Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T16:14:58.061Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Did Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Soviets?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Alan H. Luxenberg*
Affiliation:
Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia

Extract

Once Blithely Dismissed as an Ill-Informed, inarticulate, and under-involved president, Dwight D. Eisenhower has come to be regarded with a great deal of admiration, particularly by historians whose ideological proclivities are considerably to Eisenhower's left. He governed in a time of prosperity; he ended one war and entered no other; he resisted pressures to increase dramatically the size of the defense budget and resurrected the summit as an instrument of diplomacy with the Soviet Union. Upon leaving office, he issued an historic warning about the perils of the military-industrial complex.

Type
A Backward Look at US Latin American Policy
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, S. (1961) Firsthand Report. New York, NY: Harper & Bros.Google Scholar
Ambrose, S.E. (1984) Eisenhower: (Volume 2) The President. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Ayubi, S., Bissell, R., Korsah, N., and Lerner, L. (1982) Economic Sanctions in American Foreign Policy. Philadelphia, PA: Foreign Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Betancourt, E. (1988) Interview with the author, 18 February.Google Scholar
Berle, A. Jr. (1960) “The Cuban Crisis: Failure of American Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs #39, (October): 4055.Google Scholar
Blasier, C. (1972) “Social Revolution: Origins in Mexico, Bolivia and Cuba,” pp. 1850 in Bonachea, R.E. and Valdes, N.P. (eds.) Cuba in Revolution. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Bonachea, R. and Valdes, N. (eds.) (1972) The Selected Works of Fidel Castro: (Volume 1) Revolutionary Struggle, 1947-1958. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press.Google Scholar
Bonsal, P.W. (1971) Castro, the United States, and Cuba. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Braden, S. (1971) Diplomats and Demagogues: The Memoirs of Spruille Braden. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.Google Scholar
Council on Foreign Relations (1959) “United States-Latin American Relations. Report to the President by Milton S. Eisenhower, Permanent Representative of the President, December 27, 1958.” in Documents on American Foreign Policy, 1958. New York, NY: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
DeSantis, V. (1976) “Eisenhower Revisionism.” Review of Politics 38, 2 (April): 190206.Google Scholar
Diplomatic History (1980) “Nixon-Castro Meeting of 19 April 1959.4, 4 (Fall): 425431.Google Scholar
Draper, T. (1966) Castroism: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Draper, T. (1962) Castro's Revolution: Myths and Realities. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Dulles, A. (1963) The Craft of Intelligence. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Eisenhower, D. (1963) White House Years: Waging Peace, 1959-1961. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co.Google Scholar
Eisenhower, D. (1965) Mandate for Change, 1953-1956. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.Google Scholar
Eisenhower, D. (1958) “State of the Union Address, 9 January.” Public Papers of the Presidents (p. 5). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Eisenhower, M. (1973) The Wine is Bitter: The United States and Latin America. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co.Google Scholar
Fagen, R. (1984) “Revolution: For Internal Consumption Only,” pp. 37- 51 in I.L. Horowitz (ed.) Cuban Communism (5th ed.) New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Falk, P. (1986) Cuban Foreign Policy: Caribbean Tempest. Lexington, MA: Dc Heath and Co., Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Gaddis, J. (1982) Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Garfinkle, A. (1988) Friendly Tyrants: The Great American Dilemma. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Garfinkle, A. and Pipes, D. (eds.) (1988) Friendly Tyrants: A Troubled History. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, A. (1974) Cuba Under Castro: The Limits of Charisma. Boston, MA: Houghton Miffin Co.Google Scholar
Herter, C. (1959) Memorandum for the President: “Current Basic United States Policy Toward Cuba,” (5 November). Records, International Series, Box4, Cuba (1). Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.Google Scholar
Higgins, T. (1987) The Perfect Failure: Kennedy, Eisenhower and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs. New York, NY: Nw Norton and Co.Google Scholar
Horowitz, I. (1987) “Military Origins and Outcomes of the Cuban Revolution,” pp. 593621 in Horowitz, Irving Louis (ed.) Cuban Communism (6th ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Immerman, R. (1982) The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Karol, K.S. (1987) “Convertible Castro.” The New Republic. 19 January: 2836.Google Scholar
Karol, K.S. (1970) Guerrillas in Power: The Course of the Cuban Revolution (translated by Arnold Pomerans). New York, NY: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Kaufman, B. (1982) Trade and Aid: Eisenhower's Foreign Economic Policy, 1953-1961. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J. (1979) “Dictatorships and Double Standards.” Commentary 68, 5 (November): 3445.Google Scholar
Knorr, K. (1984) “Economic Relations as an Instrument of National Power,” pp. 183207 in McCormick, G.H. and Bissell, R.E. (eds.) Strategic Dimensions of Economic Behavior. New York, NY: Praeger (for Foreign Policy Research Institute).Google Scholar
Lake, A. (1985) Third World Radical Regimes: US Policy Under Carter and Reagan (Headline Series 272). (January/February). New York, NY: Foreign Policy Association.Google Scholar
Langley, L. (1968) The Cuban Policy of the United States. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Llovio-Menendez, J. (1988) Insider: My Hidden Life as a Revolutionary in Cuba (translated by Edith Grossman). New York, NY: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Losman, D. (1979) International Economic Sanctions: The Cases of Cuba, Israel and Rhodesia. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, H. (1961) The Cuban Story. New York, NY: George Braziller.Google Scholar
McAuliffe, M. (1981) “Commentary: Eisenhower, the President.” Journal of American History 68, 3 (December): pp. 625632.Google Scholar
McMahon, R. (1986) “Eisenhower and Third World Nationalism: A Critique of the Revisionists.” Political Science Quarterly 101, 3: 453 473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monje, S.C. (1987) “Review of Szulc's Fidel: A Critical Portrait.” Political Science Quarterly 12, 3 (Fall): 504505.Google Scholar
Morley, M. (1987) Imperial State and Revolution: The United States and Cuba, 1962-1986. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. New York Times (NYT) (1958) 2 January: 1.Google Scholar
Nixon, R. (1979) Six Crises. New York, NY: Warner Books.Google Scholar
Pastor, R. (1987) Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua. Princeton, NT: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Quester, G. (1979) “Was Eisenhower a Genius?” International Security 4, 2 (Fall): 159-179.Google Scholar
Rabe, S. (1988 Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Radu, M. (1988 forthcoming) The Revolutionary Maze. Philadelphia, PA: Foreign Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Reichard, G. (1978) “Eisenhower as President: The Changing View.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 72, 3 (Summer): 265-281.Google Scholar
Renwick, R. (1981 Economic Sanctions (Harvard Studies in International Affairs 45). Cambridge, MA: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Smith, E.T. (1962) The Fourth Floor: An Account of the Castro Communist Revolution. New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar
Smith, W. (1987 The Closest of Enemies: A Personal and Diplomatic Account of US-Cuban Relations Since 1957. New York, NY: Ww Norton and Co.Google Scholar
Suarez, A. (1967 Cuba: Castroism and Communism, 1959-1966. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press.Google Scholar
Szulc, T. (1986a Fidel: A Critical Portrait. New York, NY: William Morrow and Co.Google Scholar
Szulc, T. (1986b) “Castro's Years As a Secret Communist.New York Times Magazine, 19 October.Google Scholar
Szulc, T. (1965 The Winds of Revolution: Latin America Today and Tomorrow (revised edition). New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger.Google Scholar
Thomas, H. (1987) “Cuba: The United States and Batista, 1952-58.” World Affairs 149, 4 (Spring): 169175.Google Scholar
Thomas, H. (1971 Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom. New York, NY: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Tismaneanu, V. (1987 “Castroism and Marxist-Leninist Orthodoxy in Latin America,” pp. 554-577 in Irving Louis Horowitz (ed.) Cuban Communism (6th ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
US Department of State (US-DS) (1987a) Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957. Volume 6, The American Republics: Multilateral, Mexico, Caribbean. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US Department of State (1987b) “Memorandum from the Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs (Wieland) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Rubottom), No. 307, Washington, December 19,1957,” pp. 870-876 in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955- 1957. Volume 6. American Republics: Multilateral, Mexico, Caribbean. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. (Google Scholar
US Department of State (1987c) “Dispatch from the Ambassador in Cuba (Smith) to the Department of State, No. 463. Habana, December 7,1957,” pp. 865- 870 in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957. Volume 6, American Republics: Multilateral, Mexico, Caribbean. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US Department of State (1984) “Memorandum of Discussion at a Special Meeting of the National Security Council, Tuesday, March 31,1953,”p. 266inForeign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Volume 2, Part 1. National Security Affairs. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US Department of State (1983) Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954. Volume 4. The American Republics. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1959a) “Present Conditions in Cuba, March 12,” Record Group 59, Box 3081, File 737.00/3-1259.Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1959b) “Memo of Oral Report from Adam Clayton Powell, March 12,” Record Group 59, Box 3081, File 737.00/3-1259, No. 1049.Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1959c) “Short Range Position Toward Government of Cuba, February 19,” Record Group 59, Box 3081, File 737.00/2-1259.Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1959d) “Briefing Note for NSC Meeting, February 12, 1959.” 396th Meeting Folder.Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1959e) “US Policy Toward Latin America: National Security Council 5909, Suggestions of Dr. Milton Eisenhower, February 10.” 396th Meeting Folder.Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1959f) “The First Two Weeks of the Revolutionary Government. Memorandum dated January 15, 1959 by Daniel M. Braddock, Minister- Counselor.” Record Group 59, Box 3080, File 737.00/1-1559. US National Security Archive (US-NSA) (1960a) Files of the Department of State, Intelligence Report No. 8385 (27 December). Bureau of Intelligence and Research.Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1960b) Files of the Central Intelligence Agency. National Intelligence Estimate No. 85-3-60 (8 December).Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1960c) Files of the Central Intelligence Agency. National Intelligence Estimate No. 85-2-60 (14 June).Google Scholar
US National Archives (USNA) (1960d) Files of the Central Intelligence Agency. National Intelligence Estimate No. 85-60 (22 March).Google Scholar
Vlahos, M. (1988) “America's Postwar Ethos.” Foreign Affairs 66, 5 (Summer): 10901107.Google Scholar
Welch, R. Jr. (1985 Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959-1961. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Weyl, N. (1960 Red Star over Cuba. New York, NY: Devin-Adair.Google Scholar
Wiarda, H. (1987) “Ethnocentrism and Third World Development.” Society (September/October): 55-64.Google Scholar
Wiarda, H. (1986/1987) “Misreading Latin America—Again.” Foreign Policy (Winter).Google Scholar
Wiarda, H. (1981 Corporatism and National Development in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar