow, Peter and Phillips, David, Leila's hijack war: the true story of 25 days in September, London: Pan Books, 1970Google Scholar
Sharif, Bassam Abu, Arafat and the dream of Palestine, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 45–47Google Scholar
79 Brands, Latin America's Cold War, pp. 52–58Google Scholar
Flores, Luis Alberto, ‘Las enseñanzas revolucionarias del “Che” y la Revolución Salvadoreña’, in El pensamiento revolucionario del comandante ‘Che’ Guevara, Buenos Aires: Dialectica, 1988, pp. 289–294Google Scholar
80 Frank, ‘Imaginaire politique’, p. 45Google Scholar
81 Raman, Parvathi, ‘Signifying something: Che Guevara and neoliberal alienation in London’, in Harry G. West and Parvathi Raman, eds., Enduring socialism: explorations of revolution and transformation, restoration and continuation, New York: Berghahn, 2009, pp. 250–270Google Scholar