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Sidelights on Greek Philosophers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Marcus N. Tod
Marcus N. Tod
Affiliation:
Birmingham
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Extract

When, towards the close of 1897, I, a freshman of St. John's College, Oxford, first met David Ross of Balliol in the room of a common friend, I little dreamed how long and how closely we should be associated in the life and work of another Oxford college and how immeasurably I should be enriched by his example, his help and his friendship. So I welcome wholeheartedly this opportunity of acknowledging, since I cannot repay, my debt by making a contribution, however slight, to the tribute of admiration, affection and good wishes embodied in this volume. Much of his time and ability has been devoted to the study and elucidation of the works of the Greek philosophers, and I offer him, γλαῦκ᾽ εἰς Ἀθήνας, some notes, which lay no claim to completeness, on the light thrown on that study by Greek inscriptions.

We regard the rise and development of philosophy as one of the supreme achievements of the Greeks, which has permanently and profoundly affected Western civilisation. Did the later Greeks share this view? Inscriptions offer some evidence which merits consideration. The author of the Parian Chronicle, who is for us, owing to the mutilation of the stone, anonymous, compiled a chronological table of the outstanding personalities and events in Greek history down to 264–3 B.C. The extant record is fairly complete from 1581–80 to 355–4 B.C. and again from 336–5 to 299–8, and if we examine the period after 1000 B.C. we are struck by the predominance of Greek tyrants and foreign potentates in the sphere of political and military history and of poets (prose authors are ignored) in the realm of culture; Terpander of Lesbos (A34) is the sole representative of music and Callippus, the astronomer (B6), of natural science, while sculptors, painters and architects are passed over in silence. Philosophy appears only in the persons of Socrates, Anaxagoras and Aristotle; a brief reference to two of these, is tacked on as an afterthought to the record (A60) of Euripides' first victory in 442–1 B.C., and the death of ‘Socrates the philosopher’ at the age of 70 is reported (A66) under the date 400–399, while in a paragraph (B11) relating to events in Asia Minor and Egypt in 321–20 B.C. occurs the phrase A fragment of another chronological table, drawn up in A.D. 15–16, survives in Rome and gives rather more recognition to philosophy; S[olon], Anacharsis, the Seven Sages and Aesop are mentioned in B2, 4 and 5, B7 tells of Pythagoras's capture by Cambyses in Egypt in 524–3, and B10 runs: where the year is unfortunately lost.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Volume 77 , Issue 1 , November 1957 , pp. 132 - 141
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies 1957

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References

1 IG XII (5) 444 and Suppl. p. 110, Jacoby, F., Das Marmor Parium (Berlin, 1904)Google Scholar, F Gr Hist, no. 239.

2 In the mutilated paragraph A79, relating to 355–4 B.C., the letters ΣΟΦΟΣ were read by Seiden and may refer to a philosopher; we should expect some reference to Plato, but I know no event in Plato's life dated in that year which would call for notice.

3 The word here used, is that used throughout the record (except for in B 19) to denote death, whether natural or violent; there is no suggestion that Socrates died as a martyr.

4 Cf. Jacoby's comment ad loc. (F Gr Hist IIC, p. 701).

5 IG XIV 1297, Jacoby, F Gr Hist, no. 252.

6 For this incident see Iamblichus, , Vit Pythag IV 19.Google Scholar

7 IG XIV 2567, Schefold, K., Bildnisse der antiken Dichter, 154 f., 214.Google Scholar

8 Harrison, J. E., Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, 573 ff.Google Scholar (with a critical appendix by G. Murray, 660 ff.), Comparetti, D., Laminette orfiche (Florence, 1910)Google Scholar, Olivieri, A., Lamellae aureae orphicae (Bonn, 1915)Google Scholar, Kern, O., Orphicorum fragmenta (Berlin, 1922), 104 ff.Google Scholar, Guthrie, W. K. C., Orpheus and Greek Religion (London, 1935), 171 ff.Google Scholar, Freeman, K., The Pre-Socratic Philosophers, 16 f.Google Scholar, and Ancilla, 5 f. (Oxford, 1946, 1948), Diels, H., Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Berlin, 1951) I 15 ff.Google Scholar, nos. 17–20. See also Kern, O., Orpheus (Berlin, 1920)Google Scholar, Ziegler, K., RE XVIII 1200 ff.Google Scholar, and Nilsson, M. P., Geschichte d. griech. Religion, I 642 ff.Google Scholar, II 407 ff.

9 Verdélis, N. M., AE 1950–1951, 98 ffGoogle Scholar; cf. J., and Robert, L., REG LXV 152 f.Google Scholar (Bull 1952, 70), R[ostagni], A., Riv Fil LXXX 282.Google Scholar

10 Lamer, H., Ph W LI (1931) 653 ff.Google Scholar, Delbrueck, R. and Vollgraff, W., JHS LIV 129 ff.Google ScholarCf. M. P. Nilsson, op. cit. II 411 f.

11 Diogenes Oenoandensis, ed. William, I., Leipzig, 1907.Google Scholar

12 I see no reference to Diogenes of Oenoanda in Kirk, G. S., Heraclitus: the Cosmic Fragments (Cambridge, 1954).Google Scholar For a herm at Rome inscribed see IG XIV 1159; for his date, ibid., 1297 ii. 30; for the legend on an Ephesian bronze coin issued under Philip I (A.D. 244–9), BMC Coins: Ionia, 98, Diels, H., Fragtnente 6, I, p. 144Google Scholar, II, p. 3.

13 SIG 3a, DGE 723, IBM 930.

14 SIG 3b, IBM 931.

15 SIG 3c; cf. Fredrich, C., Milet, I(2) 112Google Scholar, no. 8, Darsow, W., JdI LXIX 101 ff.Google Scholar

16 IG XIV 1231 (where the name is regarded as a sculptor's signature); cf. Heibig, , Führern 3, II 175 f.Google Scholar, no. 1408, Schefold, K., Bildnisse der antiken Dichter, 156 f.Google Scholar

17 Diogenes also deals with Xenophanes (fr. XXI), Diagoras of Melos, who (fr. XII 1 9 ff.), and Protagoras of Abdera, who (fr. XII ii 3 ff.).

18 Fr. XXXIV

19 Keil, J. and Premerstein, A. von, Bericht über eine Reise in Lydien (Wien. Denkschr. LIII 2) 34, no. 55Google Scholar; cf. Brinkmann, A., Rh Mus LXVI 616 ff.Google Scholar

20 IG II2cf. Oliver, J. H., Hesperia, Suppl. VIII 257 f.Google Scholar, who compares Anth. Pal. VII 75.

21 Rend Pont Ac XXIII–IV 209 ff.

22 Prolegomena, I 120 f., 155 cf.; cf. Barigazzi, A., Κρητ. Χρον. VII 97 ff.Google Scholar

23 Diels, H., Fragmente 6 I, p. xiiGoogle Scholar = BMCCoins: Ionia, 373 (cf.381, 390, 392).

24 Hanfmann, G. M. A., Harv St LX 205 ff.Google Scholar, thinks that Socrates is represented as teaching a class of six disciples, but Picard, C., RA XLI (1953) 100 ff.Google Scholar, draws attention to the difficulty of this interpretation.

25 IG XIV 1214–17, Hekler, A., Greek and Roman Portraits, 19 ff.Google Scholar

26 Schefold, K., Bildnisse der antiken Dichter, 178 f.Google Scholar, Blümel, C., Röm. Bildnisse, R106, pl. 71.Google Scholar

27 IG II2 3795.

28 Wilcken, U., JdI XXXII 160 ff.Google Scholar, Picard, C., CRAI 1951, 71 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 75 f.

29 CR XXXIII 2. See below, p. 139.

30 IG XIV 1196–1200; cf. A. Hekler, op. cit. 22 f.

31 IG II2 3709. 11 f. (with stemma), Oliver, J. H., Hesperia, Suppl. VIII 251Google Scholar (with stemma facing p. 248).

32 OGI 721. Cf. Baillet, J., Inscr. gr. et lat. des tombeaux des rois, 1265Google Scholar, CRAI 1922, 282 ff. (who dates the inscription in A.D. 326), Stegemann, W., RE XVII 218Google Scholar, no. 9, Schissel, O., Klio, XXI 361 ff.Google Scholar

33 Gaertringen, F. Hiller von, BCH XXXVI 230 ff.Google Scholar

34 IG II2 3803 (post med. s. II p.).

35 IG VII 3423 = SIG 844A. For another third-century philosopher in the same family, see IG VII 3425, where the restoration is uncertain (cf. SIG 844B).

36 IGR IV 1449; cf. Schefold, op. cit. (n. 26) 181(3).

37 Ephesos, IV(3) 288, no. 40.

38 IBM 1076 = Sammelbuch, 6012.

39 Ann. Ép. 1919, no. 36; so Apuleius describes himself as philosophum Platonicum Madaurensem (Liber IV).

40 Fouilles, III (2) 116, where Isidore is regarded as probably one of the earliest masters of Neoplatonism.

41 His name appears as Καλβήνῳ in the Delphian document (SIG 868A), as Calvisius in Aulus Gellius, XVIII 10. 3; cf. PIR 2 II p. 79, no. 339.

42 SIG 868B; for the date see Daux, G., Chronologie delphique, 94Google Scholar, for Nicostratus, Praechter, K., Hermes, LVII 481 ff.Google Scholar

43 SIG 868C; for the date see Daux, loc. cit. For Gaius, who may have known Tacitus, see Praechter, K., RE Suppl. III 535 ff.Google Scholar, Theiler, W., Phyllobolia für P. von der Mühll, 70 ff.Google Scholar, Momigliano, A., JRS XXXVI 226.Google Scholar

44 TAM III 882 (IGR III 459 combines this with TAM III 744). IG II2 12767a, an Attic epigram probably of the second century A.D., reads in 1. 7 which Kirchner, following Peek, restores as I am not sure that of the 700 words ending in -σμα collected by Kretschmer-Locker, (Rückl. Wòrterb. 56 ff.)Google Scholarκτίσμα is the only one which will suit the context.

45 AA 1934, 137 ff., JHS LV 180.

46 IG XIV 1215.

47 IG XIV 1196 (the MS. text reads and omits δέ).

48 Cl Phil XXXIV 144; cf. REG LXIII 179.

49 SIG 275; cf. F Gr Hist, no. 124T23, with Jacoby's comment. These honours were subsequently cancelled for political reasons (Aelian, V.H. XIV 1).

50 IG XIV 1137, 1138 and perhaps 1139.

51 IG II2 4261. IG II2 4262, an Athenian epigram, which usedto be read (or ) and referred to Aristotle, is now correctly read with and Θέων. Of this philosopher and his grateful disciple Theon we know nothing further. Is he perhaps to be identified with the (IG II2 3793) and/or with the teacher honoured by the herm inscribed (IG II2 3819), for whom see Raubitschek, , Hesperia, XVIII 99 f.?Google Scholar

52 Fouilles, III (3) 167 (dated by Daux and Salač 249–39 B.C.) = SIG 461 (dated by Pomtow 254–44 B.C.). Cf. Dinsmoor, W. B., Archons of Athens, 141 f.Google Scholar (who dates it 242–1 B.C.), Flacelière, R., Les Aitoliens à Delphes, 260Google Scholar, Diog. Laert. V 68.

53 IG II2 791d 29 = SIG 491.70.Cf. Kirchner, , Imag. Inscr. Att. 290.Google Scholar

54 The date of Diomedon's archonship has been much disputed. Kirchner and Kolbe assigned it to 232–1 B.C., Dinsmoor, (Archons of Athens, 31, 55)Google Scholar to 247–6 and later (Athenian Archon List, 21) to 246–5, Pritchett, and Meritt, (Chronology of Hellenistic Athens, xxii) to 247–6.Google Scholar

55 CIG 4814c (Add. p. 1213); others include the philosophers Lampón and Philastrius (CIG 4785, 4817).

56 Unless he is the Epicrates who was an executor of the scholarch Strato (Diog. Laert. V 62).

57 SEG I 368.

58 IG XIV 710, 1156–8 (1158 is perhaps spurious); cf. Schefold, op. cit. 108, 209.

59 IG II2 3801 (cf. 3989), 11551.

60 IG II2 10046a.

61 BCH XXXIII 409 f., no. 409.

62 IvOl 453.

63 IG XII (9) 40; possibly this belongs to Attica.

64 CIL VI 9784, 9785 (= Dessau, , ILS 7779Google Scholar). Neither, CIL VI (5) 2135Google Scholar* norIG XIV 281* is authentic. For the ‘Stoikerinschrift’, IG II2 1938, see Kirchner's comments.

65 Cf. Bailey, C., Epicurus, 94 ff., 344 ff.Google Scholar

66 IG XIV 1150; cf. Hekler, A., Greek and Roman Portraits, 100.Google Scholar

67 Diog. Laert. X 18, 22 f.

68 IGR IV 997.

69 IG XIV 674 = CIL IX 48 = SIG 1227 = IGR I 466.

70 IG VII 3226.

70a Le Bas-Wadd. 239.

71 IG XII (7) 418 (cf. Suppl. p. 145) = IGR IV 998.

72 TAM II 910 (= IGR III 733) 9 ff.

73 IG II2 1099 = SIG 834 (ll. 16–38 only) = Dessau, , ILS 7784Google Scholar (ll. 1–17 only). Cf. Graindor, P., Athènes sous Hadrien, 203 ff.Google Scholar, Steinwenter, A., Zts Savignyst. LI 404 ff.Google Scholar, Kirchner, , Imag. Inscr. Att. 2130.Google Scholar For another Imperial letter of c. 125 relating to the Epicurean School (IG II2 1097 + SEG III 226) see Oliver, J. H., TAPA LXIX 494 ff.Google Scholar

74 In the Latin letters the School is termed secta Epicuri (ll. 4, 9) or Epicurea (l. 13), in the Greek, σχολή (1. 36); the phrase chorus Epicureus appears in CIL X 2971 = Dessau, ILS 7781.

75 IG XIV 1148; cf. Schefold, , Bildnisse der antiken Dichter, 155.Google Scholar

76 Sammelbuch, 5730.

77 CIG 4807h = Kaibel, , Epigr. 1017.Google Scholar

78 IG II2 5184.

79 IGR IV 1740; cf. BCH XII 368 f., no. 17.

80 IG XIV 888 = IGR I 407.

81 IGR IV 176; cf. AM IX 61 f., no. 4.

82 IG II2 1006. Cf. Meritt, B. D., Hesperia, XVII 23 ff.Google Scholar, no. 11 (adding a new fragment to ll. 89–116), Mitsos, M. T., AE 1950–1951, 45Google Scholar, no. 25 (adding IG II2 2485), Jacoby, F., JHS LXIV 66.Google Scholar

83 Diog. Laert. VII 30, Anth. Pal. VII 117.

84 IG II2 1028 (= SIG 717) 34 f.

85 IG II2 1029. 21 (dated in 94 B.C. by IG, in 95 by Dinsmoor, , Archons of Athens, 290Google Scholar, and in 96 by Notopoulos, , Hesperia, XVIII 6, 11Google Scholar), 1030. 31.

86 IG II2 1039. 47, dated in 80 B.C. by Dinsmoor, op. cit. 290 f., and Notopoulos, op. cit. 24 f. Cf. Laqueur, R., Epigr. Unters. 11Google Scholar, Kirchner, , Imag. Inscr. Att. 2112.Google Scholar

87 IG II2 1042c 7 f. (cf. ab 19 f.), dated in 40 B.C.

88 IG II2 1043. 42 f. (cf. 19 f.), dated in 38 (Kirchner) or 37 (Dinsmoor); cf. Meritt, , Hesperia, XV 219Google Scholar, Kirchner, , Imag. Inscr. Att. 2116.Google Scholar

89 IG II2 1040, 26 ff., dated in 21 B.C. by Notopoulos, op. cit. 12, in18 B.C. by Dinsmoor, op. cit. 286.

90 IG II2 1006. 53 f. In l. 84 the kosmetes is praised because (cf. 1028. 85).

91 IG II2 886. 8 ff., dated in 200–197 by Kirchner, in 192 by Dinsmoor, , Athenian Archon List, 183 ff.Google Scholar, and by Pritchett, and Meritt, , Chronology of Hellenistic Athens, xxvi, 111.Google Scholar I distrust in 1. 9, and should prefer to restore or (cf. SEG I 368, 13).

92 For the date see Kirchner's, comment on IG II 2849Google Scholar, Dinsmoor, , Archons of Athens, 48 f., 254.Google Scholar In IG II2 12764 we have the metrical epitaph of Telecles of Phocaea, Evander's colleague, who died in 167–6 B.C.

93 Walden, J. W. H., Universities of Ancient Greece, 68 ff.Google Scholar, Nock, A. D., Sallustius, xvii ff.Google Scholar, Arnim, H. von, Dio, 4 ff.Google Scholar A philosopher might, however, be at the same time a sophist and/or rhetor, as was Lachares, whose ‘metrical’ epitaph survives in IG II2 11952, and T. Flavius Glaucus, described as (IG II2 3704. 12; cf. Hesperia, Suppl. VIII 246 ff). ‘Suidas’ calls Hippias of Elis and says that Zoïlus of Amphipolis

94 SB Berlin, 1935, 967 ff.; cf. RA VIII (1936) 289 ff., Gnomon, XIV 507 ff.

95 E. Graser ap. Frank, T., Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, V 344 ffGoogle Scholar, ch. VII 71; cf. Bingen, J., BCH LXXVII 655.Google Scholar

96 Müller-Graupa, E., RE XVI 797 ffGoogle Scholar, Poland, F., Geschichte d. griech. Vereinswesens, 121, 206Google Scholar, SIG 900, n. 17, OGI 714, n. 4, Ziebarth, E., Griech. Vereinswesen, 69 ff.Google Scholar

97 IBM 1076 = Sammelbuch, 6012. A Roman officer who in A.D. 122–3 carved hisname on the statue of Memnon is called (IGR I 1200 = Sammelbuch, 8340), but we are not told to which section he belonged.

98 Premerstein, Keil-von, Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien, 210Google Scholar = IGR IV 1373.

99 IG XIV 1103 = OGI 714 = IGR I 154 (Rome). M. Aur. Asclepiades of Alexandria, the philosopher in question, was a distinguished pancratiast and senior (cf. IG XIV 1102). The phraserecurs in Pap. Ryl. 143. 2 ff. of A.D. 38.

100 SIG 900, 53 f. (Panamara, A.D. 305–13).

101 BCH IV 405 (Halicarnassus). Cf. IvMagn 189.3 CIG 4748. 5

102 Hesperia, III 191 ff. Pompeius Dionysius may well be the same as the named in l. 21 of a prytany-list (IG II2 1826) dated ‘c.a. 210 p.’ by Kirchner and assigned to A.D. 222–3 by Notopoulos, J. A. (Hesperia, XVIII 37 ff, 53).Google Scholar For the University of Athens at this period see Walden, J. W. H., The Universities of Ancient Greece, 130 ff.Google Scholar

103 Öjh VIII 135 f.; cf. Ephesos, II, no. 65, III, no. 68, IV (1), no. 1, ÖJh XL 11.

104 Cf. Nock, A. D., Sallustius, xxii f.Google Scholar

105 xii–xvi.

106 TAM II 910 (= IGR III 733) 12 ff.

107 IG XIV 1759. Cf. PIR 2 II 218, no. 937, IGR I 286, SIG 803.

108 TAM II 147 = IGR III 534.

109 IG XIV 1951 = IGR I 333. It is uncertain whether the of IG XIV 942 (Ostia) was philosopher as well as doctor; I think not.

110 Oliver, J. H., Hesperia, Suppl. VIII 243 ff.Google Scholar (partly superseding his earlier treatment in Hesperia, V 91 ff.); cf. Flacelière, R., REG LXIV 325 ff.Google Scholar

111 Maas, P. L. and Oliver, J. H., Bulletin of the History of Medicine, VII 315 ff.Google Scholar, Oliver, op. cit. 245 f. I doubt Oliver's translation of (ll. 25–7) by ‘like a savior god, let him make himself the equal of slaves and of paupers, of the rich and of rulers of men’. Does it not rather mean that the doctor should treat all men alike, regardless of status and of wealth? Another fragment of Sarapion's poetry is preserved in Stobaeus, , Anthol. III 10.2Google Scholar Hense; for his stemma see Oliver, op. cit., facing p. 248. In RE he is dismissed in two lines.

112 Hesperia, XVI 171, 11. 31 f.= IG IG2 1009. 7 f. A fragment containing parts of ll. 52–62 was added in 1946 by Meritt, (Hesperia, XV 213 f.)Google Scholar, who in the following year published (Hesperia, XVI 170 ff., no. 67) a large fragment bearing the opening lines of the decree. Cf. Raubitschek, A. E., AJA XLIX 435Google Scholar, n. 5, Mitsos, M. T., AE 1950–19511, 41 f.Google Scholar, no. 19.

113 IG II2 1029. 25 f. For the date see Dinsmoor, , Archons of Athens, 290Google Scholar, Notopoulos, J. A., Hesperia, XVIII 6, 11.Google Scholar

114 IG II2 1041. 23 f. For the date see Dinsmoor, op. cit. 292.

115 IG II 2 2363. Walker's, R. J. ingenious interpretation (Parnassus Biceps, Paris, 1926)Google Scholar is rejected by Thomas, E. J., CR XL 215.Google Scholar

116 ‘Suidas’ s.v.

117 A. Maiuri, Nuova silloge, no. 11, Jacoby, F Gr Hist, no. 115 T 48, no. 228 T 11, Gaertringen, F. Hiller von, Gnomon, II 195 f., 365Google Scholar, RE Suppl. V 825, Sanctis, G. De, Riv Fil LIV 63 ff.Google Scholar It is uncertain whether the names Dionysius and Democlidas in col. ii are those of authors or titles. Maiuri also edited (op. cit., no. 4; cf. Gnomon, II 195) a decree inviting gifts of books for a library (perhaps that of no. 11) and recording donors' names. Cf Segre, M., Riv Fil LXIII 214 ff.Google Scholar, LXIV 40.

118 Mitteis-Wilcken, , Grundzüge, I (2) 182 ff.Google Scholar, no. 155. F. G. Kenyon's examination of the literary fragments discovered at Oxyrhynchus, (JEA VIII 129 ff.)Google Scholar showed that ‘Demosthenes stands out as clearly among the orators as Thucydides among the historians. The same is true of Plato among the philosophers; and here it is a case of “Eclipse first and the rest nowhere”’ (p. 136).

119 Examples are IGR IV 1449 IG VII 3423 BCH XXXIII 407 ff., nos. 407, 409 BSA XXIX 33, JHS XLIV 42, no. 76

120 Examples are Ephesos, IV (3) 288, no. 40 IG II2 3801 3819 3793 4262

121 IG II2 3781 = SIG 666. Cf. Meritt, B.D., Hesperia, XVII 29Google Scholar, Thompson, H. A., Hesperia, XIX 318 f.Google Scholar

122 Hesperia, XVIII 98 ff. The article includes a valuable discussion of the title characteristic of, and at first restricted to, the Epicurean School.

123 For philosophy running in families see also IG II2 3704. 9) 12, Pelekides, S., Ἀπὸ τὴν πολιτεία καὶ τὴν κοινωνία τῆς ἀρχαίας Θεσσαλονίκης, 53Google Scholar, n. 4.

124 The feminine philosopha is found in Dessau, , ILS 7783Google Scholar = CIL VI 33898 (Rome).

125 Cf. Dessau, , ILS 751Google Scholarfilosofi[ae] magistro, Nilsson, , Geschichte der griech. Religion, II 435 ff.Google Scholar

126 Flacelière, R., Les Aitoliens à Delphes, 188, 387 f.Google Scholar, no. 5. For the date, 274 or 273 B.C., see op. cit. 439, Daux, G., Chronologie delphique, 34G6Google Scholar, Dinsmoor, , The Athenian Archon List, 57, 60.Google Scholar

127 In defiance of metre Aristophanes ends a hexameter with (Eccl. 571), which doubtless evoked a hearty laugh from the audience.

128 Kaibel, , Epigr. Gr. 106Google Scholar = IG II2 10826.

129 Kaibel, 391 = IGR IV 628 (Traianopolis).

130 See, e.g., Kaibel, 103 (= IG XII (9) 954), 104 (= IG II2 11140), 372 (IGR IV 606), 845 (= IG II3 3790), IG II2 4251, V (i) 598. 19, 1186. 3. 8, VII 93, 581. is also used occasionally in prose inscriptions, e.g. IG XII (9) 147, 253.

131 Die Bildnisse der antiken Dichter, Redner und Denker, 193.

132 See especially Dinsmoor, W. B., The Archons of Athens in the Hellenistic Age (Harvard U.P., 1931)Google Scholar, The Athenian Archon List in the Light of Recent Discoveries (Columbia U.P., 1939)) Pritchettand, W. K., Meriti, B. D., The Chronology of Hellenistic Athens (Harvard U.P., 1940)Google Scholar, Dow, S., Hesperia, III 140 ff.Google Scholar, Notopoulos, J. A., Hesperia, XVIII 1 ff.Google Scholar

133 See Lattimore, R., Themes in Greek and Latin Epitaphs (Urbana, 1942)Google Scholar, especially ch. II, Nock, A. D., Sallustius, xxxii ff.Google Scholar The study will be greatly facilitated by the publication of the remaining volumes of P. Friedländer's Epigrammata and of W. Peek's Griechische Versinschriften; meanwhile G. Kaibel's Epigrammata Graeca, published in 1878, has by no means lost all value.